Assessing the Phenotype of a Homologous Recombination Deficiency Using High Resolution Array-Based Comparative Genome Hybridization in Ovarian Cancer.

Ovarian cancer (OC) cells with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD) accumulate genomic scars (LST, TAI, and LOH) over a value of 42 in sum. PARP inhibitors can treat OC with HRD. The detection of HRD can be done directly by imaging these genomic scars, or indirectly by detecting mutations in the genes involved in HR. We show that HRD detection is also possible using high-resolution aCGH. A total of 30 OCs were analyzed retrospectively with high-resolution arrays as a test set and 19 OCs prospectively as a validation set. Mutation analysis was performed by HBOC TruRisk V2 panel to detect HR-relevant mutations. CNVs were clustered with respect to the involved HR genes versus the OC cases. In prospective validation, the HRD status determined by aCGH was compared with external HRD assessments. Two BRCA mutation carriers did not have HRD. OC could approximately differentiate into two groups with characteristic CNV patterns with different survival rates. Mutation frequencies have a linear regression on the HRD score. Mutations in individual HR-relevant genes do not always indicate HRD. This may depend on the mutation frequency in tumor cells. The aCGH shows the genomic scars of an HRD inexpensively and directly.

Chemotherapy-induced release of ADAM17 bearing EV as a potential resistance mechanism in ovarian cancer.

Ovarian cancer (OvCa) is the gynaecological disorder with the poorest prognosis due to the fast development of chemoresistance. We sought to connect chemoresistance and cancer cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV). The mechanisms of how chemoresistance is sustained by EV remained elusive. One potentially contributing factor is A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease 17 (ADAM17)-itself being able to promote chemoresistance and inducing tumour cell proliferation and survival via the Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) pathway by shedding several of its ligands including Amphiregulin (AREG). We now demonstrate that upon chemotherapeutic treatment, proteolytically active ADAM17 is released in association with EV from OvCa cells. In terms of function, we show that patient-derived EV induce AREG shedding and restore chemoresistance in ADAM17-deficient cells. Confirming that ADAM17-containing EV transmit chemoresistance in OvCa, we propose that ADAM17 levels (also on EV) might serve as an indicator for tumour progression and the chemosensitivity status of a given patient.

Combined PARP and Dual Topoisomerase Inhibition Potentiates Genome Instability and Cell Death in Ovarian Cancer.

Although ovarian cancer is a rare disease, it constitutes the fifth leading cause of cancer death among women. It is of major importance to develop new therapeutic strategies to improve survival. Combining P8-D6, a novel dual topoisomerase inhibitor with exceptional anti-tumoral properties in ovarian cancer and compounds in preclinical research, and olaparib, a PARP inhibitor targeting DNA damage repair, is a promising approach. P8-D6 induces DNA damage that can be repaired by base excision repair or homologous recombination in which PARP plays a major role. This study analyzed benefits of combining P8-D6 and olaparib treatment in 2D and 3D cultures with ovarian cancer cells. Measurement of viability, cytotoxicity and caspase activity were used to assess therapy efficacy and to calculate the combination index (CI). Further DNA damage was quantified using the biomarkers RAD51 and γH2A.X. The combinational treatment led to an increased caspase activity and reduced viability. CI values partially show synergisms in combinations at 100 nM and 500 nM P8-D6. More DNA damage accumulated, and spheroids lost their membrane integrity due to the combinational treatment. While maintaining the same therapy efficacy as single-drug therapy, doses of P8-D6 and olaparib can be reduced in combinational treatments. Synergisms can be seen in some tested combinations. In summary, the combination therapy indicates benefits and acts synergistic at 100 nM and 500 nM P8-D6.