Three novel dihydrochalcones from Flemingia lineata (L.) W.T. Aiton and their antiplasmodial activity.

Three novel dihydrochalcones, flemilineatins C-E (1-3), and two known flavanones (4-5) were isolated from Flemingia lineata (L.) W.T. Aiton leaves. Dihydrochalcones 1-3 structures were established using NMR spectrum and high-resolution ESIMS data. Compounds 1-5 were assayed to Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (PfLDH) for their antiplasmodial activity. Compounds 2 and 5 exhibited high activity with an IC50 value of 0.74 and 0.79 µg/mL, respectively.

Synthesis, α-glucosidase inhibition, α-amylase inhibition, and molecular docking studies of 3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones.

The synthesized 3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones 1a-p showed desired higher α-glucosidase inhibitory activities and lower α-amylase inhibitory activities than standard drug acarbose. Particularly, compound 1i showed favorable higher α-glucosidase % inhibition of 67 ± 13 and lower α-amylase % inhibition of 51 ± 4 in comparison to acarbose with % inhibition activities of 19 ± 5 and 90 ± 2, respectively. Docking studies of selected 3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones revealed key interactions with the active sites of both α-glucosidase and α-amylase, further supporting the observed % inhibitory activities. Furthermore, the binding energies are consistent with the % inhibition values. The results suggest that 3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones may be developed as suitable Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors (AGIs) and the lower α-amylase activities should be advantageous to reduce the side effects exhibited by commercial AGIs.

Chemistry of trisindolines: natural occurrence, synthesis and bioactivity.

Heterocyclic nitrogen compounds are privileged structures with many applications in the pharmaceutical and nutraceutical industries since they possess wide bioactivities. Trisindolines are heterocyclic nitrogen compounds consisting of an isatin core bearing two indole moieties. Trisindolines have been synthesized by reacting isatins with indoles using various routes and the yield greatly depends on the catalyst used, reaction conditions, and the substituents on both the isatin and indole moieties. Amongst the synthetic routes, acid-catalyzed condensation reaction between isatins and indoles are the most useful due to high yield, wide scope and short reaction times. Trisindolines are biologically active compounds and show anticancer, antimicrobial, antitubercular, antifungal, anticonvulsant, spermicidal, and antioxidant activities, among others. Trisindolines have not previously been reviewed. Therefore, this review aims to provide a comprehensive account of trisindolines including their natural occurrence, routes of synthesis, and biological activities. It aims to inspire the discovery of lead trisindoline drug candidates for further development.