Identities of the incumbent and the successor in the family business succession: Review and prospects.

Introduction: The cognition and motivation of family business incumbents and the successors will directly influence succession behavior, yet they face identity challenges during succession due to the intersection of family and firm context, and their ability to overcome identity challenges will determine the success of the succession. However, as studies on their identity are fragmented and lack systematicity, there is a need to assess the relevant literature. Methods: Drawing from social identity theory (SIT) and role identity theory (RIT), this article adopts a systematic literature review approach to analyze 99 SSCI-indexed articles to explore family business succession from an identity perspective. Results: The article finds that the focus on the self-concept of the incumbent and the successor shifts from group identification to role identity perception and multi-roles, and succession behaviors are based on identity perception. Discussion: This article summarizes a knowledge framework of the antecedents, connotations, and behavioral consequences of identity perception, revealing that family business succession from an identity perspective exhibits psychological and multidisciplinary characteristics, highlighting iterative and mutual features. Based on identity theories and succession research, this article proposes future directions from the research topics, research methods, and theoretical perspectives within the existing knowledge framework, such as cross-cultural and diachronic analysis, as well as from the theoretical perspectives of family, personality development, and pedagogy.

The Role and Mechanisms of Action of Natural Compounds in the Prevention and Treatment of Cancer and Cancer Metastasis.

Cancer has emerged as one of the world's most concerning health problems. The progression and metastasis mechanisms of cancer are complex, including metabolic disorders, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, and intestinal microflora disorders. These pose significant challenges to our efforts to prevent and treat cancer and its metastasis. Natural drugs have a long history of use in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Many effective anti-tumor drugs, such as Paclitaxel, Vincristine, and Camptothecin, have been widely prescribed for the prevention and treatment of cancer. In recent years, a trend in the field of antitumor drug development has been to screen the active antitumor ingredients from natural drugs and conduct in-depth studies on the mechanisms of their antitumor activity. In this review, high-frequency keywords included in the literature of several common Chinese and English databases were analyzed. The results showed that five Chinese herbal medicines (Radix Salviae, Panax Ginseng C. A. Mey, Hedysarum Multijugum Maxim, Ganoderma, and Curcumaelongae Rhizoma) and three natural compounds (quercetin, luteolin, and kaempferol) were most commonly used for the prevention and treatment of cancer and cancer metastasis. The main mechanisms of action of these active compounds in tumor-related research were summarized. Finally, we found that four natural compounds (dihydrotanshinone, sclareol, isoimperatorin, and girinimbin) have recently attracted the most attention in the field of anti-cancer research. Our findings provide some inspiration for future research on natural compounds against tumors and new insights into the role and mechanisms of natural compounds in the prevention and treatment of cancer and cancer metastasis.

A Longitudinal Study of Correlates, Discharge Disposition, and Rate of Re-presentation to Emergency Services of Adults who Engage in Non-suicidal Self-injury.

OBJECTIVE: In DSM-5, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicide attempts (SA) are classified as distinct disorders in the section of conditions for further study. However, some have questioned the validity of distinguishing NSSI from SA. The objective of this study was to longitudinally examine the correlates, discharge disposition, and rate of re-presentation to emergency services of adults who engaged in NSSI and compare them to (a) adults who engage in SA and (b) adults with no self-harm or suicidal ideation (SI). METHOD: Data came from 4,772 presentations to adult psychiatric services in the emergency departments of tertiary care hospitals in Winnipeg, Canada between January 2009 and June 2012. Chart reviews were conducted for all presentations with NSSI (n = 158), and a sample of those with SA (n = 172) and no SH or SI (n = 173). RESULTS: Among the adults who returned to emergency services, those who originally presented with SA re-presented significantly sooner than those who presented with NSSI. (χ2(1) = 7.457, p = 0.006). Those who originally presented with NSSI that returned to hospital did not return with repeat NSSI, but instead the majority re-presented with suicidal thoughts and SA. Further, those who re-presented with NSSI and SA were less likely to be hospitalized or to receive a referral to mental health services, and more likely to be discharged to usual care at time of initial presentation. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, these findings indicate a trajectory of escalation of self-harm behavior for certain people who engage in NSSI, especially those who re-present to emergency services.HIGHLIGHTSA quarter of people with self-harm re-present to emergency services within four-and-a-half years.Those with suicide attempts re-presented significantly sooner than non-suicidal self-injury.There is a need for increased interventions in emergency services for those with self-harm.

Development of a Hepatic VX2 carcinoma model in rabbits using an improved minimally invasive method and evaluation with imaging examinations.

Context: The hepatic VX2 carcinoma model in rabbits has been widely used in interventional diagnosis and treatment research for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, traditional methods for developing this model all have their shortcomings. Aims: To develop an improved method to construct an animal model of hepatic VX2 carcinoma. Settings and Design: The puncture technique was used to obtain the VX2 tumor tissue. A tumor puncture-inoculation kit was designed and modified to implant the tumor tissue into the recipient rabbit's liver. Methods and Material: 18 New Zealand white rabbits were implanted with VX2 tumor tissue using the improved tumor puncture-inoculation kit under ultrasound guidance. Ultrasonography, contrast-enhanced computerized tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and digital subtraction angiography were performed to evaluate tumor formation and imaging characteristics. Statistical Analysis: Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software. Two groups were compared using Student's t-test analysis. Results: All rabbits tolerated VX2 tumor tissue implantation successfully. 17 out of the 18 experimental rabbits developed liver tumors, and one rabbit had abdominal tumor metastasis. The average volume of tumors was 39.47 mm3 and 460.1 mm3 (P < 0.001) on the 7th and 14th days after modeling, respectively. Imageological diagnosis showed that all tumors had abundant blood supply and typical imaging characteristics. Conclusions: This improved modeling method is easy to operate and less traumatic, with a high tumor formation rate, low metastasis rate, prominent tumor imaging characteristics, and high detection rate, which is expected to become a promising method for constructing rabbit liver tumor model.

Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.

Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a common chronic liver disease in clinical practice. It has been considered that NASH is one of the main causes of chronic liver disease, cirrhosis and carcinoma. The mechanism of the NASH progression is complex, including lipid metabolism dysfunction, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, fibrosis and gut microbiota dysbiosis. Except for lifestyle modification and bariatric surgery, there has been no pharmacological therapy that is being officially approved in NASH treatment. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), as a conventional and effective therapeutic strategy, has been proved to be beneficial in treating NASH in numbers of studies. In the light of this, TCM may provide a potential therapy for treating NASH. In this review, we summarized the associated mechanisms of action TCM treating NASH in preclinical studies and systematically analysis the effectiveness of TCM treating NASH in current clinical trials.

Wuzang Wenyang Huayu decoction regulates differentially expressed transcripts in the rats' hippocampus after cerebral hypoperfusion.

The modified Wenyang Huayu decoction has been widely used to treat vascular dementia in China for thousands of years. We have previously proved that a modified version, Wuzang Wenyang Huayu decoction has the potential to be a more effective clinical treatment that can attenuate cerebral ischaemic injury. However, the global transcript profile and signalling conduction pathways regulated by this recipe remains unclear. This study established a two-vessel occlusion rat model by bilateral common carotid artery occlusion. Two groups of rats were intragastrically treated Wuzang Wenyang Huayu 2.5 g/kg vs or Piracetam 0.15 g/kg for 2 weeks. Learning and memory abilities were measured with Morris water maze. Neuronal plasticity was observed by HE staining. Differentially expressed transcripts of rat hippocampus were analysed by transcriptomics with Illumina HiSeq2500 platform. Results showed that Wuzang Wenyang Huayu decoction significantly alleviated learning, memory deficits, coordination dysfunction and prevented hippocampus cellular injury; Results further revealed the increased gene expression in KEGG metabolic pathways (MT-ND2. MT-ND3, MT-ND4, MT-ND4L, MT-ND5 and MT-ATP8) and genes involved in signal transduction, carcinogenesis, immune system, endocrine system, nervous system etc (Results further revealed differential expression of genes involved in various systems, including MT-ND2) Our discovery is likely to provide new insights to molecular mechanisms of Wuzang Wenyang Huayu regarding hippocampal transcripts in a murine vascular dementia model.

Ambivalence About Living and the Risk for Future Suicide Attempts: A Longitudinal Analysis.

OBJECTIVE: While suicidal ideation is a recognized risk factor for future suicidal behavior, clinicians often subtype ideation in an effort to further clarify risk. This study referred to the SAFE (Suicide Assessment Form in Emergency Psychiatry) database to examine individuals who were assessed for suicidal ideation in the emergency department (ED) to determine whether ideation subtypes (active desire for death versus ambivalence about living) differentially predicted future suicide attempt. METHODS: Participants were individuals presenting to psychiatric services in the ED between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2013, at 2 hospitals in Manitoba, Canada. People presenting with suicidal ideation were subtyped as having either ambivalence about living or active suicidal ideation. These presentations were examined as predictors of suicide attempt (defined by the Columbia Classification Algorithm for Suicide Assessment scale) within 6 months in regression models that adjusted for confounders. RESULTS: Of the 5,655 individuals presenting to the ED during the study, 158 (3.1%) presented again within 6 months with a suicide attempt. Individuals presenting with ambivalence about living showed more than a doubling in risk for future suicide attempts (odds ratio [OR] = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.64-4.02, P < .001). Active suicidal ideation also predicted attempts (defined by the within 6 months, with more than a tripling of risk compared to people who were not suicidal at baseline (OR = 3.75, 95% CI = 2.61-5.34, P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Psychiatric presentations to the ED often include suicidal ideation. Both active suicidal ideation and ambivalence about living are concerning presentations associated with risk of attempt within 6 months. Clinicians should be mindful that differentiating between active suicidal ideation and ambivalence about living may downplay the severity of the latter presentation.

Predictive Validity of the MINI Suicidality Subscale for Suicide Attempts in a Homeless Population With Mental Illness.

OBJECTIVE: Suicide is a leading cause of death, yet the accurate prediction of suicidal behavior is an elusive target for clinicians and researchers. The current paper examines the predictive validity of the Mini Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) Suicidality subscale for suicide attempts (SAs) for a homeless population with mental illness. METHODS: Two thousand two hundred and fifty-five homeless individuals with mental illness across five Canadian cities enrolled in the At Home/Chez Soi Housing First trial interviewed at baseline using the MINI Suicidality subscale with 2-year follow-up of self-reported SAs. RESULTS: Two thousand two hundred and twenty-one participants were included in the analysis. High rates of mood and substance use disorders were present (56.5% and 67.4%, respectively). The mean MINI Suicidality subscale score was 7.71. Among 1,700 participants with follow-up data, 11.4% reported a SA over the 2-year study period. MINI Suicidality subscale scores were predictive of SAs (AUC ≥ 0.70) among those with and without a history of SAs, even among those with missing answers. A positive predictive value of 0.20 and a negative predictive value of 0.95 were demonstrated, with a relatively low number needed to assess of 4.5-5. CONCLUSION: The MINI Suicidal subscale shows promise as an easy to use and accurate suicide risk prediction tool among homeless individuals with mental illness.

Common Mental Disorder Diagnosis and Need for Treatment are Not the Same: Findings from the NEMESIS Study.

The study aimed to determine whether some depressive, anxiety, and substance-use (DAS) disorders are mild, transient cases that remit without treatment. The first two waves of the first Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study were used (age 18-64 years at baseline; wave two N = 5618). Mental disorders were assessed using CIDI 1.1. Past-year and past-month measures of DAS disorders, health service use, and quality of life were assessed at both waves. Individuals with a past-year DAS disorder who received no prior lifetime treatment were significantly more likely than those who received treatment to: (1) remit from their index disorder(s) without subsequent treatment, (2) be free of comorbid disorders, and (3) not have attempted suicide during follow-up (remission rates: 68.5 versus 32.0 %, respectively, p < 0.001). However, these individuals had lower quality of life compared to healthy individuals. Results were similar for past-month measures. Results show that many people who meet criteria for a DAS disorder remit without treatment. However, the lowered quality of life scores in this group nonetheless underscores the negative impact on the presence of residual symptoms.

Baseline Insurance Status and Risk of Common Mental Disorders: A Propensity-Based Analysis of a Longitudinal U.S. Sample.

OBJECTIVE: Because of pervasive poor general medical and mental health status among patients receiving Medicaid, there has been substantial debate about whether Medicaid, as currently financed and delivered, is better than no insurance. The study aimed to address whether insurance status is associated with the subsequent incidence and persistence of common mental disorders. METHODS: Data came from a nationally representative U.S. population-based longitudinal survey that assessed mental disorders at two time points three years apart. Propensity score methods were used to adjust for potential confounding and to assess the association between three mutually exclusive insurance status groups (no insurance, private insurance only, and Medicaid only) and the subsequent incidence and persistence of mood, anxiety, and substance use disorders for persons ages 18-65 (N=26,410). RESULTS: Compared with private insurance, lack of insurance was associated with higher odds of both the incidence and persistence of substance use disorders and with higher odds of persistence of any mood or anxiety disorder. Compared with having private insurance, having Medicaid insurance was associated with increased odds of persistent mood and anxiety disorders during follow-up. Overall, findings did not significantly differ between the uninsured and Medicaid groups. CONCLUSIONS: The findings do not support prior reports that U.S. adults with Medicaid have worse mental health outcomes than uninsured adults. Lacking insurance may put individuals at higher risk of developing substance use disorders, and uninsured individuals with preexisting mental conditions were more likely to have mood, anxiety, and substance use problems that persist over time.

Predictors of Future Suicide Attempts Among Individuals Referred to Psychiatric Services in the Emergency Department: A Longitudinal Study.

This study examined which factors predict future suicide attempts (SAs) among people referred to psychiatric services in the emergency department (ED). It included consecutive adult (age >18 years) presentations (N = 6919) over a 3-year period to the two tertiary care hospitals in Manitoba, Canada. Medical professionals assessed each individual on 19 candidate risk factors. Stepwise logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curves examined the association between the baseline variables and future SAs within the next 6 months. A total of 104 individuals re-presented to the ED with future SAs. Of the 19 baseline variables, only two independently accounted for the variance in future attempts. High-risk scores using this two-item model were associated with elevated odds of future SA (odds ratio, 3.22; 95% confidence interval, 1.62-6.42; p < 0.01), but this was tempered by a low positive predictive value. Further evaluation is required to determine if this two-item tool could help identify people requiring more comprehensive risk assessment referred to psychiatry in the ED.

A population-based longitudinal study of recent stressful life events as risk factors for suicidal behavior in major depressive disorder.

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether the type and number of stressful life events (SLEs) will be associated with suicidal behavior in a 3-year follow-up period in persons with major depressive disorder (MDD). Data came from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC), a nationally representative longitudinal survey of mental health in non-institutionalized adults in the United States. The survey consisted of two waves: Wave 1 (2001--2002) and Wave 2 (2004-2005), n = 34,653. Twelve past-year SLEs were assessed at baseline. These SLEs were categorized into the following groups based on previous research: Loss or victimization; Relationship, friendship, or interpersonal stress; Financial stress; and Legal problems. Only respondents with MDD at Wave 1 were included (n = 6,004). Several SLEs were strongly associated with suicide attempts, among which, "serious problems with neighbor, friend, or relative" (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 2.21; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 1.41, 3.45) and "major financial crisis, bankruptcy, or unable to pay bills" (AOR = 2.31; 95% CI: 1.45, 3.66) were the most robust predictors of suicide attempts even after adjusting for sociodemographic variables and any anxiety, substance use, or personality disorder. People with MDD who had been exposed to certain SLEs are at elevated risk for future suicide attempts, even after accounting for the demographic factors and psychiatric comorbidity.

Method of suicide attempt and reaction to survival as predictors of repeat suicide attempts: a longitudinal analysis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether reaction to survival of a suicide attempt and method of the index attempt predicted repeat suicide attempts within 6 months. METHOD: Data came from the Suicide Assessment Form in Emergency Psychiatry (SAFE) Database Project, which contains information on all presentations to emergency psychiatric services at the 2 tertiary hospitals in Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada (N = 7,007). During a 4-year period (2009-2012), 922 individuals presented with suicide attempts. Logistic regressions were used to examine whether a person's reaction to attempt survival and the method of attempt predicted repeat suicide attempt within 6 months. RESULTS: Of the 922 participants, 82 (8.8%) presented with another suicide attempt within 6 months. Ambivalence about attempt survival (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.84; 95% CI, 1.45-5.54; P < .01) and wishing to be dead (adjusted OR = 2.68; 95% CI, 1.17-6.17; P < .05) predicted future attempts even when adjusted for age, sex, depression, substance abuse, and method of the initial attempt. Method of the index attempt did not predict future suicide attempts in adjusted models (adjusted OR = 0.66; 95% CI, 0.35-1.25; P > .05). CONCLUSIONS: Assessment of the patient's reaction to survival, regardless of method of attempt, is important to identify risk of repeat attempts.