SARS-CoV-2 Surveillance of Wild Mice and Rats in North American Cities.

From July 2020 to June 2021, 248 wild house mice (Mus musculus), deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), brown rats (Rattus norvegicus), and black rats (Rattus rattus) from Texas and Washington, USA, and British Columbia, Canada, were tested for SARS-CoV-2 exposure and infection. Two brown rats and 11 house mice were positive for neutralizing antibodies using a surrogate virus neutralization test, but negative or indeterminate with the Multiplexed Fluorometric ImmunoAssay COVID-Plex, which targets full-length spike and nuclear proteins. Oro-nasopharyngeal swabs and fecal samples tested negative by RT-qPCR, with an indeterminate fecal sample in one house mouse. Continued surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in wild rodents is warranted.

A retrospective study of equine perinatal loss in Canada (2007 to 2020).

Objective: This study aims to identify the most common causes of equine perinatal loss up to 7 d of age in Canada. Animal: Equine. Procedure: Necropsy reports from 360 equine perinatal loss cases were acquired from provincial veterinary diagnostic labs across Canada. Each case was classified into a basic cause (noninfectious, infectious, or unidentified) of perinatal loss, then further classified into primary and secondary categories for analysis. Results: Of the basic causes of perinatal loss, noninfectious causes were the most common. Bacterial causes, such as septicemia, were the most common primary diagnosis overall. Actinobacillus was the most commonly identified bacterial species. Conclusion: This study showed similar results to those of studies conducted in other countries, including having similar etiologic agents identified. The high prevalence of thyroid hyperplasia identified in this study is notable and was not reported in other, similar retrospective studies, despite being reported in locations other than Canada. Clinical relevance: Perinatal loss can have important economic consequences for horse breeders; thus, identification of the most common causes is of interest to both veterinarians and breeders.

Étude rétrospective des décès périnataux équins au Canada (2007 à 2020). Objectif: Cette étude vise à identifier les causes les plus courantes de décès périnatal équin jusqu'à l'âge de 7 jours au Canada. Animal: Cheval. Procédure: Les rapports d'autopsie de 360 cas de décès périnatal équin ont été acquis auprès de laboratoires provinciaux de diagnostic vétérinaire à travers le Canada. Chaque cas a été classé selon une cause fondamentale (non infectieuse, infectieuse ou non identifiée) de décès périnatal, puis classé en catégories primaires et secondaires pour analyse. Résultats: Parmi les causes fondamentales de décès périnatal, les causes non infectieuses étaient les plus fréquentes. Les causes bactériennes, telles que la septicémie, étaient le diagnostic principal le plus courant dans l'ensemble. Actinobacillus était le genre bactérien le plus fréquemment identifié. Conclusion: Cette étude a montré des résultats similaires à ceux d'études menées dans d'autres pays, y compris l'identification d'agents étiologiques similaires. La forte prévalence de l'hyperplasie thyroïdienne identifiée dans cette étude est remarquable et n'a pas été signalée dans d'autres études rétrospectives similaires, bien qu'elle ait été signalée dans des endroits autres que le Canada. Pertinence clinique: Le décès périnatal peut entraîner des conséquences économiques importantes pour les éleveurs de chevaux; ainsi, l'identification des causes les plus courantes intéresse à la fois les vétérinaires et les éleveurs.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Detection of multiple human enteropathogens in Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) from an under-resourced neighborhood of Vancouver, British Columbia.

Urban Norway rats (Rattus norvegicus) can carry various human pathogens, and may be involved in pathogen propagation and transmission to humans. From January 31-August 14, 2021, a community outbreak of Shigella flexneri serotype 2a occurred among unhoused or poorly housed people in the Downtown Eastside neighborhood of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The source could not be identified; however, patients reported contact with rats, and previous studies indicated transmission of rat-associated zoonotic pathogens among the unhoused or poorly housed residents of this neighborhood. The study objective was to determine if rats trapped in the outbreak area were carriers of Shigella spp. and other zoonotic enteric pathogens. From March 23-April 9, 2021, 22 rats were lethally trapped within the outbreak area. Colonic content was analyzed using the BioFire FilmArray Gastrointestinal (multiplex PCR) panel for human enteropathogens, which detected: Campylobacter spp. (9/22), Clostridioides difficile (3/22), Yersinia enterocolitica (5/22), Cryptosporidium spp. (8/22), Giardia duodenalis (5/22), Rotavirus A (1/22), enteroaggressive Escherichia coli (2/22), enteropathogenic E. coli (10/22), and Shigella spp. or enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC) (3/22). An ipaH PCR assay was used for targeted detection of Shigella spp./EIEC, with five rats positive. Two samples contained insertion sites unique to S. flexneri isolated from the human outbreak. This study highlights the potential for rats to carry a broad range of human pathogens, and their possible role in pathogen maintenance and/or transmission.

A 13-year retrospective study of equine abortions in Canada.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the most common causes of equine abortion in Canada, and to compare findings to similar reports from other countries. Animal: Equine. Procedure: Necropsy reports from 901 equine abortion cases were acquired from provincial veterinary diagnostic laboratories across Canada. The final diagnosis was classified into basic abortion causes (infectious, non-infectious, unknown) and into primary and secondary categories for analysis. Results: Non-infectious causes of abortion were the most frequently identified in Canada, with fetoplacental causes, including umbilical cord torsion or placental insufficiency, being the most common primary diagnosis category. Streptococcus and Escherichia were the bacterial species most often identified as causing infectious abortions, whereas equine herpesvirus-1 was implicated in all viral abortions identified. Conclusion: The high rate of non-infectious causes of abortion was similar to previous studies conducted in the United Kingdom. This finding was somewhat dissimilar to the USA, which had higher rates of infectious abortions, despite Canada's geographic proximity to the USA. The reason for variations among countries in equine abortion causes is unknown. Clinical relevance: The large number of fetoplacental-related abortions identified in this study emphasized the need for submission of both the fetus and placenta, if possible, to increase the probability of a diagnosis. In addition, the high rate of unidentified diagnoses suggests a need for further study into both non-infectious and infectious causes of equine abortion, including potential development of new diagnostic tests or markers.

Objectif: Le but de cette étude était d'identifier les causes les plus courantes d'avortement chez les équidés au Canada et de comparer les résultats à des rapports similaires provenant d'autres pays. Animal: Chevaux. Procédure: Les rapports de nécropsie de 901 cas d'avortements équins ont été obtenus auprès de laboratoires provinciaux de diagnostic vétérinaire à travers le Canada. Le diagnostic final a été classé en causes d'avortement de base (infectieuses, non infectieuses, inconnues) et en catégories primaires et secondaires pour analyse. Résultats: Les causes non-infectieuses d'avortement étaient les plus fréquemment identifiées au Canada, les causes foetoplacentaires, y compris la torsion du cordon ombilical ou l'insuffisance placentaire, étant la catégorie de diagnostic principal la plus courante. Les espèces bactériennes des genres Streptococcus et Escherichia étaient les plus souvent identifiées comme étant à l'origine d'avortements infectieux, alors que l'herpèsvirus équin-1 était impliqué dans tous les avortements viraux identifiés. Conclusion: Le taux élevé de causes non-infectieuses d'avortement était similaire aux études précédentes menées au Royaume-Uni. Cette observation était quelque peu différente de celles des États-Unis, qui avaient des taux plus élevés d'avortements infectieux, malgré la proximité géographique du Canada avec les États-Unis. La raison des variations entre les pays dans les causes d'avortement équin est inconnue. Pertinence clinique: Le grand nombre d'avortements liés aux causes foetoplacentaires identifiés dans cette étude a souligné la nécessité de soumettre à la fois le foetus et le placenta, si possible, pour augmenter la probabilité d'un diagnostic. En outre, le taux élevé de diagnostics non identifiés suggère la nécessité d'une étude plus approfondie des causes non-infectieuses et infectieuses de l'avortement équin, y compris le développement potentiel de nouveaux tests de diagnostic ou marqueurs.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Bilateral second pharyngeal cleft cysts in 2 calves on the same farm.

Pharyngeal cleft cysts (also called branchial cleft cysts) are rare congenital defects of the pharynx region that appear as soft, fluctuant cystic structures on the ventral neck. These cysts are formed by anomalous regression of the pharyngeal clefts during embryonic development and are lined by pseudostratified columnar to squamous, partially ciliated epithelium on histopathology. Development of these cysts is sporadic, with no currently identified risk factors in veterinary species. The cysts are typically unilateral, and primarily diagnosed in mature animals of various species. The objective of this article is to report 2 cases of bilateral second pharyngeal cleft cysts in 2 calves with no shared pedigree, located on the same farm. To the authors' knowledge, this is the first report of geographically linked second pharyngeal cleft cysts in veterinary species, and the first cases of bilateral cysts in cattle. Key clinical message: Pharyngeal cleft cysts are an important differential for soft, fluctuant, and cystic structures on the ventral neck of all species. These cases are typically unilateral, diagnosed in mature animals and are sporadic with no currently identified risk factors in veterinary species.

Kystes bilatéraux de la deuxième fente pharyngée chez deux veaux d'un même élevage. Les kystes de la fente pharyngée (également appelés kystes de la fente branchiale) sont des anomalies congénitales rares de la région du pharynx qui apparaissent sous la forme de structures kystiques molles et fluctuantes sur le cou ventral. Ces kystes sont formés par une régression anormale des fentes pharyngées au cours du développement embryonnaire et sont bordés par un épithélium cylindrique pseudostratifié à squameux, partiellement cilié en histopathologie. Le développement de ces kystes est sporadique et aucun facteur de risque n'est actuellement identifié chez les espèces animales. Les kystes sont généralement unilatéraux et principalement diagnostiqués chez des animaux matures de diverses espèces. L'objectif de cet article est de rapporter deux cas de kystes bilatéraux de la deuxième fente pharyngée chez deux veaux sans pedigree partagé, localisés sur la même ferme. À la connaissance des auteurs, il s'agit du premier rapport de kystes de la deuxième fente pharyngée liés géographiquement chez les espèces vétérinaires, et des premiers cas de kystes bilatéraux chez les bovins.Message clinique clé :Les kystes de la fente pharyngée sont un différentiel important pour les structures molles, fluctuantes et kystiques sur le cou ventral de toutes les espèces. Ces cas sont généralement unilatéraux, diagnostiqués chez des animaux matures et sporadiques sans facteurs de risque actuellement identifiés chez les espèces vétérinaires.(Traduit par Dr Serge Messier).

Mouse model to study pulmonary intravascular macrophage recruitment and lung inflammation in acute necrotizing pancreatitis.

Patients suffering from severe acute pancreatitis (AP) can develop acute lung injury (ALI) with poor outcomes and the mechanisms involved remain incompletely understood. Pulmonary intravascular macrophages (PIMs), which are credited as promoters of ALI, are not constitutively present in humans and rodents; however, there is evidence of PIM recruitment in rodents during some pathological conditions, such as hepatic diseases. Therefore, this study assesses PIM recruitment in the lungs of a mouse model of acute necrotizing pancreatitis (ANP) induced with L-arginine monohydrochloride. Mice were euthanized after 24 h, 72 h and 120 h. Control mice received sham injections of saline. Pancreatic histopathological grading and plasma amylase were used to confirm the development of ANP in L-arginine-treated mice. Histopathological grading of lungs from the ANP mice at 72 h showed increased mononuclear phagocytes in alveolar septa, compared to that from the controls. Lungs from the ANP mice also showed increased numbers of CD68-immunopositive alveolar septal macrophages, suggestive of PIM recruitment, compared to those from the controls. Lungs from the ANP mice showed increased expression of IL-6, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1) and von Willebrand factor compared to those from the controls. The recruitment of CD68-positive septal macrophages was not observed in MCP-1 knockout mice with ANP at 72 h when compared to C57BL/6 wild-type mice. Taken together, we developed a mouse model of PIM recruitment dependent on MCP-1 that allows us to explore their roles in ANP-associated ALI.

Fine-needle aspiration in the diagnosis of equine skin disease and the epidemiology of equine skin cytology submissions in a western Canadian diagnostic laboratory.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) is commonly used to diagnose skin disease in companion animals, but its use in horses appears to be infrequent. Equine veterinarians in western Canada were surveyed to determine their opinions about FNA and 15 years of diagnostic submissions were used to compare the perceived to actual value of FNA in the diagnosis of skin disease in horses. Practitioners viewed FNA as quick, easy, economical, and minimally invasive. However, most veterinarians rarely chose to use FNA due to a perception that sample quality and diagnostic yield were poor and there was a narrow range of diseases the technique could diagnose. Analysis of the FNA cytology samples from a veterinary diagnostic laboratory showed a wide variety of equine skin disease conditions, but the frequency of non-diagnostic results was significantly higher in equine submissions compared to those from dogs and cats.

Aspiration à l'aiguille pour le diagnostic des maladies de la peau équines et épidémiologie des soumissions cytologiques de la peau équine dans un laboratoire diagnostique de l'Ouest canadien. L'aspiration à l'aiguille est communément utilisée pour diagnostiquer les maladies de la peau chez les animaux de compagnie, mais son utilisation semble peu commune chez les chevaux. On a effectué un sondage auprès des vétérinaires équins de l'Ouest canadien afin de déterminer leurs opinions à propos de l'aspiration à l'aiguille et on a utilisé 15 années de soumissions diagnostiques pour comparer la valeur perçue et réelle de l'aspiration à l'aiguille pour le diagnostic des maladies de la peau chez les chevaux.Les praticiens considèrent l'aspiration par aiguille comme une méthode rapide, facile, économique et minimalement invasive. Cependant, la plupart des vétérinaires choisissent rarement l'aspiration à l'aiguille en raison de la perception que la qualité de l'échantillon et les résultats diagnostiques sont mauvais et que la technique peut diagnostiquer un nombre limité de maladies.L'analyse des échantillons de cytologie de l'aspiration à l'aiguille provenant d'un laboratoire de diagnostic vétérinaire a montré un vaste éventail d'affections de la peau équines, mais la fréquence des résultats non diagnostiques était significativement supérieure dans les soumissions équines comparativement à celles provenant de chiens et chats.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Skin Diseases in Horses.

Skin disease in horses is a common and potentially challenging clinical problem. Information pertaining to skin disease is lacking in horses when compared with that in other companion animal species. Certainly, both horse-specific and location-specific patterns are present, but these can often be confounded by other factors. There are many possible ways in which to organize skin disease; in this article, they are organized based loosely on their most common clinical feature. Space limits the number of conditions that can be described here, and those chosen were seen relatively frequently in a multiinstitutional study of equine biopsies.

Anthrax vaccine associated deaths in miniature horses.

During a widespread anthrax outbreak in Canada, miniature horses were vaccinated using a live spore anthrax vaccine. Several of these horses died from an apparent immune-mediated vasculitis temporally associated with this vaccination. During the course of the outbreak, other miniature horses from different regions with a similar vaccination history, clinical signs, and necropsy findings were found.

Vaccin contre l'anthrax associé à la mort de chevaux miniatures. Durant une vaste éclosion d'anthrax au Canada, des chevaux miniatures ont été vaccinés en utilisant un vaccin à base de spores viables d'anthrax. Plusieurs chevaux sont morts d'une vasculite d'origine immunologique associée temporellement avec cette vaccination. Pendant l'éclosion, on a trouvé d'autres chevaux miniatures de régions différentes présentant une anamnèse de vaccination, de signes cliniques et de résultats d'autopsie semblables.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Fascioloides magna infection causing fatal pulmonary hemorrhage in a steer.

A feedlot steer died suddenly without exhibiting signs of clinical illness. Cysts containing Fascioloides magna were found in the liver and lung. Fatal pulmonary hemorrhage was associated with these flukes. Neither death nor clinical pulmonary disease has been previously attributed to infections of adult cattle by F. magna.

Infection àFascioloides magnacausant une hémorragie pulmonaire mortelle chez un bouvillon. Un bouvillon d'un parc d'engraissement meurt soudainement sans manifester de signes d'une maladie clinique. Des kystes contenant Fascioloides magna ont été trouvés dans le foie et les poumons. Une hémorragie pulmonaire mortelle a été associée à ces douves. Ni la mort ni la maladie pulmonaire clinique n'avaient été antérieurement attribuées aux infections des bovins adultes par F. magna.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).

Malignant transformation of a putative eyelid papilloma to squamous cell carcinoma in a dog.

A 6-year-old female spayed Chihuahua was presented for the evaluation of generalized pigmented cutaneous masses, one of which was present on the lower right eyelid. The dog was not on immunosuppressive medications and did not have historical or laboratory evidence of underlying endocrine disease, including hypothyroidism and hyperadrenocorticism. Histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and polymerase chain reaction of a cutaneous biopsy from the left antebrachium containing representative lesions confirmed viral papillomatosis. Additionally, histopathology of the antebrachial mass revealed regions of epithelial dysplasia suggestive of possible early transformation to malignancy. Over the course of 5 months, the mass on the right lower eyelid progressed to encompass and efface the majority of the eyelid margin. Additionally, the eyelid tumor had changed from an ovoid, brown pigmented mass to an irregular, flesh-colored mass. At the dog's last recheck examination, a corneal ulcer had developed beneath the irregular dorsal margin of the tumor. Histopathology of the eyelid mass was consistent with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and was positive for the presence of papillomavirus using polymerase chain reaction. This report describes the transformation of a putative viral eyelid papilloma into a malignant SCC in an adult dog.

Localization of Bovine papillomavirus in equine sarcoids and inflammatory skin conditions of horses using laser microdissection and two forms of DNA amplification.

Equine sarcoids are the most common tumor of horses. Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) has been suggested as the cause of sarcoids. Studies have shown that BPV is present in swabs or biopsies from nonsarcoid-bearing equine skin. Skin biopsies from a variety of different conditions and normal skin from horses with no reported history of sarcoids were examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the presence of BPV, which was found in all different types of skin conditions as well as normal skin. Forty-one out of 86 skin biopsies from horses without sarcoids were found to contain BPV DNA. Laser microdissection, followed by DNA amplification through both PCR and isothermal loop-mediated amplification, was performed on these 41 biopsies and on 70 additional BPV-positive sarcoid biopsies to localize the virus. Location of BPV DNA was different between sarcoid and nonsarcoid groups. Nonsarcoid skin biopsies were more likely to have BPV within intact or inflamed epidermis than sarcoids (P = 0.016 and P = 0.007, respectively). Areas of inflammation within the dermis and epidermis were more likely to contain BPV than in noninflamed areas (P = 0.008 and P = 0.009, respectively). Bovine papillomavirus was also found in the epidermis of all types of sarcoids examined, more frequently in occult sarcoids than in fibroblastic and nodular types (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). Results suggest that BPV is commonly found in normal and inflamed equine skin, and it is likely an important predisposing factor in the development of sarcoids.

Epidemiology of equine sarcoids in horses in western Canada.

Sarcoids are the most common tumor of the equine skin but only 1 study describing the epidemiology of sarcoids in Canadian horses has been published. The records of 5 veterinary diagnostic laboratories in western Canada were searched to identify submissions of sarcoids from horses. The submission records and diagnostic reports of 802 separate submissions of equine sarcoids were reviewed for age, breed, and gender of the horse and the number, location, and clinical type of sarcoid. From these records, the 307 submissions to laboratories in Saskatchewan were compared to a reference group to test for breed and gender predisposition. Based on clinical history and lesion descriptions, 5 clinical types of sarcoids were identified. Horses of various ages and 23 equine breeds were affected; donkeys were over-represented. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) DNA was performed on formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from a stratified subset of 96 of the different clinical types; BPV2 was present in 60 of 74 (81%) for which a PCR product was obtained. Unlike other areas in the world, in western Canada, equine sarcoids are most commonly associated with BPV type 2.

Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis caused by Neospora hughesi in an adult horse in Saskatchewan.

A protozoal parasite identified as Neospora hughesi was found in inflammatory lesions in the central nervous system of a Canadian-born adult horse presented with neurological signs. This is believed to be the first case of equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by Neospora hughesi in a horse outside of the United States.

What is your diagnosis? Intracranial mass in a dog.

A 9-year-old, spayed female Chihuahua was presented for evaluation of acute, progressive neurologic disease. On physical examination the dog was depressed and laterally recumbent. The dog had marked neutrophilia with a toxic left shift and monocytosis. Using computed tomography with contrast enhancement a large intracranial mass lesion was identified in the rostral portion of the brain. The mass extended from the central thalamic region rostral to the cribiform plate and obliterated the lateral ventricles. A fine needle aspirate of the mass contained moderately pleomorphic polygonal cells with many intranuclear cytoplasmic pseudoinclusions (ICPs). The primary differential diagnosis was meningioma, based on cell morphology and the presence of ICPs. At necropsy, the mass was well-demarcated, unencapsulated, and densely cellular. Cells were arranged in papillary projections on fibrovascular stalks, and eosinophilic ICPs and nuclear folding were frequently seen. Cavitated areas of necrosis throughout the tumor mass were filled with intact and degenerated neutrophils. The histopathologic diagnosis was malignant papillary meningioma. ICPs are not frequently observed in Wright-stained cytologic preparations but may be found in many types of neoplasms, including meningiomas.

Agreement among surgical pathologists evaluating routine histologic sections of digits amputated from cats and dogs.

Agreement among pathologists interpreting histologic specimens is an area of interest within human pathology, but little work in this area has been reported in the veterinary literature. Agreement among pathologists evaluating routine histologic sections of amputated digits from cats and dogs submitted to multiple diagnostic centers was examined. Histologic sections from surgical specimens were reviewed in a blinded fashion by two pathologists, and a comparison to the original diagnosis, as stated in the diagnostic report, was recorded. A total of 513 cases were reviewed, and complete agreement was reached in 409 (79.7%). Of the 104 instances of disagreement, 77 (74.0%) were considered to be of clinical significance. The diagnosis of keratoacanthoma was disagreed with in 19 of 21 diagnoses (90.4%). No other individual diagnosis was similarly disputed. The overall level of disagreement is large and is similar to that reported in human pathology and suggests that further study of this issue would be useful in veterinary pathology.