Patient-Provider Satisfaction and Communication in U.S. Prenatal Care: A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: This is a systematic review on patient-provider satisfaction in U.S. prenatal care by addressing the following research question: What factors influence patient-provider satisfaction during prenatal care? METHODS: Thirty six online databases were searched for peer-reviewed research from February to September of 2018 using 10 key terms published in English on U.S. populations between the years 1993-2018 on the topic of provider communication skills and patient satisfaction in the prenatal context. Searches yielded 2563 articles. After duplicates were reviewed and eligibility determined, 32 articles met criteria and were included in the final content analysis. All reported study variables were entered into EXCEL, data reported in each study were analyzed by two people for inter-rater reliability and included in the qualitative content analysis. Two researchers also utilized assessment tools to assess the quality of the articles. RESULTS: Results indicate the importance of good patient-provider communication, that patients have a need for more information on a plethora of topics, and that Hispanic and African American women reported less satisfaction. DISCUSSION: We recommend that future studies measure potentially significant themes not adequately present in the reviewed studies such as practitioner demographics (e.g. gender, years of experience, or race/ethnicity), mothers under 18 years of age, inclusion of religious minorities, patients with differing immigration statuses, and patients with disabilities.

Targeting Fatty Acid Desaturase I Inhibits Renal Cancer Growth Via ATF3-mediated ER Stress Response.

Monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) play a pivotal role in maintaining endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homeostasis, an emerging hallmark of cancer. However, the role of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) desaturation in persistent ER stress driven by oncogenic abnormalities remains elusive. Fatty Acid Desaturase 1 (FADS1) is a rate-limiting enzyme controlling the bioproduction of long-chain PUFAs. Our previous research has demonstrated the significant role of FADS1 in cancer survival, especially in kidney cancers. We explored the underlying mechanism in this study. We found that pharmacological inhibition or knockdown of the expression of FADS1 effectively inhibits renal cancer cell proliferation and induces cell cycle arrest. The stable knockdown of FADS1 also significantly inhibits tumor formation in vivo. Mechanistically, we show that while FADS1 inhibition induces ER stress, its expression is also augmented by ER-stress inducers. Notably, FADS1-inhibition sensitized cellular response to ER stress inducers, providing evidence of FADS1's role in modulating the ER stress response in cancer cells. We show that, while FADS1 inhibition-induced ER stress leads to activation of ATF3, ATF3-knockdown rescues the FADS1 inhibition-induced ER stress and cell growth suppression. In addition, FADS1 inhibition results in the impaired biosynthesis of nucleotides and decreases the level of UPD-N-Acetylglucosamine, a critical mediator of the unfolded protein response. Our findings suggest that PUFA desaturation is crucial for rescuing cancer cells from persistent ER stress, supporting FADS1 as a new therapeutic target.

Ultraviolet B-Rays Induced Gene Alterations and DNA Repair Enzymes in Skin Tissue.

BACKGROUND: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation leads to deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and changes in gene expression. Topical DNA repair enzymes in liposomes are capable of undoing this damage. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate gene expression changes induced by ultraviolent B-rays (UVB) light and assess the effect of topical DNA repair enzymes extracted from Micrococcus luteus (M. luteus) and photolyase in modifying these changes. METHODS: Non-invasive, adhesive patch collection kits were used to sample skin on the right and left post-auricular areas before and 24 hours after UVB exposure (n=48). Subjects applied topical DNA repair enzymes to the right post-auricular area daily for 2 weeks. Subjects returned 2 weeks later for repeat non-invasive skin sample collection. RESULTS: Eight of 18 tested genes demonstrated significant changes 24 hours following UVB exposure. DNA repair enzymes from M. luteus or photolyase had no significant effect on genetic expression compared with the control at 2 weeks post UV exposure. CONCLUSION: UVB exposure causes acute changes in gene expression, which may play roles in photo-aging damage and skin cancer growth and regulation. While non-invasive gene expression testing can detect UV damage, additional genomic studies investigating recovery from UV damage at different time periods are needed to establish the potential of DNA repair enzymes to minimize or reverse this damage. J Drugs Dermatol. 2023;22(5): doi:10.36849/JDD.7070.

Litter quality and decomposition responses to drought in a northeastern US deciduous forest.

Even though drought impacts on tree physiology have been identified, whether drought affects leaf litter chemistry that, in turn, influences litter decay rates is still poorly understood. We compared litter quality and decomposition for two cohorts of leaves from five co-occurring seasonally deciduous tree species: Acer saccharum, Tilia americana, Quercus rubra, Quercus alba, and Ostrya virginiana. One cohort experienced a growing-season drought, and the other cohort came from the same trees in the ensuing, post-drought growing season. Leaf litter production was greater for drought litter than post-drought litter for all five species. Specific leaf area and nitrogen concentrations were 20% greater for the drought cohort than the post-drought cohort. Concentrations of non-structural carbohydrates were about 14% greater for the drought cohort, except for greater values for post-drought A. saccharum litter. Pectin in the middle lamella of leaf litter was 31% lower for the drought cohort compared to post-drought cohort. We found few differences in litter decay rates between drought and post-drought cohorts, although Q. rubra litter had more decomposition for the post-drought cohort than the drought cohort, whereas A. saccharum litter had more decomposition for the drought cohort than the post-drought cohort. Leaf litter decay rates for the drought cohort were related to litter nitrogen and lignin concentrations, whereas decay rates for the post-drought cohort were related to litter carbohydrate concentrations. Our findings suggest that the role of drought events on seasonally deciduous forest ecosystems must recognize species-specific, idiosyncratic responses in leaf litter quality and decomposition.

Interplay between fat cells and immune cells in bone: Impact on malignant progression and therapeutic response.

Bone is a frequent site of metastasis from several organs and a host for cancer cells that have originated from the bone marrow itself. Skeletal malignancies are extremely difficult to treat. This is largely due to the complex, heterogenous nature of the bone marrow microenvironment and the dynamic interplay between the tumor cells and multiple cell types within the marrow niche. One cell type whose dominant role in supporting tumor progression and therapy evasion is being increasingly recognized are bone marrow adipocytes (BMAs). BMAs are metabolically active endocrine cells that supply lipids, hormones and adipocytokines to the neighboring cells. Their numbers in bone marrow increase with age, obesity and in response to certain treatments and metabolic conditions. BMAs have been shown to directly promote tumor growth through a transfer of lipids, upregulation of lipid transporters, modulation of tumor metabolism and activation of adaptive stress mechanisms in the cancer cells to promote survival. Less is known, however, regarding how adipocyte interactions with other cell types in the bone tumor microenvironment support malignant progression. This review summarizes recent findings on the crosstalk between BMAs and immune cells in bone. We focus specifically on how adipocyte-mediated changes in the immune milieu impact the tumor cell survival and therapy response. We also discuss how adipocyte-immune cell interactions alter bone homeostasis to support malignant progression in a context of current therapeutic strategies for skeletal malignancies.

Association of Iatrogenic Infarcts With Clinical and Cognitive Outcomes in the Evaluating Neuroprotection in Aneurysm Coiling Therapy Trial.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Small iatrogenic brain infarcts are often seen on diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI) following surgical or endovascular procedures, but there are few data on their clinical effects. We examined the association of iatrogenic infarcts with outcomes in the ENACT (Evaluating Neuroprotection in Aneurysm Coiling Therapy) randomized controlled trial of nerinetide in patients undergoing endovascular repair of intracranial aneurysms. METHODS: In this post hoc analysis, we used multivariable models to evaluate the association of the presence and number of iatrogenic infarcts on DWI with neurologic impairment (NIH Stroke Scale [NIHSS]), functional status (modified Rankin Scale [mRS]), and cognitive and neuropsychiatric outcomes (30-minute test battery) at 1-4 days and 30 days postprocedure. We also related infarct number to a z score-derived composite outcome score using quantile regression. RESULTS: Among 184 patients (median age 56 years [interquartile range (IQR) 50-64]), 124 (67.4%) had postprocedural DWI lesions (median 4, IQR 2-10.5). Nerinetide treatment was associated with fewer iatrogenic infarcts but no overall significant clinical treatment effects. Patients with infarcts had lower Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores at 2-4 days (median 28 vs 29, adjusted coefficient [acoef] -1.11, 95% CI -1.88 to -0.34, p = 0.005). Higher lesion counts were associated with worse day 1 NIHSS (adjusted odds ratio for NIHSS ≥1: 1.07, 1.02-1.12, p = 0.009), day 2-4 mRS (adjusted common odds ratio [acOR] 1.05, 1.01-1.09, p = 0.005), and day 2-4 MMSE (acoef -0.07, -0.13 to -0.003, p = 0.040) scores. At 30 days, infarct number remained associated with worse mRS (acOR 1.04, 1.01-1.07, p = 0.016) and Hopkins Verbal Learning Test (HVLT) delayed recall scores (acoef -0.21, -0.39 to -0.03, p = 0.020). Patients with infarcts trended towards lower 30-day Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) scores (acoef -3.73, -7.36 to -0.10, p = 0.044). Higher lesion count was associated with worse composite outcome scores at both 1-4 days and 30 days (30-day acoef -0.12, 95% CI -0.21 to -0.03, p = 0.008). Among those with infarcts, day 1 NIHSS and day 2-4 mRS correlated with 30-day NIHSS, DSST, HVLT, and mRS scores, whereas day 2-4 MMSE correlated with 30-day NIHSS and DSST scores (Spearman ρ 0.47, p = 0.001). DISCUSSION: Iatrogenic brain infarcts were associated with subtle differences in postprocedural (1-4 days) and 30-day outcomes on different measures in this middle-aged cohort, with earlier dysfunction correlating with later differences. TRIAL REGISTRATION INFORMATION: Clinical trials registration NCT00728182.

Identifying Thrombus on Non-Contrast CT in Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke.

The hyperdense sign is a marker of thrombus in non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) datasets. The aim of this work was to determine optimal Hounsfield unit (HU) thresholds for thrombus segmentation in thin-slice non-contrast CT (NCCT) and use these thresholds to generate 3D thrombus models. Patients with thin-slice baseline NCCT (≤2.5 mm) and MCA-M1 occlusions were included. CTA was registered to NCCT, and three regions of interest (ROIs) were placed in the NCCT, including: the thrombus, contralateral brain tissue, and contralateral patent MCA-M1 artery. Optimal HU thresholds differentiating the thrombus from non-thrombus tissue voxels were calculated using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Linear regression analysis was used to predict the optimal HU threshold for discriminating the clot only based on the average contralateral vessel HU or contralateral parenchyma HU. Three-dimensional models from 70 participants using standard (45 HU) and patient-specific thresholds were generated and compared to CTA clot characteristics. The optimal HU threshold discriminating thrombus in NCCT from other structures varied with a median of 51 (IQR: 49-55). Experts chose 3D models derived using patient-specific HU models as corresponding better to the thrombus seen in CTA in 83.8% (31/37) of cases. Patient-specific HU thresholds for segmenting the thrombus in NCCT can be derived using normal parenchyma. Thrombus segmentation using patient-specific HU thresholds is superior to conventional 45 HU thresholds.

Mine-site derived particulate matter exposure exacerbates neurological and pulmonary inflammatory outcomes in an autoimmune mouse model.

The Southwestern United States has a legacy of industrial mining due to the presence of rich mineral ore deposits. The relationship between environmental inhaled particulate matter (PM) exposures and neurological outcomes within an autoimmune context is understudied. The aim of this study was to compare two regionally-relevant dusts from high-priority abandoned mine-sites, Claim 28 PM, from Blue Gap Tachee, AZ and St. Anthony mine PM, from the Pueblo of Laguna, NM and to expose autoimmune-prone mice (NZBWF1/J). Mice were randomly assigned to one of three groups (n = 8/group): DM (dispersion media, control), Claim 28 PM, or St. Anthony PM, subjected to oropharyngeal aspiration of (100 µg/50 µl), once per week for a total of 4 consecutive doses. A battery of immunological and neurological endpoints was assessed at 24 weeks of age including: bronchoalveolar lavage cell counts, lung gene expression, brain immunohistochemistry, behavioral tasks and serum autoimmune biomarkers. Bronchoalveolar lavage results demonstrated a significant increase in number of polymorphonuclear neutrophils following Claim 28 and St. Anthony mine PM aspiration. Lung mRNA expression showed significant upregulation in CCL-2 and IL-1ß following St. Anthony mine PM aspiration. In addition, neuroinflammation was present in both Claim 28 and St. Anthony mine-site derived PM exposure groups. Behavioral tasks resulted in significant deficits as determined by Y-maze new arm frequency following Claim 28 aspiration. Neutrophil elastase was significantly upregulated in the St. Anthony mine exposure group. Interestingly, there were no significant changes in serum autoantigens suggesting systemic inflammatory effects may be mediated through other molecular mechanisms following low-dose PM exposures.

Endovascular Therapy or Alteplase in Patients with Comorbidities: Insights from UNMASK EVT.

OBJECTIVE: Decisions to treat large-vessel occlusion with endovascular therapy (EVT) or intravenous alteplase depend on how physicians weigh benefits against risks when considering patients' comorbidities. We explored EVT/alteplase decision-making by stroke experts in the setting of comorbidity/disability. METHODS: In an international multi-disciplinary survey, experts chose treatment approaches under current resources and under assumed ideal conditions for 10 of 22 randomly assigned case scenarios. Five included comorbidities (cancer, cardiac/respiratory/renal disease, mild cognitive impairment [MCI], physical dependence). We examined scenario/respondent characteristics associated with EVT/alteplase decisions using multivariable logistic regressions. RESULTS: Among 607 physicians (38 countries), EVT was chosen less often in comorbidity-related scenarios (79.6% under current resources, 82.7% assuming ideal conditions) versus six "level-1A" scenarios for which EVT/alteplase was clearly indicated by current guidelines (91.1% and 95.1%, respectively, odds ratio [OR] [current resources]: 0.38, 95% confidence interval 0.31-0.47). However, EVT was chosen more often in comorbidity-related scenarios compared to all other 17 scenarios (79.6% versus 74.4% under current resources, OR: 1.34, 1.17-1.54). Responses favoring alteplase for comorbidity-related scenarios (e.g. 75.0% under current resources) were comparable to level-1A scenarios (72.2%) and higher than all others (60.4%). No comorbidity independently diminished EVT odds when considering all scenarios. MCI and dependence carried higher alteplase odds; cancer and cardiac/respiratory/renal disease had lower odds. Being older/female carried lower EVT odds. Relevant respondent characteristics included performing more EVT cases/year (higher EVT-, lower alteplase odds), practicing in East Asia (higher EVT odds), and in interventional neuroradiology (lower alteplase odds vs neurology). CONCLUSION: Moderate-to-severe comorbidities did not consistently deter experts from EVT, suggesting equipoise about withholding EVT based on comorbidities. However, alteplase was often foregone when respondents chose EVT. Differences in decision-making by patient age/sex merit further study.

Endovascular Treatment Decision Making in Patients with Low Baseline ASPECTS: Insights from UNMASK EVT, an International Multidisciplinary Study.

BACKGROUND: Current stroke treatment guidelines restrict level 1A recommendations for endovascular therapy to patients with baseline ASPECTS score > 5. However, a recent meta-analysis from the HERMES-group showed treatment benefit in patients with ASPECTS ≤ 5. We aimed to explore how physicians across different specialties and countries approach endovascular treatment decision-making in acute ischemic stroke patients with low baseline ASPECTS. METHODS: In a multidisciplinary survey, 607 stroke physicians were randomly assigned 10 out of a pool of 22 case-scenarios, 3 of which involved patients with low baseline ASPECTS (A:40-year old with ASPECTS 4, B:33-year old with ASPECTS 2 C:72-year old with ASPECTS 3), otherwise fulfilling all EVT-eligibility criteria. Participants were asked how they would treat the patient A) under their current local resources and B) under assumed ideal conditions, without any external (monetary, policy-related or infrastructural) restraints. Overall and scenario-specific decision rates were calculated. Clustered multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to determine the association of baseline ASPECTS with endovascular treatment-decision. RESULTS: Baseline ASPECTS score was significantly associated with current (OR:1.09, CI 1.05-1.13) and ideal endovascular treatment-decision (OR:1.12, CI 1.08-1.16). Overall current and ideal treatment decision-rates for the low ASPECTS scenarios were 57.1% and 57.6%. Current and ideal rates for the two younger patients were higher (scenario A:69.9/60.4%, scenario B:60.0/61.5%) compared to the 72-year old patient (41.3/40.2%). CONCLUSION: Most physicians decided to proceed with endovascular treatment despite low baseline ASPECTS, particularly in younger patients. This may have implications on the design and execution of low ASPECTS randomized trials.

In What Scenarios Does a Mobile Stroke Unit Predict Better Patient Outcomes?: A Modeling Study.

Background and Purpose- The mobile stroke unit (MSU) brings imaging and thrombolysis to patients in the field. The MSU has the potential to decrease time from onset to thrombolysis; however, this depends on the location of the patient, the MSU, and the hospital. The MSU will only be able to treat a small subset of patients it is dispatched to. Using conditional probability modeling, we evaluate in which scenarios the MSU exhibits clear benefit over the direct-to-mothership method. Methods- Previously published conditional probability models for drip-and-ship versus mothership transport were modified to reflect MSU workflow. It was assumed that the MSU was dispatched from the endovascular therapy center. Eight scenarios were generated, varying treatment efficiency on the MSU and at the endovascular therapy center and the threshold for dispatching the MSU (low threshold: low treatment rate but few missed patients; high threshold: higher treatment rate, potential for missed treatment opportunities). Results- The relative difference in outcomes between the MSU and mothership was small. Geographic areas where the MSU is superior to mothership increase in size as treatment time on the MSU decreases. When a high-threshold dispatch system is used, the area where the MSU is superior decreases, but the relative difference in predicted outcomes between the MSU and mothership increases. The largest relative difference favoring the MSU was found in areas where the patient would forgo access to alteplase, based upon a 4.5-hour treatment threshold, using mothership transport. Conclusions- There are few scenarios where MSU transport predicts substantially superior outcomes to the mothership method when the MSU is dispatched from the endovascular therapy center. Outcomes using the MSU are maximized when dispatch criteria that maximize patients eligible for thrombolysis treatment are used and treatment times on the MSU are short relative to those of the endovascular therapy center.

Time of day and endovascular treatment decision in acute stroke with relative endovascular treatment indication: insights from UNMASK EVT international survey.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The decision to proceed with endovascular thrombectomy should ideally be made independent of inconvenience factors, such as daytime. We assessed the influence of patient presentation time on endovascular therapy decision making under current local resources and assumed ideal conditions in acute ischemic stroke with level 2B evidence for endovascular treatment. METHODS AND MATERIALS: In an international cross sectional survey, 607 stroke physicians from 38 countries were asked to give their treatment decisions to 10 out of 22 randomly assigned case scenarios. Eleven scenarios had level 2B evidence for endovascular treatment: 7 daytime scenarios (7:00 am-5:00 pm) and four night time cases (5:01 pm- 6:59 am). Participants provided their treatment approach assuming (A) there were no practice constraints and (B) under their current local resources. Endovascular treatment decisions in the 11 scenarios were analyzed according to presentation time with adjustment for patient and physician characteristics. RESULTS: Participants selected endovascular therapy in 74.2% under assumed ideal conditions, and 70.7% under their current local resources of night time scenarios, and in 67.2% and 63.8% of daytime scenarios. Night time presentation did not increase the probability of a treatment decision against endovascular therapy under current local resources or assumed ideal conditions. CONCLUSION: Presentation time did not influence endovascular treatment decision making in stroke patients in this international survey.

Endovascular treatment decision in acute stroke: does physician gender matter? Insights from UNMASK EVT, an international, multidisciplinary survey.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Differences in the treatment practice of female and male physicians have been shown in several medical subspecialties. It is currently not known whether this also applies to endovascular stroke treatment. The purpose of this study was to explore whether there are differences in endovascular treatment decisions made by female and male stroke physicians and neurointerventionalists. METHODS: In an international survey, stroke physicians and neurointerventionalists were randomly assigned 10 case scenarios and asked how they would treat the patient: (A) assuming there were no external constraints and (B) given their local working conditions. Descriptive statistics were used to describe baseline demographics, and the adjusted OR for physician gender as a predictor of endovascular treatment decision was calculated using logistic regression. RESULTS: 607 physicians (97 women, 508 men, 2 who did not wish to declare) participated in this survey. Physician gender was neither a significant predictor for endovascular treatment decision under assumed ideal conditions (endovascular therapy was favored by 77.0% of female and 79.3% of male physicians, adjusted OR 1.03, P=0.806) nor under current local resources (endovascular therapy was favored by 69.1% of female and 76.9% of male physicians, adjusted OR 1.03, P=0.814). CONCLUSION: Endovascular therapy decision making between male and female physicians did not differ under assumed ideal conditions or under current local resources.

Endovascular Treatment Decision Making in Octogenarians and Nonagenarians : Insights from UNMASK EVT an International Multidisciplinary Study.

BACKGROUND: Evidence for efficacy and safety in stroke patients ≥80 years is limited, since they were underrepresented in randomized thrombectomy trials. This study sought to explore how physicians approach endovascular therapy (EVT) decision making in octogenarians and nonagenarians under their current local resources under assumed ideal conditions, i.e. without external (monetary or infrastructural) limitations. METHODS: In an international multidisciplinary survey, 607 physicians involved in acute stroke care were randomly assigned 10 out of a pool of 22 case scenarios with different evidence levels for EVT, 4 of which involved octogenarians and 2 nonagenarians, and asked how they would treat the patient in the given scenario A) under their current local resources and B) under assumed ideal conditions, i.e. with no external restraints. Decision rates were calculated and clustered multivariable regression analysis performed to determine adjusted measures of effect size for patient age. RESULTS: In octogenarians, physicians decided in favor of EVT in 76.7% (all of which were level 2B evidence scenarios) under current local resources and in 80.2% under assumed ideal conditions. In nonagenarians, 74.0% decided in favor of EVT under current local resources (level 1A scenarios: 87.7%, level 2B scenarios: 60.3%) and 79.2% would offer EVT under assumed ideal conditions (level 1A scenarios: 91.3%, level 2B scenarios: 67.2%). Age was not a significant predictor for treatment decision under current local resources (adjusted odds ratio, OR: 0.99, confidence interval, CI: 0.96-1.02 per decile increase) and under assumed ideal conditions (adjusted OR: 1.00, CI 0.97-1.03 per decile increase). CONCLUSION: The vast majority of physicians participating in this survey would offer EVT to acute ischemic stroke patients above 80 years.

Influence of Guidelines in Endovascular Therapy Decision Making in Acute Ischemic Stroke: Insights From UNMASK EVT.

Background and Purpose- The American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association guidelines for early management of patients with ischemic stroke offer guidance to physicians involved in acute stroke care and clarify endovascular treatment indications. The purpose of this study was to assess concordance of physicians' endovascular treatment decision-making with current American Heart Association and the American Stroke Association stroke treatment guidelines using a survey-approach and to explore how decision-making in the absence of guideline recommendations is approached. Methods- In an international cross-sectional survey (UNMASK-EVT), physicians were randomly assigned 10 of 22 case scenarios (8 constructed with level 1A and 11 with level 2B evidence for endovascular treatment and 3 scenarios without guideline coverage) and asked to declare their treatment approach (1) under their current local resources and (2) assuming there were no external constraints. The proportion of physicians offering endovascular therapy (EVT) was calculated. Subgroup analysis was performed for different specialties, geographic regions, with regard to physicians' age, endovascular, and general stroke treatment experience. Results- When facing level 1A evidence, participants decided in favor of EVT in 86.8% under current local resources and in 90.6% under assumed ideal conditions, that is, 9.4% decided against EVT even under assumed ideal conditions. In case scenarios with level 2B evidence, 66.3% decided to proceed with EVT under current local resources and 69.7% under assumed ideal conditions. Conclusions- There is potential for improving thinking around the decision to offer endovascular treatment, since physicians did not offer EVT even under assumed ideal conditions in 9.4% despite facing level 1A evidence. A majority of physicians would offer EVT even for level 2B evidence cases.

Increasing task precision demands reveals that the reach and grasp remain subject to different perception-action constraints in 12-month-old human infants.

The reach and grasp follow different developmental trajectories, but are often considered to have achieved nearly adult-like precision and integration by 12 months of age. This study used frame-by-frame video analysis to investigate whether increasing precision demands, by placing small reaching targets on a narrow pedestal rather than on a flat table, would influence the reach and grasp movements of 12-month-old infants in a complementary or differential fashion. The results reveal that placing the target atop a pedestal impaired the infants's ability to direct an appropriate digit towards the small target, but did not produce a corresponding decrease in the frequency with which they used an index-thumb pincer grip to grasp the target. This was due to the fact that, although infants were more likely to contact the target with a suboptimal part of the hand in the pedestal condition, a greater proportion of these suboptimal contacts ultimately transitioned to a successful index-thumb pincer grip. Thus, increasing task precision demands impaired reach accuracy, but facilitated index-thumb grip formation, in 12-month-old infants. The differential response of the reach and grasp to the increased precision demands of the pedestal condition suggests that the two movements are not fully integrated and, when precision demands are great, remain sensitive to different perception-action constraints in 12-month-old infants.

Factors Associated With the Decision-Making on Endovascular Thrombectomy for the Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke.

Background and Purpose- Little is known about the real-life factors that clinicians use in selection of patients that would receive endovascular treatment (EVT) in the real world. We sought to determine patient, practitioner, and health system factors associated with therapeutic decisions around endovascular treatment. Methods- We conducted a multinational cross-sectional web-based study comprising of 607 clinicians and interventionalists from 38 countries who are directly involved in acute stroke care. Participants were randomly allocated to 10 from a pool of 22 acute stroke case scenarios. Each case was classified as either Class I, Class II, or unknown evidence according to the current guidelines. We used logistic regression analysis applying weight of evidence approach. Main outcome measures were multilevel factors associated with EVT, adherence to current EVT guidelines, and practice gaps between current and ideal practice settings. Results- Of the 1330 invited participants, 607 (45.6%) participants completed the study (53.7% neurologists, 28.5% neurointerventional radiologists, 17.8% other clinicians). The weighed evidence approach revealed that National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (34.9%), level of evidence (30.2%), ASPECTS (Alberta Stroke Program Early CT Score) or ischemic core volume (22.4%), patient's age (21.6%), and clinicians' experience in EVT use (19.3%) are the most important factors for EVT decision. Of 2208 responses that met Class I evidence for EVT, 1917 (86.8%) were in favor of EVT. In case scenarios with no available guidelines, 1070 of 1380 (77.5%) responses favored EVT. Comparison between current and ideal practice settings revealed a small practice gap (941 of 6070 responses, 15.5%). Conclusions- In this large multinational survey, stroke severity, guideline-based level of evidence, baseline brain imaging, patients' age and physicians' experience were the most relevant factors for EVT decision-making. The high agreement between responses and Class I guideline recommendations and high EVT use even when guidelines were not available reflect the real-world acceptance of EVT as standard of care in patients with disabling acute ischemic stroke.

DNA Repair Enzyme Containing Lip Balm for the Treatment of Actinic Cheilitis: A Pilot Study

Background: DNA repair enzymes have been shown to reduce actinic keratoses and non-melanoma skin cancers, but their use for the treatment of actinic cheilitis has not been studied. Objective: The purpose of this pilot study was to examine the efficacy of a DNA repair enzyme lip balm containing T4 endonuclease in reducing the severity of actinic cheilitis in patients who applied the lip balm twice daily for 3 months. Methods: We performed a prospective study in which 29 patients with a diagnosis of actinic cheilitis underwent a 3-month trial using a topical DNA repair enzyme lip balm containing T4 endonuclease applied to the lips twice daily. The primary, objective outcome was percent of actinic lip involvement, measured using computer software by dividing the calculated affected surface area by the calculated total surface area. Additional outcomes included pre- and post-intervention determination of an actinic cheilitis score on the Actinic Cheilitis Scale, which visually and tactilely quantifies the percentage of lip involvement, amount of roughness, erythema, and tenderness as well as a physician assessment using the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale. Results: Twenty-five of the 29 enrolled patients completed the trial. The lip balm significantly decreased the percentage of affected lip surface area (P<0.0001). According to the Actinic Cheilitis Scale, data demonstrate that the lip balm significantly decreased the percentage of lip involvement (P=0.002), amount of roughness (P=0.0012)), erythema (P=0.0020), and tenderness (P=0.0175). The total Actinic Cheilitis Scale score also significantly improved after the 3-month treatment period (P<0.0001). According to the Global Aesthetic Improvement Scale, the average score for all 26 patients was 1.04. Conclusion: This study suggests that topical DNA repair enzyme lip balm containing T4 Endonuclease could potentially be a safe and efficacious way to improve and treat actinic cheilitis. J Drugs Dermatol. 2019;18(6):576-579

Touch the table before the target: contact with an underlying surface may assist the development of precise visually controlled reach and grasp movements in human infants.

Multiple motor channel theory posits that skilled hand movements arise from the coordinated activation of separable neural circuits in parietofrontal cortex, each of which produces a distinct movement and responds to different sensory inputs. Prehension, the act of reaching to grasp an object, consists of at least two movements: a reach movement that transports the hand to a target location and a grasp movement that shapes and closes the hand for target acquisition. During early development, discrete pre-reach and pre-grasp movements are refined based on proprioceptive and tactile feedback, but are gradually coordinated together into a singular hand preshaping movement under feedforward visual control. The neural and behavioural factors that enable this transition are currently unknown. In an attempt to identify such factors, the present descriptive study used frame-by-frame video analysis to examine 9-, 12-, and 15-month-old infants, along with sighted and unsighted adults, as they reached to grasp small ring-shaped pieces of cereal (Cheerios) resting on a table. Compared to sighted adults, infants and unsighted adults were more likely to make initial contact with the underlying table before they contacted the target. The way in which they did so was also similar in that they generally contacted the table with the tip of the thumb and/or pinky finger, a relatively open hand, and poor reach accuracy. Despite this, infants were similar to sighted adults in that they tended to use a pincer digit, defined as the tip of the thumb or index finger, to subsequently contact the target. Only in infants was this ability related to their having made prior contact with the underlying table. The results are discussed in relation to the idea that initial contact with an underlying table or surface may assist infants in learning to use feedforward visual control to direct their digits towards a precise visual target.

Primary to comprehensive stroke center transfers: Appropriateness, not futility.

Background and purpose Ischemic stroke patients must be transferred to comprehensive stroke centers for endovascular treatment, but this transfer can be interpreted post hoc as "futile" if patients do not ultimately undergo the procedure or have a poor outcome. We posit that transfer decisions must instead be evaluated in terms of appropriateness at the time of decision-making. Methods We propose a classification schema for Appropriateness of Transfer for Endovascular Thrombectomy based on patient, logistic, and center characteristics. Results The classification outline characteristics of patients that are 1. Appropriate for transfer for endovascular treatment; 2. Inappropriate for transfer; and 3. Appropriate for transfer for higher level of care. Conclusions Appropriate transfer decisions for endovascular treatment are significant for patient outcomes. A more nuanced understanding of transfer decision-making and a classification for such transfers can help minimize inappropriate transfers in acute stroke.