The Current Update of Conventional and Innovative Treatment Strategies for Central Nervous System Injury.

This review explores the complex challenges and advancements in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI). Traumatic injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) trigger intricate pathophysiological responses, frequently leading to profound and enduring disabilities. This article delves into the dual phases of injury-primary impacts and the subsequent secondary biochemical cascades-that worsen initial damage. Conventional treatments have traditionally prioritized immediate stabilization, surgical interventions, and supportive medical care to manage both the primary and secondary damage associated with central nervous system injuries. We explore current surgical and medical management strategies, emphasizing the crucial role of rehabilitation and the promising potential of stem cell therapies and immune modulation. Advances in stem cell therapy, gene editing, and neuroprosthetics are revolutionizing treatment approaches, providing opportunities not just for recovery but also for the regeneration of impaired neural tissues. This review aims to emphasize emerging therapeutic strategies that hold promise for enhancing outcomes and improving the quality of life for affected individuals worldwide.

Higher expression of epidermal growth factor receptor is associated with extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer in colorectal adenocarcinoma: tissue microarray analysis of immunostaining score with clinicopathological parameters.

AIM: Extracellular matrix metalloprotease inducer (EMMPRIN) expression was demonstrated in several cancers, but its expression profile in colorectal cancers remains unclear. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) was reported to regulate EMMPRIN expression in human epithelial cancers. Our purpose was to determine EMMPRIN expression and its relationship with EGFR in colorectal cancers. METHODS: Immunohistochemical analysis of EMMPRIN and EGFR was performed in tissue microarray slides of 90 surgical specimens including 32 well differentiated, 35 moderately differentiated, and 23 poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas. RESULTS: All colorectal adenocarcinomas showed significant immunohistochemical expression of EMMPRIN. The EMMPRIN scores in poorly differentiated (303 +/- 21) and moderately differentiated (326 +/- 17) colorectal adenocarcinoma were significantly higher than in well differentiated (166 +/- 20) colorectal adenocarcinoma. EGFR expression was mainly on the cell surface of tumor cells and the immunostaining scores of EGFR were significantly associated with the advanced clinical T and N stages. A significantly positive relationship between EMMPRIN and EGFR immunostaining scores was also noted. CONCLUSIONS: Increased expression of EMMPRIN and EGFR in colorectal adenocarcinomas is associated with clinicopathological parameters of advanced colorectal adenocarcinoma stages. In addition, the data from this study support the notion that EGFR expression may up-regulate EMMPRIN expression.

Tissue microarray-determined expression profiles of cyclooxygenase-2 in colorectal adenocarcinoma: association with clinicopathological parameters.

Accumulated evidence reveals that increased cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is involved in the development of colorectal cancer. Our purpose was to quantitate COX-2 expression in colorectal cancers using tissue microarray analysis and look for an association with clinicopathological stage. Immunohistochemical analysis of COX-2 was performed in tissue microarray slides containing 90 specimens including 32 well-differentiated, 35 moderately differentiated, and 23 poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas. All colorectal adenocarcinomas showed significant immunohistochemical expression of COX-2 when compared to normal colon epithelia. However, there was no significant difference in immunostaining scores between poorly, moderately, and well-differentiated tumors (195 +/- 28, 214 +/- 26 and 200 +/- 24, respectively). The COX-2 immunostaining score correlated significantly with T stage (P < 0.05) but not with N or M stage. The positive expression rates of CK20 were 97% for well-differentiated, 94% for moderately differentiated, and 65% for poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinomas, suggesting that CK20 may not be an effective discriminator between poorly differentiated colorectal adenocarcinoma and metastatic adenocarcinoma.