Understanding ethnic inequities associated with tobacco use in Aotearoa New Zealand: a quantitative analysis.

Despite the inclusion of both individual interventions and population-based measures in the Aotearoa New Zealand (Aotearoa NZ) Tobacco Control Programme, the gap between Maori, Pacific peoples and European/Asian/Other (EAO) populations in tobacco use has not decreased significantly. Tobacco control interventions that focus on individual behaviour change have produced little impact towards reducing tobacco smoking inequities for Maori and Pacific peoples in Aotearoa NZ. Using data from the New Zealand Health Survey (NZHS), this research investigates the impact of the wider determinants of health and individual-level factors on inequities in tobacco use between Maori, Pacific peoples and EAO. A conceptual framework was developed to support the theoretical positioning of this research and to inform data categorization, framing, discourse, analyses and interpretation. We conducted hierarchical regression to examine the effect of factors from each domain on ethnic inequities in tobacco use. We found that socioeconomic factors accounted for a significant amount of the disparity in adults currently smoking between Maori and Pacific peoples and EAO. Our results suggest that socioeconomic factors may be a more effective target of intervention than individual behaviours for reducing tobacco-related inequities. Addressing the broader determinants of health through comprehensive cross-agency cooperation to reduce ethnic inequities in tobacco use in Aotearoa NZ is likely to be more effective than individual behaviour change approaches.

Cannabis and methamphetamine in New Zealand: a Kaupapa Maori literature review.

AIM: This literature review aims to identify and review through a Kaupapa Maori lens the current knowledge base related to cannabis and methamphetamine, and Maori. METHODS: A Kaupapa Maori research approach was utilised to identify, review and critique literature about cannabis and methamphetamine in New Zealand. Literature contents were categorised via publication type, population focus, substance focus, research approach, methods used and whether lived experience voices were centralised. Substance engagement was categorised within prevention, use or treatment contexts. RESULTS: Thirty literature sources were included in this review. The majority were journal articles, utilised quantitative survey data collection methods, focussed on large population groups and investigated individual characteristics of users of cannabis and/or methamphetamine. Most articles took a general population approach, briefly mentioning Maori, or measured differences in drug use between Maori and others. More recent research led by Maori, or with a critical lens, highlighted the value of focussing on drug use, rather than drug users. CONCLUSIONS: Understandings of cannabis and methamphetamine use in New Zealand are reliant on research insights and academic literature. Literature focussed mainly on individuals fuels negative stereotypes of Maori and lacks critical Kaupapa Maori insights. To address cannabis and methamphetamine harms experienced by Maori, future research should make an explicit commitment to be of benefit to Maori and implement Kaupapa Maori-consistent research approaches.

Reducing healthcare inequities for Maori using Telehealth during COVID-19.

AIM: Maori experience barriers to accessing timely, quality healthcare. The March 2020 COVID-19 lockdown in New Zealand required provision of Telehealth consultation options in primary care. Telehealth consultations have the potential to improve access to healthcare for Maori, and thereby reduce health inequities. Conversely, Telehealth may present additional barriers that contribute to inequities overall. This scoping project investigated Maori experiences of Telehealth consultations during the March 2020 COVID-19 lockdown. METHOD: Semi-structured key informant interviews were completed with five Maori health professionals, six Maori Telehealth patients, and six Maori in-clinic patients, about their healthcare consultation experiences during COVID-19 lockdown. Participants were asked about what worked, what did not work, and for suggestions to improve future Telehealth provision to Maori whanau. Kaupapa Maori methodology underpinned thematic analysis of the interviews. RESULTS: Key findings are presented in three overarching themes: benefits (safety, cost, time, options); challenges (health literacy, access to Information Technology (IT), supply and demand, limited physical assessment); and suggested improvements (systems fit for purpose, supporting IT and health literacy, Telehealth as a routine option, rapport building, and cross system efficiency and information sharing). CONCLUSION: Telehealth is a viable long-term option that can support Maori whanau access to healthcare.

Examining the predictors of academic outcomes for indigenous Maori, Pacific and rural students admitted into medicine via two equity pathways: a retrospective observational study at the University of Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand.

OBJECTIVE: To determine associations between admission markers of socioeconomic status, transitioning, bridging programme attendance and prior academic preparation on academic outcomes for indigenous Maori, Pacific and rural students admitted into medicine under access pathways designed to widen participation. Findings were compared with students admitted via the general (usual) admission pathway. DESIGN: Retrospective observational study using secondary data. SETTING: 6-year medical programme (MBChB), University of Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand. Students are selected and admitted into Year 2 following a first year (undergraduate) or prior degree (graduate). PARTICIPANTS: 1676 domestic students admitted into Year 2 between 2002 and 2012 via three pathways: GENERAL admission (1167), Maori and Pacific Admission Scheme-MAPAS (317) or Rural Origin Medical Preferential Entry-ROMPE (192). Of these, 1082 students completed the programme in the study period. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Graduated from medical programme (yes/no), academic scores in Years 2-3 (Grade Point Average (GPA), scored 0-9). RESULTS: 735/778 (95%) of GENERAL, 111/121 (92%) of ROMPE and 146/183 (80%) of MAPAS students graduated from intended programme. The graduation rate was significantly lower in the MAPAS students (p<0.0001). The average Year 2-3 GPA was 6.35 (SD 1.52) for GENERAL, which was higher than 5.82 (SD 1.65, p=0.0013) for ROMPE and 4.33 (SD 1.56, p<0.0001) for MAPAS. Multiple regression analyses identified three key predictors of better academic outcomes: bridging programme attendance, admission as an undergraduate and admission GPA/Grade Point Equivalent (GPE). Attending local urban schools and higher school deciles were also associated with a greater likelihood of graduation. All regression models have controlled for predefined baseline confounders (gender, age and year of admission). CONCLUSIONS: There were varied associations between admission variables and academic outcomes across the three admission pathways. Equity-targeted admission programmes inclusive of variations in academic threshold for entry may support a widening participation agenda, however, additional academic and pastoral supports are recommended.

Predictors of academic success for Maori, Pacific and non-Maori non-Pacific students in health professional education: a quantitative analysis.

Tertiary institutions internationally aim to increase student diversity, however are struggling to achieve equitable academic outcomes for indigenous and ethnic minority students and detailed exploration of factors that impact on success is required. This study explored the predictive effect of admission variables on academic outcomes for health professional students by ethnic grouping. Kaupapa Maori and Pacific research methodologies were used to conduct a quantitative analysis using data for 2686 health professional students [150 Maori, 257 Pacific, 2279, non-Maori non-Pacific (nMnP)]. The predictive effect of admission variables: school decile; attending school in Auckland; type of admission; bridging programme; and first-year bachelor results on academic outcomes: year 2-4 grade point average (GPA); graduating; graduating in the minimum time; and optimal completion for the three ethnic groupings and the full cohort was explored using multiple regression analyses. After adjusting for admission variables, for every point increase in first year bachelor GPA: year 2-4 GPA increased by an average of 0.46 points for Maori (p = 0.0002, 95% CI 0.22, 0.69), 0.70 points for Pacific (p < 0.0001, CI 0.52, 0.87), and 0.55 points for nMnP (p < 0.0001, CI 0.51, 0.58) students. For the total cohort, ethnic grouping was consistently the most significant predictor of academic outcomes. This study demonstrated clear differences in academic outcomes between both Maori and Pacific students when compared to nMnP students. Some (but not all) of the disparities between ethnic groupings could be explained by controlling for admission variables.

Patterns of privilege: A total cohort analysis of admission and academic outcomes for Maori, Pacific and non-Maori non-Pacific health professional students.

BACKGROUND: Tertiary institutions are struggling to ensure equitable academic outcomes for indigenous and ethnic minority students in health professional study. This demonstrates disadvantaging of ethnic minority student groups (whereby Indigenous and ethnic minority students consistently achieve academic outcomes at a lower level when compared to non-ethnic minority students) whilst privileging non-ethnic minority students and has important implications for health workforce and health equity priorities. Understanding the reasons for academic inequities is important to improve institutional performance. This study explores factors that impact on academic success for health professional students by ethnic group. METHODS: Kaupapa Maori methodology was used to analyse data for 2686 health professional students at the University of Auckland in 2002-2012. Data were summarised for admission variables: school decile, Rank Score, subject credits, Auckland school, type of admission, and bridging programme; and academic outcomes: first-year grade point average (GPA), first-year passed all courses, year 2 - 4 programme GPA, graduated, graduated in the minimum time, and composite completion for Maori, Pacific, and non-Maori non-Pacific (nMnP) students. Statistical tests were used to identify significant differences between the three ethnic groupings. RESULTS: Maori and Pacific students were more likely to attend low decile schools (27 % Maori, 33 % Pacific vs. 5 % nMnP, p < 0.01); complete bridging foundation programmes (43 % Maori, 50 % Pacific vs. 5 % nMnP, p < 0.01), and received lower secondary school results (Rank Score 197 Maori, 178 Pacific vs. 231 nMnP, p < 0.01) when compared with nMnP students. Patterns of privilege were seen across all academic outcomes, whereby nMnP students achieved higher first year GPA (3.6 Maori, 2.8 Pacific vs. 4.7 nMnP, p < 0.01); were more likely to pass all first year courses (61 % Maori, 41 % Pacific vs. 78 % nMnP, p < 0.01); to graduate from intended programme (66 % Maori, 69 % Pacific vs. 78 % nMnP, p < 0.01); and to achieve optimal completion (9 % Maori, 2 % Pacific vs. 20 % nMnP, p < 0.01) when compared to Maori and Pacific students. CONCLUSIONS: To meet health workforce and health equity goals, tertiary institution staff should understand the realities and challenges faced by Maori and Pacific students and ensure programme delivery meets the unique needs of these students. Ethnic disparities in academic outcomes show patterns of privilege and should be alarming to tertiary institutions. If institutions are serious about achieving equitable outcomes for Maori and Pacific students, major institutional changes are necessary that ensure the unique needs of Maori and Pacific students are met.

Quantitative analysis of a Maori and Pacific admission process on first-year health study.

BACKGROUND: Universities should provide flexible and inclusive selection and admission policies to increase equity in access and outcomes for indigenous and ethnic minority students. This study investigates an equity-targeted admissions process, involving a Multiple Mini Interview and objective testing, advising Maori and Pacific students on their best starting point for academic success towards a career in medicine, nursing, health sciences and pharmacy. METHODS: All Maori and Pacific Admission Scheme (MAPAS) interviewees enrolled in bridging/foundation or degree-level programmes at the University of Auckland were identified (2009 to 2012). Generalised linear regression models estimated the predicted effects of admission variables (e.g. MAPAS Maths Test; National Certificate in Educational Achievement (NCEA) Rank Score; Any 2 Sciences; Followed MAPAS Advice) on first year academic outcomes (i.e. Grade Point Average (GPA) and Passes All Courses) adjusting for MAPAS interview year, gender, ancestry and school decile. RESULTS: 368 First Year Tertiary (bridging/foundation or degree-level) and 242 First Year Bachelor (degree-level only) students were investigated. NCEA Rank Score (estimate 0.26, CI: 0.18-0.34, p< 0.0001); MAPAS Advice Followed (1.26, CI: 0.18-1.34, p = 0.0002); Exposure to Any 2 Sciences (0.651, CI: 0.15-1.15, p = 0.012); and MAPAS Mathematics Test (0.14, CI: 0.02-0.26, p = 0.0186) variables were strongly associated with an increase in First Year Tertiary GPA. The odds of passing all courses in First Year Tertiary study was 5.4 times higher for students who Followed MAPAS Advice (CI: 2.35-12.39; p< 0.0001) and 2.3 times higher with Exposure to Any Two Sciences (CI: 1.15-4.60; p = 0.0186). First Year Bachelor students who Followed MAPAS Advice had an average GPA that was 1.1 points higher for all eight (CI: 0.45-1.73; p = 0.0009) and Core 4 courses (CI: 0.60-2.04; p = 0.0004). CONCLUSIONS: The MAPAS admissions process was strongly associated with positive academic outcomes in the first year of tertiary study. Universities should invest in a comprehensive admissions process that includes alternative entry pathways for indigenous and ethnic minority applicants.

A tertiary approach to improving equity in health: quantitative analysis of the Maori and Pacific Admission Scheme (MAPAS) process, 2008-2012.

INTRODUCTION: Achieving health equity for indigenous and ethnic minority populations requires the development of an ethnically diverse health workforce. This study explores a tertiary admission programme targeting Maori and Pacific applicants to nursing, pharmacy and health sciences (a precursor to medicine) at the University of Auckland (UoA), Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ). Application of cognitive and non-cognitive selection tools, including a Multiple Mini Interview (MMI), are examined. METHODS: Indigenous Kaupapa Maori methodology guided analysis of the Maori and Pacific Admission Scheme (MAPAS) for the years 2008-2012. Multiple logistic regression models were used to identify the predicted effect of admission variables on the final MAPAS recommendation of best starting point for success in health professional study i.e. 'CertHSc' (Certificate in Health Sciences, bridging/foundation), 'Bachelor' (degree-level) or 'Not FMHS' (Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences). Regression analyses controlled for interview year, gender and ancestry. RESULTS: Of the 918 MAPAS interviewees: 35% (319) were Maori, 58% (530) Pacific, 7% (68) Maori/Pacific; 71% (653) school leavers; 72% (662) females. The average rank score was 167/320, 40-80 credits below guaranteed FMHS degree offers. Just under half of all interviewees were recommended 'CertHSc' 47% (428), 13% (117) 'Bachelor' and 38% (332) 'Not FMHS' as the best starting point. Strong associations were identified between Bachelor recommendation and exposure to Any 2 Sciences (OR:7.897, CI:3.855-16.175; p < 0.0001), higher rank score (OR:1.043, CI:1.034-1.052; p < 0.0001) and higher scores on MAPAS mathematics test (OR:1.043, CI:1.028-1.059; p < 0.0001). MMI stations had mixed associations, with academic preparation and career aspirations more consistently associated with recommendations. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings raise concerns about the ability of the secondary education sector to prepare Maori and Pacific students adequately for health professional study. A comprehensive tertiary admissions process using multiple tools for selection (cognitive and non-cognitive) and the provision of alternative entry pathways are recommended for indigenous and ethnic minority health workforce development. The application of the MMI within an equity and indigenous cultural context can support a holistic assessment of an applicant's potential to succeed within tertiary study. The new MAPAS admissions process may provide an exemplar for other tertiary institutions looking to widen participation via equity-targeted admission processes.

Addressing indigenous health workforce inequities: a literature review exploring 'best' practice for recruitment into tertiary health programmes.

INTRODUCTION: Addressing the underrepresentation of indigenous health professionals is recognised internationally as being integral to overcoming indigenous health inequities. This literature review aims to identify 'best practice' for recruitment of indigenous secondary school students into tertiary health programmes with particular relevance to recruitment of Maori within a New Zealand context. METHODOLOGY/METHODS: A Kaupapa Maori Research (KMR) methodological approach was utilised to review literature and categorise content via: country; population group; health profession focus; research methods; evidence of effectiveness; and discussion of barriers. Recruitment activities are described within five broad contexts associated with the recruitment pipeline: Early Exposure, Transitioning, Retention/Completion, Professional Workforce Development, and Across the total pipeline. RESULTS: A total of 70 articles were included. There is a lack of published literature specific to Maori recruitment and a limited, but growing, body of literature focused on other indigenous and underrepresented minority populations.The literature is primarily descriptive in nature with few articles providing evidence of effectiveness. However, the literature clearly frames recruitment activity as occurring across a pipeline that extends from secondary through to tertiary education contexts and in some instances vocational (post-graduate) training. Early exposure activities encourage students to achieve success in appropriate school subjects, address deficiencies in careers advice and offer tertiary enrichment opportunities. Support for students to transition into and within health professional programmes is required including bridging/foundation programmes, admission policies/quotas and institutional mission statements demonstrating a commitment to achieving equity. Retention/completion support includes academic and pastoral interventions and institutional changes to ensure safer environments for indigenous students. Overall, recruitment should reflect a comprehensive, integrated pipeline approach that includes secondary, tertiary, community and workforce stakeholders. CONCLUSIONS: Although the current literature is less able to identify 'best practice', six broad principles to achieve success for indigenous health workforce development include: 1) Framing initiatives within indigenous worldviews 2) Demonstrating a tangible institutional commitment to equity 3) Framing interventions to address barriers to indigenous health workforce development 4) Incorporating a comprehensive pipeline model 5) Increasing family and community engagement and 6) Incorporating quality data tracking and evaluation. Achieving equity in health workforce representation should remain both a political and ethical priority.

Strengthening Maori participation in the New Zealand health and disability workforce.

Substantial progress has been made in Maori health and disability workforce development in the past 15 years. Key factors in successful programs to increase Maori health workforce recruitment and retention include Maori leadership, mentorship and peer support; and comprehensive support within study programs and in the transitions between school, university and work. The interventions to date provide a strong basis for ongoing action to address inequities in Maori health workforce participation, and are likely to be relevant to health workforce development approaches for other indigenous peoples.