Identification of the distinctive type i/XhoI+ strain of Epstein-Barr virus in gastric carcinoma in Peru.

AIM: To clarify the reason for the low frequency of Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) in Peru, despite the high frequency reported in neighboring countries, the distribution of the distinctive EBV (type i/XhoI+) strain in EBVaGC and a healthy population was examined. MATERIALS AND METHODS: EBV polymorphisms in BamHI W1/I1 and XhoI restriction site of the latent membrane protein 1 gene (LMP1) were examined among 11 EBVaGCs and 172 healthy controls from Peru, and these frequencies were compared with those in a previous study of Chile and Colombia (n=303). RESULTS: The frequency of the distinctive EBV strain in EBVaGCs (55%) was significantly higher than that in controls (7%). Furthermore, the frequency of this EBV type in Peruvian controls was significantly lower than that in controls from Chile and Colombia (27%, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: The low frequency of the distinctive EBV strain among the Peruvian population might be a reason for the lower incidence of EBVaGC in Peru, as compared with neighboring countries.

[Sedation used during colonoscopies at the Peruvian-Japanese policlinic. Their relationship with quality indicators]. / Sedación Utilizada en las Colonoscopías en el Policlínico Peruano Japonés y su Relación con Indicadores de Calidad.

INTRODUCTION: The practice of sedation used during colonoscopy vary widely between countries, even gastroenterologists and endoscopy centers. Knowing the type of sedation used at present and its relationship to quality indicators of colonoscopy, will help improve the quality of it. OBJECTIVES: To determine the type of sedation used for colonoscopies in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic, and its relation to quality indicators in colonoscopy: cecal intubation rate and detection rate of adenomas MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional correlational. Data were recorded colonoscopies performed in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic during 2007, which were conducted by 10 endoscopists RESULTS: We included 843 colonoscopies, of which 63.1% received moderate sedation, deep sedation, 36.7% and only 0.2% received no sedation. Moderate sedation was performed most commonly with the combination midazolam + meperidine, whereas deep sedation propofol used almost exclusively in combination with other agents. An anesthesiologist was present in 38.4% of the colonoscopies. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in cecal intubation rate when deep sedation was used: 96.1% compared to the moderate: 94.5% (p = 0.009). Equally significant difference in adenoma detection rate with deep sedation, 26.9%, compared with the moderate: 15.8% (p = 0.000). Immediate complications were reported in 9% of procedures was more common when deep sedation was used: 13.3% compared to the moderate: 6.4% (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The moderate sedation was the most common method of sedation used for colonoscopies in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic. Deep sedation was associated with higher rates of cecal intubation and adenoma detection, but also in more immediate complications. KEYWORDS: sedation, colonoscopy, colonoscopy quality.

Sedación utilizada durante las colonoscopías en el policlínico peruano japonés y su relación con indicadores de calidad / Sedation used during colonoscopies at the peruvian-japanese policlinic: their relationship with quality indicators

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las prácticas de sedación utilizadas durante las colonoscopias varían ampliamente entre países, centros endoscópicos y aún gastroenterólogos. Conocer el tipo de sedación utilizada actualmente y su relación con indicadores de calidad en colonoscopía, ayudará a mejorar la calidad de la misma. OBJETIVOS: Conocer el tipo de sedación utilizada durante las colonoscopias en el Policlínico Peruano Japonés, y su relación con indicadores de calidad en colonoscopía: tasa de intubacióncecal y tasa de detección de adenomas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio correlacional observacional transversal y retrospectivo. Se registraron los datos de las colonoscopías realizadas en el Policlínico Peruano Japonés durante el año 2007, las cuales fueron realizadas por 10 endoscopistas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 843 colonoscopías, de las cuales el 63,1 por ciento recibió sedación moderada, el 36,7 por ciento sedación profunda y sólo el 0,2 por ciento no recibió sedación. La sedación moderada se llevó a cabo más comúnmente con la combinación midazolam + meperidina, en tanto que la sedación profunda utilizó casi exclusivamente propofol, en combinación con otro agentes. Un anestesiólogo estuvo presente en el 38,4% de las colonoscopias. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas en la tasa de intubación cecal cuandose usó sedación profunda: 96,1 por ciento respecto a la moderada: 94,5 por ciento (p=0,009). Igualmente hubo diferencias significativas en la tasa de detección de adenomas con la sedación profunda: 26,9 por ciento , respecto a la moderada: 15,8 por ciento (p=0,0001). Se reportaron complicaciones inmediatas en el 9 por ciento de procedimientos, siendo más comunes cuando se usó sedación profunda: 13,3 por ciento , respecto a la moderada: 6,4 por ciento (p=0,003)...

INTRODUCTION: The practice of sedation used during colonoscopy vary widely between countries, even gastroenterologists and endoscopy centers. Knowing the type of sedationused at present and its relationship to quality indicators of colonoscopy, will help improve the quality of it. OBJECTIVES: To determine the type of sedation used for colonoscopies in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic, and its relation to quality indicators in colonoscopy: cecal intubation rateand detection rate of adenomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional correlational. Data were recorded colonoscopies performed in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic during 2007, which were conducted by 10 endoscopists. RESULTS: We included 843 colonoscopies, of which 63.1 percent received moderate sedation, deep sedation, 36.7 percent and only 0.2 percent received no sedation. Moderate sedation was performed most commonly with the combination midazolam + meperidine, whereas deep sedation propofol used almost exclusively in combination with other agents. An anesthesiologist was present in 38.4 percent of the colonoscopies. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in cecal intubation rate when deep sedation was used: 96.1 percent compared to the moderate: 94.5 percent (p = 0.009). Equally significant difference in adenoma detection rate with deep sedation, 26.9 percent ,compared with the moderate: 15.8 percent (p = 0.000). Immediate complications were reported in 9 percent of procedures was more common when deep sedation was used: 13.3 percent compared to themoderate: 6.4 percent (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The moderate sedation was the most common method of sedation used for colonoscopies in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic. Deep sedation was associated with high errates of cecal intubation and adenoma detection, but also in more immediate complications.

Papel del endoscopista en la detección de pólipos adenomatosos durante la colonoscopia / Role of the endoscopist in the detection of adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy

INTRODUCCIÓN: Edad, género e indicación para el examen son conocidos predictores de detección de pólipos adenomatosos durante colonoscopía. Pero no se conoce la importancia del endoscopista en dicha detección.OBJETIVOS: Determinar el papel del endoscopista en la detección de pólipos adenomatosos durante la colonoscopíaMATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio correlacional observacional transversal y retrospectivo. Se registraron los datos de las colonoscopías realizadas en el Policlínico Peruano Japonés durante el año 2007, las cuales fueron realizadas por 10 endoscopistas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 843 colonoscopías. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas entre endoscopistas respecto a su tasa de detección de pólipos adenomatosos (p=0,038). El rango para la detección de al menos 1 pólipo adenomatosopor colonoscopía fue de 14,6-30,0 por ciento. En los pacientes mayores de 50 años, también hubo diferencias significativas entre endoscopistas en su tasa de detección de pólipos adenomatosos (p=0,001). El rango para la detección de al menos 1 pólipo adenomatoso fue de 18,2-37,5 por ciento en dicho grupo. Igualmente se determinó que la edad y el género fueron poderosos predictores de pólipos adenomatosos, tanto para la cohorte total, como para los pacientes mayores de 50 años. Respecto a la indicación para la colonoscopía, no se encontró diferencia significativa entre las categorías, con un p=0.288. CONCLUSIONES: El endoscopista es tan o más importante que la edad, género o indicación para el examen, en predecir la detección de pólipos adenomatosos durante la colonoscopia.

INTRODUCTION: Age, gender and indication for the examination are known predictors of adenomatous polyp detection during colonoscopy. But no one knows the importanceof the endoscopist in detection.OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of the endoscopist in detecting adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Is retrospective cross-sectional correlational study. Datawere recorded colonoscopies performed in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic during 2007, which were conducted by 10 endoscopists. RESULTS: A total of 843 colonoscopies. Statistical analysis showed significant differencesbetween endoscopists regarding the detection rate of adenomatous polyps (p = 0.038). The range for the detection of at least 1 adenomatous polyp by colonoscopy was 14,6-30,0 percent.In patients over 50 years, there were also significant differences between endoscopists in detection rate of adenomatous polyps (p = 0.001). The range for the detection of atleast 1 adenomatous polyp was 18,2-37,5 percent in that group.Also found that age and gender were powerful predictors of adenomatous polyps, both for the total cohort, and patients older than 50 years. Regarding the indication for colonoscopy, no significant differencebetween the categories, were found p = 0.288. CONCLUSION S: The endoscopist is as or more important than age, gender or indication for the examination, in predicting the detection of adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy.

[Bleeding in digestive tract caused by jejunal angiodysplasia: complementary value of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy]. / Hemorragia digestiva oscura por angiodisplasia yeyunal: valor complementario de la cápsula endoscópica y la enteroscopia de doble balón.

We report the case of a 35-year-old male patient, with a history of six months of pallor and dyspnea associated with severe iron deficiency anemia and positive fecal occult blood tests. Endoscopy of the lower and upper gastrointestinal tract, and a small bowel follow-through were performed, but did not reveal the origin of the bledding. Later, a capsule endoscopy study were performed and detected an elevated area - not well defined - with active bleeding in the jejunal portion of the small bowel, for that reason we decided to complement the study with a double balloon enteroscopy, that allowed us to see more clearly the jejunal lesion: an elevated and ulcerated lesion; the area was marked with India ink to guide the surgeon. In the surgical intervention a resection of the involved jejunal segment was performed; the study of pathological anatomy established the diagnosis of jejunal angiodysplasia. We present this case of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding to emphasize the diagnostic utility of capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy.

Hemorragia digestiva oscura por angiodisplasia yeyunal: valor complementario de la cápsula endoscópica y la enteroscopia de doble balón / Bleeding in digestive tract caused by jejunal angiodysplasia: complementary value of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy

Reportamos el caso de un paciente varón de 35 años con historia de seis meses de palidez y disnea de esfuerzo, asociadas a anemia ferropénica severa y pruebas de sangre oculta en heces positivas. Se le realizaron videoendoscopia digestiva alta, videocolonoscopía y Rx tránsito gastrointestinal, las cuales no revelaron el origen del sangrado. Posteriormente se le realizó estudio con cápsula endoscópica que detectó en el yeyuno un área elevada -no bien definida- con sangrado, por esa razón se decidió complementar con una enteroscopía de doble balón, que permitió ver mas claramente la lesión yeyunal: una lesión elevada y ulcerada, además el área fue marcada con tinta china para orientar al cirujano. En la intervención quirúrgica se realizó resección del segmento yeyunal comprometido; el estudio de anatomía patológica estableció el diagnóstico de angiodisplasia yeyunal. Presentamos este caso de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro para resaltar la utilidad diagnóstica de la cápsula endoscópica complementada con la enteroscopia de doble balón.

We report the case of a 35 years male patient, with a history of six months of pallor and dyspnea associated with severe iron deficiency anemia and positives fecal occult blood tests. Endoscopy of the lower and upper gastrointestinal tract, and a small bowel follow through were performed, but did not reveal the origin of the bledding. Later, a capsule endoscopy study were performed and detected an elevated area û not well defined û with active bleeding in the jejunal portion of the small bowel, for that reason we decided to complement the study with a double balloon enteroscopy, that allowed to see more clearly the jejunal lesion: an elevated and ulcerated lesion; the area was marked with Indian ink to guide the surgeon. In the surgical intervention a resection of the involved jejunal segment was performed; the study of pathological anatomy established the diagnosis of jejunal angiodysplasia. We present this case of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding to emphasize the diagnostic utility of the capsule endoscopy and the double balloon enteroscopy.

[Role of the endoscopist in the detection of adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy]. / Papel del Endoscopista en la Detección de Pólipos Adenomatosos Durante la Colonoscopia.

INTRODUCTION: Age, gender and indication for the examination are known predictors of adenomatous polyp detection during colonoscopy. But no one knows the importance of the endoscopist in detection. OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of the endoscopist in detecting adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy MATERIAL AND METHODS: Is retrospective cross-sectional correlational study. Data were recorded colonoscopies performed in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic during 2007, which were conducted by 10 endoscopists RESULTS: A total of 843 colonoscopies. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between endoscopists regarding the detection rate of adenomatous polyps (p = 0.038). The range for the detection of at least 1 adenomatous polyp by colonoscopy was 14,6-30,0%. In patients over 50 years, there were also significant differences between endoscopists in detection rate of adenomatous polyps (p = 0.001). The range for the detection of at least 1 adenomatous polyp was 18,2-37,5% in that group.Also found that age and gender were powerful predictors of adenomatous polyps, both for the total cohort, and patients older than 50 years. Regarding the indication for colonoscopy, no significant difference between the categories, were found p = 0.288 CONCLUSION S: The endoscopist is as or more important than age, gender or indication for the examination, in predicting the detection of adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy.

DNA-level diversity and relatedness of Helicobacter pylori strains in shantytown families in Peru and transmission in a developing-country setting.

The efficiency of transmission of a pathogen within families compared with that between unrelated persons can affect both the strategies needed to control or eradicate infection and how the pathogen evolves. In industrialized countries, most cases of transmission of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori seems to be from mother to child. An alternative model, potentially applicable among the very poor in developing countries, where infection is more common and the sanitary infrastructure is often deficient, invokes frequent transmission among unrelated persons, often via environmental sources. In the present study, we compared the genotypes of H. pylori from members of shantytown households in Peru to better understand the transmission of H. pylori in developing-country settings. H. pylori cultures and/or DNAs were obtained with informed consent by the string test (a minimally invasive alternative to endoscopy) from at least one child and one parent from each of 62 families. The random amplified polymorphic DNA fingerprints of 57 of 81 (70%) child-mother strain pairs did not match, nor did the diagnostic gene sequences (>1% DNA sequence difference), independent of the child's age (range, 1 to 39 years). Most strains from siblings or other paired family members were also unrelated. These results suggest that H. pylori infections are often community acquired in the society studied. Transmission between unrelated persons should facilitate the formation of novel recombinant genotypes by interstrain DNA transfer and selection for genotypes that are well suited for individual hosts. It also implies that the effective prevention of H. pylori infection and associated gastroduodenal disease will require anti-H. pylori measures to be applied communitywide.

Quiste de colédoco: valor diagnóstico de la Pancreatocolangiografía retrograda endoscópica / Choledochal cyst: endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography (ERCP) diagnosis value

Presentamos 6 casos de quiste de colédoco diagnosticados por Pancreatocolangiografía Retrograda Endoscópica (PCRE), las edades de los pacientes fueron 12, 13, 17, 20, 29 y 36 años, 5 pacientes fueron de sexo femenino y 1 de sexo masculino, el síntoma principal fue dolor abdominal. La Pancreatocolangiografía Retrógrada Endoscópica demuestra detalles anatómicos de los conductos biliares, pacreático y unión pancreático biliar que permite tomar actitudes de manejo quirúrgico o endoscópico adecuadas.

We presented six cases of choledochal cysts all of which were diagnosed by ERCP. Patients were 12,13, 17,20, 29 and 36 years old. Five were female and one was a male. The main symptom was abdominal pain. The Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatograplty showed the anatomic details of the biliary tree and the pancreaticobiliary ductal junction and also allowed us to decide the adecuate management of the patient.

[CHOLEDOCHAL CYST: ENDOSCOPIC RETROGRADE CHOLANGIOPANCREATOGRAPHY(ERCP) DIAGNOSIS VALUE] / Quiste de Colédoco: Valor diagnósticode la Pancreatocolangiografía retrograda endoscópica.

We presented six cases of choledochal cysts all of whichwere diagnosed by ERCP. Patients were 12,13,17,20,29 and 36 years old. Five were female and one was a male. The main symptom was abdominal pain.The Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography showed the anatomic details of the biliary tree and the pancreaticobiliary ductal junction and also allowed us to decide the adecuate management of the patient.

Pancreatocolangiografía retrograda endoscópica y esfinterotomía en las parasitosis / Endoscopic retrograde colangio pancreatography and esphinterotomy in parasitic diseases

Presentamos seis pacientes con obstrucción de la vía billar debida a parásitos (Fasciola hepática, Ascaris lumbricoides y quiste hidatídico) que se diagnosticaron y manejaron endoscópicamente. Este es el primer trabajo nacional que resalta la importancia de la pancreatocolangiografía retrógrada endoscópica en el manejo de estas parasitosis. Por otro lado se destaca que no obstante la litiasis coledociana es la causa más común de ictericia extrahepática; debe considerarse a la parasitosis de la vía biliar en el diagnóstico diferencial.

We report six patients with billary duct obstruction due to parasites (Fasciola hepatica, ascarlasis and hydatid cyst) that were diagnosed and managed with the endoscopic approach. This is the first national paper which relevants the importance of endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography in the management of this parasitosis. Despite choledocholithiasis is the most common cause of extrahepatic jaundice, biliary tree parasitosis must be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Campylobacter pilórico en mucosa gástrica antral normal / Pyloric Campylobacter in the normal gastric mucosa of the antrum

Diversos estudios señalan que el Campylobacter pilórico se encuentra en muy bajo porcentaje en la mucosa gástrica normal. El objeto del presente trabajo es estudiar el porcentaje de casos de hallazgo de esta bacteria en la mucosa gástrica normal en nuestro medio. Evaluamos 44 pacientes con mucosa gástrica histológicamente normal (18 hombres y 26 mujeres, con edades comprendidas entre los 25 y 40 años con una media de 32.5 años), examinados mediante esofagogastroduodenoscopía (Panendoscopio Olympus GIF-K2) por presentar síntomas del tracto gastro-intestinal superior. En cada caso se tomó 2 biopsias del antro gástrico coloreándose con hematoxilina-eosina y con plata. Se eligió el método histológico ya que comparando los métodos de detección, hemos obtenido los porcentajes más altos con éste. De los 44 pacientes, en 3 (7%) se hallo presencia del Campylobacter pilórico. Concluimos que al comparar la marcada diferencia existente en el hallazgo del Campylobacter pilórico en la mucosa gástrica normal y la gastritis activa y enfermedad ulcerosa gastroduodenal, se apoyaría la hipótesis de que esta bacteria pueda jugar algún rol en la etiopatogenia de estas enfermedades

Detección del Campylobacter pilórico en pacientes con enfermedades gastroduodenales / Detection of pyloric Campylobacter in patients with gastroduodenal diseases

Presentamos un estudio de 127 pacientes a quienes con fines diagnósticos se efectuó esofagogastroduodenoscopía. Se tomaron muestras de cepillado y biopsias del esófago, estómago y duodeno, que han sido examinadas por coloración con Gram, cultivo de cepillado y biopsia y estudio histológico de las biopsias con coloración con hematoxilina-eosina y plata con el fin de detectar la presencia de Campylobacter pilórico. En la gastritis crónica activa hemos hallado la bacteria en 91% de casos, en 73% en la úlcera péptica gástrica y en 84% en la úlcera péptica duodenal. Cuando se encuentra campylobacter en el antro, la distribución es igual en el cuerpo y cardias. Comparando los diferentes métodos que hemos empleado, los mejores resultados obtendos en forma decreciente, han sido con la coloración con plata, Gram, hematoxilina-eosina, cultivo de biopsia y cultivo de cepillado. En nuestra serie de estudio en algunos casos se ha hallado campylobacter en esófago y duodeno con la coloración con Gram y por cultivo no habiéndose detectado con las coloraciones de plata y hematoxilina-eosina, lo que sugiere que la contaminación procedente del estómago puede ser un problema para tomar muestras del esófago y duodeno al investigar la presencia de campylobacter pilórico

Tuberculosis gastrica / Gastric tuberculosis

Presentamos cinco casos de pacientes admitidos al Hospital "Arzobispo Loayza", con cuadro clínico general y gastrointestinal alto (hemorragia digestiva alta, síndrome ulceroso, masa epigástrica o sub-oclusión intestinal con asctitis), que fueron evaluados clínicamente, radiológicamente, endoscópicamente, habiendo sido diagnosticados de cáncer gástrico linfoma, úlcera péptica, gastritis, lesiones sub-mucosas etc. Una de las pacientes falleció y en los otros casos se llegó a la intervención quirúrgica, se demostró tuberculosis gástrica en el estudio anatomopatológico en los cinco casos. El tipo mixto úlcero-hipertrófico de tuberculosis gástrica fue el más frecuentemente encontrado en nuestra serie (90%), uno de los cuales se acompañaba además de una gastritis granulomatosa. El otro caso fue catalogado como una tuberculosis gástrica tipo gastritis granulomatosa. Se concluye que en nuestro medio las lesiones de tuberculosis gástrica son de difícil diagnóstico, en la mayoria de los casos son tipo mixto úlcero-hipertrófico y que en toda lesión gástrica sub-mucosa, especialmente si es ulcerada, debe tenerse en cuenta el diagnóstico de tuberculosis gástrica

Demostración óptima del Cáncer Gástrico Incipiente Tipo IIc por el Método del Doble Contraste, utilizando diferentes cantidades de aire. / The best demonstration of early Gastric cancer type IIc with the Double contrast X ray method.Using different amounts of air.

Los autores presentan un estudio de los tres elementos que caracterizan al Cáncer gástrico incipiente tipo IIc que son: la iregularidad del borde de la erosión, la alteración del extremo de los pliegues dentro de la lesión y el aspecto granular de su superficie. En 25 casos investigados, empleando radiografías con doble contraste se insufló diferentes cantidades de aire(pequeña, moderada y gran cantidad). Se comparan los tres elementos citados con los grados de distención mencionados y se establece la cantidad óptima a insuflar para demostrarlos en detalle. La visualización del borde de la lesión con su aspecto corroído se aprecia claramente al insuflar gran cantidad de aire, lo que constituye el factor esencial en el diagnóstico diferencial del cáncer incipiente tipo IIc con las lesiones benignas especialmente de la cicatriz de la úlcera.