Kuma Bamboo Grass (Sasa veitchii) Extracts Exhibit Protective Effects Against Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida Infection in Goldfish (Carassius auratus).

Atypical Aeromonas salmonicida ( i.e. subsp. achromogenes and subsp. masoucida) are one of the major opportunistic pathogens that cause ulcer diseases in a variety of fishes, in which this pathogen has become a worldwide economic threat in sectors that handle of particular high-priced ornamental fishes like varicolored carp and goldfish due to appearance damages. Here we reported that the kuma bamboo grass (Sasa veitchii) extracts (KBGE) that contained a variety of fatty acids, exhibited antibacterial activity against nine Aeromonas strains including 5 atypical A. salmonicida strains. Experimental challenges with four atypical A. salmonicida strains revealed that supplementation with 375 to 750 µg/ml of the KBGE restored the survival of goldfish in coincidence of inhibition of both bacterial replication and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity upon infection, compared with those of untreated control. Together, our data demonstrating the antibacterial effects of the plant extracts proposes its possible implication for prevention of Aeromonas infection in the ornamental fish.

[Autism and Autism-associated Metabolites].

Gene-microbiota interactions are now proposed to be a special case of gene-environmental interaction. Preclinical and clinical data summarized in this article reveal that a specific serum metabolite, associated with alterations in gut microbiome composition, might have an emerging role in the onset and pathogenesis of autism. Altered level of this specified metabolite may induce perturbations in the epigenome and modulate the expression of key disease susceptible genes in neurons and their associated cells during critical periods of neurodevelopment. The gut microbiota itself is now regarded as a reservoir for environmental epigenetic factors.

Sensitivity surveillance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates for several antibacterial agents in Chubu area (2013-2014).

We investigated the susceptibility to antibacterial agents of 186 clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from medical facilities in Gifu, Aichi, Toyama, and Fukui prefectures from October 2013 to February 2014. MIC50/90 of piperacillin (PIPC), tazobactam/piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC), ceftazidime (CAZ), cefepime (CFPM), imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEPM), doripenem (DRPM), aztreonam (AZT), ciprofloxacin (CPFX), levofloxacin (LVFX), amikacin (AMK) and colistin (CL) against P aeruginosa was 8/32, 4/32, 2/8, 2/16, 1/32, 0.5/8, 0.25/4, 8/32, 0.25/8, 0.5/16, 4/8 and 1/1pg/mLrespectively. Two strains of multidrug resistant P aeruginosa were isolated (1.1%). They were isolated from the respiratory tract, intra-abdominal, and urinary infection. The susceptible ratio against P aeruginosa derived from intra-abdominal infection for carbapenem was lower than those from respiratory tract and urinary infection. The susceptible ratio against P aeruginosa derived from urinary infection for penicillin, cephem, monobactam, and fluoroquinolone was lower than those from respiratory and intra-abdominal infection. It is meaningful to pay attention to the susceptibility to antibacterial agents in each clinical specimen from infected organ.

[Sensitivity surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates for several antibacterial agents in Gifu and Aichi prefectures (2011-2012)].

We investigated the susceptibility to antibacterial agents, genotype of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes and macrolide resistant genes, and the serotypes against 270 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from medical facilities in Gifu and Aichi prefectures between October 2011 and April 2012. These results were compared with those against S. pneumoniae isolated in 2008-2009 and 2010-2011. The number of gPSSP with 3 normal PBP genes, gPISP with 1 or 2 normal PBP genes and gPRSP with 3 abnormal genes isolated in 2011-2012 was 15 (5.6%), 162 (60.0%) and 93 (34.4%) strains, respectively. Compared with those isolated in 2008-2009 and 2010-2011, the numbers of gPRSP were decreasing. On the other hand, the isolates with no macrolide-resistant gene, only mefA, only ermB, and both mefA and ermB were 16 (5.9%), 75 (27.8%), 153 (56.7%) and 26 (9.6%). Compared with those isolated in 2008-2009 and 2010-2011, the numbers of isolates with ermB, which was usually associated with high-level resistance, were increasing. The prevalent pneumococcal serotypes in children were type 3 (14.4%), following by type 15 and 19F (9.3%). The coverages of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) were calculated as 22.9% and 49.2%, respectively. The coverages of PCV7 and PCV13 in gPRSP isolated from children were 47.7% (21/44 strains) and 72.7% (32/44 strains). The MIC90 of each antibacterial agent was as follows; 0.125pg/mL for imipenem, panipenem and garenoxacin, 0.25 µg/mL for meropenem and doripenem, 0.5 µg/mL for cefditoren, moxifloxacin and tosufloxacin, 1 µg/mL for amoxicillin, clavulanic acid/amoxicillin, cefteram, cefcapene and ceftriaxone, 2 µg/mL for benzylpenicillin, ampicillin, sulbactam/ampicillin, piperacillin, tazobactam/piperacillin and levofloxacin, 4 µg/mL for cefdinir, flomoxef and pazufloxacin, 16 µg/mL for minocycline, > 64 µg/mL for clarithromycin and azithromycin, and these MIC90s were about the same as those in 2010-2011.

Genome-wide evidence of positive selection in Bacteroides fragilis.

We used an evolutionary genomics approach to identify genes that are under lineage-specific positive selection in six species of the genus Bacteroides, including three strains of pathogenic Bacteroides fragilis. Using OrthoMCL, we identified 1275 orthologous gene clusters present in all eight Bacteroides genomes. A total of 52 genes were identified as under positive selection in the branch leading to the B. fragilis lineage, including a number of genes encoding cell surface proteins such as TonB-dependent receptor. Three-dimensional structural mapping of positively selected sites indicated that many residues under positive selection occur in the extracellular loops of the proteins. The adaptive changes in these positively selected genes might be related to dynamic interactions between the host immune systems and the surrounding intestinal environment.

Severe oral infection due to Lactobacillus rhamnosus during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia.

We report a case of severe oral infection with a high fever due to Lactobacillus rhamnosus during induction chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia. The patient did not improve on treatment with meropenem, clindamycin, or vancomycin until neutrophil recovery. Since L. rhamnosus GG is used in dairy products, and the patient ingested dairy products daily before starting chemotherapy, we suspected an association between the ingestion of dairy products and the development of infection. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis using two different restriction enzymes showed that the strain isolated from the patient was identical to the L. rhamnosus GG strain isolated from dairy products and ATCC #53103. This was confirmed by a PCR assay with species-specific L. rhamnosus GG primers. Since Lactobacillus infection, particularly L. rhamnosus infection, can be fatal in immunocompromised hosts, we should consider Lactobacillus as a causative organism when Gram-positive rods are detected during treatment with broad-spectrum antibiotics and vancomycin. The causal association between the ingestion of dairy products containing Lactobacillus and Lactobacillus infection in immunocompromised hosts warrants further study.

Synthesis and cytotoxicity on human leukemia cells of furonaphthoquinones isolated from tabebuia plants.

Furonaphthoquinones are promising skeletons for anticancer drug molecules. In particular, methoxylated furonaphthoquinones are characteristic constituents of Tabebuia plants. In this research, we synthesized the furonaphthoquinones by effective one-pot cascade reactions of 3-phenyliodonio-1,2,4-trioxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenides with 3-butyn-2-ol in the presence of palladium and cuprous catalysts via Sonogashira coupling and intramolecular cyclization. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the synthetic furonaphthoquinones showed moderate cytotoxicity against human leukemia U937 and HL-60 cells. Our work highlights the importance of furonaphthoquinones as antileukemic agents.

PCR-based detection of resistance genes in anaerobic bacteria isolated from intra-abdominal infections.

Little information is available on the distribution of antimicrobial resistance genes in anaerobes in Japan. To understand the background of antimicrobial resistance in anaerobes involved in intra-abdominal infections, we investigated the distribution of eight antimicrobial resistance genes (cepA, cfiA, cfxA, ermF, ermB, mefA, tetQ, and nim) and a mutation in the gyrA gene in a total of 152 organisms (Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium spp., Porphyromonas spp., Bilophila wadsworthia, Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Veillonella spp., gram-positive cocci, and non-spore-forming gram-positive bacilli) isolated between 2003 and 2004 in Japan. The cepA gene was distributed primarily in Bacteroides fragilis. Gene cfxA was detected in about 9 % of the Bacteroides isolates and 75 % of the Prevotella spp. isolates and did not appear to contribute to cephamycin resistance. Two strains of B. fragilis contained the metallo-ß-lactamase gene cfiA, but they did not produce the protein product. Gene tetQ was detected in about 81, 44, and 63 % of B. fragilis isolates, other Bacteroides spp., and Prevotella spp. isolates, respectively. The ermF gene was detected in 25, 13, 56, 64, and 16 % of Bacteroides spp., Prevotella spp., Fusobacterium spp., B. wadsworthia, and anaerobic cocci, respectively. Gene mefA was found in only 10 % of the B. fragilis strains and 3 % of the non-B. fragilis strains. Genes nim and ermB were not detected in any isolate. Substitution at position 82 (Ser to Phe) in gyrA was detected in B. fragilis isolates that were less susceptible or resistant to moxifloxacin. This study is the first report on the distribution of resistance genes in anaerobes isolated from intra-abdominal infections in Japan. We expect that the results might help in understanding the resistance mechanisms of specific anaerobes.

[Antimicrobial activity of several drugs against extended-spectrum beta-lactamase positive Enterobacteriaceae isolates in Gifu and Aichi prefecture].

We investigated the antimicrobial activity of several drugs against 131 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) positive clinical isolates in Gifu and Aichi prefecture from 2007 to 2011. Meropenem (MEPM) and doripenem (DRPM) gave the lowest MIC50 at 0.0313 microg/mL. MEPM gave the lowest MIC90 at 0.0625 microg/mL. According to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints, the susceptible rates of carbapenems, tazobactam/piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC) and cefmetazole (CMZ) were higher than 90%. The susceptible rates of MEPM, DRPM, imipenem (IPM), TAZ/PIPC and CMZ were 98.5%, 98.5%, 94.7%, 94.7% and 92.4%. We used the PCR method and identified the molecular types of the ESBL positive isolates. Seventy-two strains had CTX-M-9 group gene and CTX-M-9 group gene is the most frequently detected. Against the CTX-M-9 group gene harboring strains which were the most common in our investigation, the susceptible rates of TAZ/PIPC, MEPM, DRPM and IPM were 100%. It is suggested that not only carbapenems but also TAZ/PIPC and CMZ are useful against infections caused by ESBL positive isolates.

[Sensitivity surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates for several antibacterial agents in Gifu and Aichi prefecture (2010-2011)].

We investigated genotype of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes and macrolide resistant genes, the serotypes and the susceptibility to antibacterial agents against 258 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from medical facilities in Gifu and Aichi prefectures between January 2010 and March 2011. These results were compared with those against 377 strains of S. pneumoniae isolated in 2008-2009. The number of genotype penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae (gPSSP) with 3 normal PBP genes, genotype penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae (gPISP) with 1 or 2 normal PBP genes and genotype penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (gPRSP) with 3 abnormal genes was 11 (4.3%), 135 (52.3%) and 112 (43.4%) strains, respectively. The isolates with no macrolide-resistant gene, only mefA, only ermB, and both mefA and ermB were 17 (6.6%), 65 (25.2%), 143 (55.4%) and 33 (12.8%). The prevalent pneumococcal serotypes isolated from children were type 19F (18.2%), following by type 6A and 15 (11.7%). The potential coverage of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was 43.8%. The prevalent pneumococcal serotypes isolated from adults were high in order of type 19F (12.8%), type 6A, 3 and 11 (10.3%), excepting non-typable strains (17.9%), and from elderly persons were type 6B (23.2%) and type 3 (13.4%). The MIC90 of each antibacterial agents was as follows; 0.0625 microg/mL for garenoxacin, 0.125 microg/mL for panipenem, 0.25 microg/mL for imipenem, doripenem, tosufloxacin, 0.5 microg/mL for cefditoren, meropenem, moxifloxacin, 1 microg/mL for amoxicillin, clavulanic acid/amoxicillin, cefteram, cefcapene, ceftriaxone, 2 microg/mL for benzylpenicillin, piperacillin, tazobactam/ piperacillin, pazufloxacin, levofloxacin, 4 microg/mL for cefdinir, flomoxef, 16 microg/mL for minocycline, > 64 microg/mL for clarithromycin, azithromycin and these MIC90s were about the same as those in 2008-2009.

Structure-activity relationship studies of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones as naturally occurring inhibitors of cell proliferation in human leukemia HL-60 cells.

Flavonoids are widely occurring polyphenols that are found in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the structure-activity relationships of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones, with a focus on the effect of B ring structure substitution on the antiproliferative effects of the compounds in human leukemia HL-60 cells. We prepared a series of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones and evaluated their ability to inhibit the proliferation of HL-60 cells by using the MTT assay. The apoptosis- and cell differentiation-inducing ability of the most potent flavones were investigated using staining and morphological analyses. This study explored the antileukemic and chemopreventive potency of 5,7-dihydroxyflavones, particularly diosmetin and chrysoeriol, which have both hydroxy and methoxy groups on the B ring.

[Sensitivity surveillance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates for several antibacterial agents in Gifu and Aichi prefecture (2008-2009)].

We investigated the susceptibility to antibacterials, genotype of penicillin-binding protein (PBP) genes and macrolide resistant genes, and the serotypes against 377 strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from medical facilities in Gifu and Aichi prefectures between June 2008 and April 2009. These results were compared with those against 160 strains of S. pneumoniae isolated in 2004. Referring to CLSI (M100-S17), the overall incidence of penicillin-susceptible (PSSP), penicillin-intermediate (PISP) and penicillin-resistant (PRSP) S. pneumoniae was 143 (38%), 185 (49%) and 49 (13%) strains, respectively. PISP and PRSP were isolated higher in the material of nasal cavity and throat, and PRSP was isolated higher in the area of Chuno district. The number of gPSSP with 3 normal PBP genes, gPISP with 1 or 2 normal PBP genes and gPRSP with 3 abnormal genes was 23 (6.1%), 173 (46%) and 181 (48%) strains, respectively. The isolates with no macrolide-resistant gene, only mefA, only ermB, and both mefA and ermB were 28 (7.4%), 138 (37%), 166 (44%) and 45 (12%). The prevalent pneumococcal serotypes were type 19 (92 strains; 24%), following by type 23 (60 strains; 16%) and type 6 (56 strains; 15%). The 80% of pneumococcal serotypes of PRSP were serotype 19 and 6. The MIC90 of each antibacterial was as follows; 0.1 microg/mL for imipenem, panipenem and garenoxacin, 0.2 microg/mL for moxifloxacin, 0.39 microg/mL for meropenem and tosufloxacin, 0.78 microg/ mL for amoxicillin, clavulanic acid/amoxicillin, cefditoren and cefcapene, 1.56 microg/mL for benzylpenicillin, piperacillin, cefteram and levofloxacin, 3.13 microg/mL for cefotiam, flomoxef and pazufloxacin, 6.25 microg/mL for cefdinir, 12.5 microg/mL for norfloxacin and minocycline, > 100 microg/mL for clarithromycin, and these MIC90s were about the same as those in 2004.

[Sensitivity surveillance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates for several antibacterial agents in Gifu and Aichi prefecture (2008)].

We investigated the susceptibility to antibacterial agents of 334 strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from medical facilities in Gifu and Aichi prefectures from May to September 2008. For the beta-lactams, meropenem (MEPM) and doripenem (DRPM) gave the lowest MIC50 at 0.5 microg/mL, and tazobactam/piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC) gave the highest susceptible rate of the breakpoint by Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) at 93.1%. For the quinolones, ciprofloxacin (CPFX) gave the lowest MIC50 at 0.25 microg/mL, followed by pazufloxacin (PZFX) at 0.5 microg/mL, and levofloxacin (LVFX) at 1 microg/mL, and susceptible rate was 76.0% for CPFX and 73.4% for LVFX. Susceptible rates to amikacin (AMK) and tobramycin (TOB) of aminoglycocides and colistin (CL) of polypeptides were 98.2%, 97.6% and 96.4%. In 334 strains, IMP-1 MBL producing P. aeruginosa was 1 strain, and the strain showed resistance to all antibacterial agents except AMK and CL used in this study. The strains isolated from urine were lower susceptible rate in comparison with those from sputum, notably the susceptible rate to CPFX from urine was less over 30% than those from sputum. Because the results of the susceptibility test against P. aeruginosa were different in each area, it is important for us to pay attention to the susceptibility to antibacterial agents and the emergence of resistance in the clinical strains through continuous susceptibility surveillance.

[Epidemiological analysis of Streptococcus pneumoniae in Gifu prefecture and the northern district of Aichi prefecture--2009].

High pathogenicity and drug resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae are serious problem in clinical practice. Since 1999, we have conducted epidemiologic analyses of S. pneumoniae in Chubu district. We report the results of the analysis conducted in 2009. Three hundred and eight (308) S. pneumoniae isolates with a gene coding for autolysin lyt-A, which had been isolated from patients at 21 medical institutions in Gifu prefecture and the northern part of Aichi prefecture in 2009, were enrolled in this study. The strains were classified according to their drug resistance based on the presence of the pbp mutation, and examined for the presence of the two macrolide-resistance genes, ermB and mefA. Moreover, they were serotyped using type-specific antisera. The mean age of the patients from whom these S. pneumoniae strains were isolated, was 23.4 +/- 30.1 years old, and children aged 15 years old or less accounted for 66% of all the patients. Genotype penicillin-susceptible S. pneumoniae (gPSSP), genotype penicillin-intermediate S. pneumoniae (gPISP) and genotype penicillin-resistant S. pneumoniae (gPRSP) were 22 (7.1%), 131 (42.5%) and 155 (50.3%), respectively. The strains with mefA positive and ermB negative, mefA negative and ermB positive, and mefA positive and ermB positive were 80 (26.0%), 153 (49.7%), and 47 (15.3%), respectively. The MIC90 values of tebipenem (TBPM) and faropenem were 0.06 microg/mL and 0.5 microg/mL, respectively. TBPM showed the high bactericidal activity against gPRSP. In carbapenems, panipenem and biapenem exhibited higher bactericidal activities. Quinolone-resistant S. pneumoniae (QRSP) were isolated from 10 (3.2%). QRSP dominated 5 (7.9%) and 3 (1.5%) among the elderly (over 65 years old) and children, respectively. (As for the serotype, serotypes 6, 19 and 23 were 60 (19.5%), 62 (20.1%), and 44 (14.3%), respectively. Further epidemiologic studies on S. pneumoniae might be required also in the future, including the relationship between the serotype and drug resistance.

Sentulic acid: a cytotoxic ring A-seco triterpenoid from Sandoricum koetjape Merr.

A new ring A-seco triterpenoid, sentulic acid, along with a known oleanane-type triterpenoid, 3-oxoolean-12-en-27-oic acid, were isolated from the Indonesian plant Sandoricum koetjape Merr. Their chemical structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis. In addition, the cytotoxic effects of these compounds on human promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells were studied. The results of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays and trypan blue dye exclusion tests showed that sentulic acid and 3-oxoolean-12-en-27-oic acid were able to induce cytotoxicity in these cells. Furthermore, morphological examination and DNA fragmentation analysis indicated that these cytotoxic effects were mediated by apoptosis.

Tricin inhibits proliferation of human hepatic stellate cells in vitro by blocking tyrosine phosphorylation of PDGF receptor and its signaling pathways.

4',5,7-Trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone (Tricin), a naturally occurring flavone, has anti-inflammatory potential and exhibits diverse biological activities including antigrowth activity in several human cancer cell lines and cancer chemopreventive effects in the gastrointestinal tract of mice. The present study aimed to investigate the biological actions of tricin on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) in vitro, exploring its potential as a treatment of liver fibrosis, since HSC proliferation is closely related to the progression of hepatic fibrogenesis in chronic liver diseases leading to irreversible liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Tricin inhibited platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced cell proliferation by blocking cell cycle progression and cell migration in the human HSC line LI90 and culture-activated HSCs. It also reduced the phosphorylation of PDGF receptor ß and the downstream signaling molecules ERK1/2 and Akt, which might be due to its tyrosine kinase inhibitor properties rather than inhibition of the direct binding between PDGF-BB and its receptor. Our findings suggest that tricin might be beneficial in HSC-targeting therapeutic or chemopreventive applications for hepatic fibrosis.

[Investigation on the identification accuracy for group B Streptococcus by automated identification system RAISUS].

Since we had experienced a case of misidentification for group B Streptococcus (GBS) (Streptococcus agalactiae) by automated identification system RAISUS, we have investigated the identification accuracy for GBS by automated identification system RAISUS system using our stock isolated of GBS. Among 31 strains including standard strain ATCC13813 of GBS, 30 strains were identified as GBS, while only 1 strain was misidentified as Streptococcus constellatus. We have needed 3 hours to identify 29 true GBS strains, while it has taken 6 hours for misidentified strain as S. constellatus. Since we have needed more than 4 hours for our misidentified strain of GBS, the tendency for identification time to become long has been recognized. Longer identification time might be associated with the misidentification. The improvement for galactose and glycerol tests of RAISUS by the manufacturer has resulted in better identification. As for the strains to be identified as S. constellatus by RAISUS, we might re-check it with other identification kits when there is higher clinical necessity.

[Antibacterial susceptibility surveillance of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from pediatric patients in Gifu and Aichi prefectures (2009-2010)].

We investigated the susceptibility to antibacterial agents of 197 strains of Haemophilus influenzae isolated from pediatric patients at medical facilities in Gifu and Aichi prefectures between 2009 and 2010. Those strains were also examined for the mutations of ftsI coding for penicillin-binding protein 3, presence of bla TEM-1, serotype and beta-lactamase producing ability. Among the 197 strains, the most prevalent serotype was non-typeable (89.8%), followed by serotype b (8.1%), e (1.5%) and f (0.5%). Based on the susceptibility among the 197 strains to antibacterial agents, beta-lactamase nonproducing ampicillin-susceptible H. influenzae (BLNAS) accounted for 27.4%, beta-lactamase nonproducing ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae (BLNAR) for 62.4%, beta-lactamase producing ampicillin-resistant H. influenzae (BLPAR) for 6.1% and beta-lactamase producing amoxicillin/ clavulanic acid-resistant H. influenzae (BLPACR) for 4.1%. According to PCR-based genotyping, the strains were classified into 6 categories: gBLNAS, gLow-BLNAR, gBLNAR, gBLPAR, gBLPACR-I and gBLPACR-II. The incidences of each resistant class were 17.3% for gBLNAS, 6.6% for gLow-BLNAR, 66.0% for gBLNAR, 5.6% for gBLPAR and 4.6% for gBLPACR-II. The combined incidence of gLow-BLNAR and gBLNAR was 72.6%, which was higher than that of BLNAR (62.4%). The MIC90s of antibacterial agents against the 197 strains were as follows; 0.0156 microg/mL for tosufloxacin and garenoxacin, 0.0313 microg/mL for levofloxacin and pazufloxacin, 0.0625 microg/mL for norfloxacin, 0.25 microg/mL for tazobactam/piperacillin (TAZ/PIPC) and ceftriaxone, 0.5 microg/mL for TAZ/PIPC (1:8) and cefditoren, 1 microg/mL for piperacillin, cefteram, cefotaxime, meropenem, tebipenem and minocycline, 2 microg/mL for doripenem, 4 microg/mL for cefcapene, imipenem and azithromycin, 8 microg/mL for sulbactam/ampicillin, clavulanic acid/amoxicillin (1:2, CVA/AMPC) and cefdinir, 16 microg/mL for CVA/AMPC (1:14), flomoxef and clarithromycin, 32 microg/mL for ampicillin. Although there was no rapid increase in the antibacterial resistance, the prevalence of BLNAR was still over 50%. In order to ensure the appropriate chemotherapy, it is important to continue the surveillance of susceptibility among H. influenzae.

Anti-influenza virus activity of tricin, 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone.

BACKGROUND: We examined the anti-influenza virus activity of tricin, 4',5,7-trihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxyflavone, against five viruses: A/Solomon islands/3/2006 (H1N1), A/Hiroshima/52/2005 (H3N2), A/California/07/2009 (H1N1pdm), A/Narita/1/2009 (H1N1pdm) and B/Malaysia/2506/2004 strains in vitro and against A/PR/8/34 virus in vivo. METHODS: The effect of tricin was studied by an infectious virus yield reduction assay. The anti-influenza virus mechanism of the tricin was examined by western blot analysis, real-time reverse transcriptase PCR analysis, haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay and neuraminidase (NA) inhibition assay. The anti-influenza virus efficacy of tricin was further examined in a murine influenza virus infection model. RESULTS: Tricin of 3.3 to 30 µM significantly reduced seasonal A (H1N1), (H3N2) viruses, novel A (H1N1pdm) virus, as well as B virus in a dose-dependent manner. The 50% effective concentrations of tricin were 3.4 µM for seasonal A (H3N2) virus, 4.9 µM for B virus and 8.2 µM for A/Narita (H1N1pdm) virus. Tricin decreased the expression of haemagglutinin (HA) protein and matrix (M) protein, and messenger RNA expression of HA and M of influenza virus in the infected cells. Tricin exhibited little or no effects on influenza virus HI and NA activities. In the mouse infection model, tricin was significantly effective in reducing body weight loss, and also effective in prolonging survival times of infected mice. CONCLUSIONS: Tricin was indicated to possess anti-influenza virus activity and to ameliorate body weight loss and survival rate of influenza-A-virus-infected mice. Tricin is a novel compound with potential anti-influenza virus activity in vitro and in vivo.