Clinically relevant factors associated with a binary outcome of diabetic macular ischaemia: an OCTA study.

AIMS: We investigated the demographic, ocular, diabetes-related and systemic factors associated with a binary outcome of diabetic macular ischaemia (DMI) as assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) evaluation of non-perfusion at the level of the superficial capillary plexus (SCP) and deep capillary plexus (DCP) in a cohort of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 617 patients with DM were recruited from July 2015 to December 2020 at the Chinese University of Hong Kong Eye Centre. Image quality assessment (gradable or ungradable for assessing DMI) and DMI evaluation (presence or absence of DMI) were assessed at the level of the SCP and DCP by OCTA. RESULTS: 1107 eyes from 593 subjects were included in the final analysis. 560 (50.59%) eyes had DMI at the level of SCP, and 647 (58.45%) eyes had DMI at the level of DCP. Among eyes without diabetic retinopathy (DR), DMI was observed in 19.40% and 24.13% of eyes at SCP and DCP, respectively. In the multivariable logistic regression models, older age, poorer visual acuity, thinner ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer thickness, worsened DR severity, higher haemoglobin A1c level, lower estimated glomerular filtration rate and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level were associated with SCP-DMI. In addition to the aforementioned factors, presence of diabetic macular oedema and shorter axial length were associated with DCP-DMI. CONCLUSION: We reported a series of associated factors of SCP-DMI and DCP-DMI. The binary outcome of DMI might promote a simplified OCTA-based DMI evaluation before subsequent quantitative analysis for assessing DMI extent and fulfil the urge for an updating diabetic retinal disease staging to be implemented with OCTA.

Case Report: Retinal Vasculitis in Two Adolescents After COVID-19 Vaccination.

PURPOSE: To report two cases of bilateral retinal vasculitis in adolescents following COVID-19 vaccination. STUDY DESIGN: Case report. RESULTS:  We report the first two cases of retinal vasculitis in adolescents following COVID-19 vaccinations. Both patients received recent second-dose COVID-19 vaccinations (7 weeks and 4 weeks respectively), and presented with bilateral retinal vasculitis and vitritis. Investigations did not reveal other causes of retinal vasculitis. Both patients' retinal vasculitis settled with a short course of oral prednisolone. CONCLUSION: Although rare, the temporal association between vaccination, bilateral eye involvement, and the absence of alternative infective or inflammatory causes, makes this a plausible etiology. mRNA vaccinations may cause an autoimmune reaction via host antigenic mimicry, and systemic vasculitis has previously been described. We believe that a short interval between COVID-19 vaccination doses might be a risk factor for the development of retinal vasculitis in adolescents, and clinicians should be aware to elicit vaccination history.