Discovery, preparation and characterization of lipid-lowering alkylphenol derivatives from Syzygium jambos fruit.

The chemical characteristics and hypolipidemic effects of alkylphenols in the fruit of Syzygium jambos were investigated in this study. Three cardanols (1-3; 1 as a new compound) and three alkylresorcinols (4-6) were isolated and identified from S. jambos fruit. Cardanols 1 and 2 (10-40 µM) suppressed lipids accumulation and reduced triglyceride content in oleic acid-overloaded HepG2 cells via the activation of AMPK/PPARα signaling pathways. Furthermore, the biological distribution of cardanols after an oral intake in mice was investigated. Compound 2 was detected in mice plasma, feces, and adipose tissues after a single oral intake (80 mg/kg body weight). In addition, an alkylphenols-enriched S. jambos fruit extract containing two bioactive compounds (95.9 and 198.6 µg/mg of compounds 1 and 2, respectively) was prepared. Findings from the current study highlight the potential usage of cardanols as well as S. jambos fruit for the management of dyslipidemia.

The discovery of germacradienol synthase: Construction of genetically-engineered strain, glycosylated modification, bioactive evaluation of germacradienol.

Germacradienol is a main precursor in the biosynthesis of geosmin-type terpenes by a variety of microbes, but its biological activities are still unknown. In the biosynthetic mechanism study of an antifungal degraded sesquiterpenoid (1ß,4ß,4aß,8aα)-4,8a-dimethyloctahydronaphthalene-1,4a(2H)-diol (5) with a geosmin scaffold, the germacradienol synthase B7C62_00490 was identified. To exploit the synthetic potential of the enzyme to create germacradienol, engineered strains were constructed by introducing key synthases of farnesyl diphosphate, germacradienol synthase B7C62_00490 and glycosyltransferase UGT73C5 in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Germacradienol (1) and the novel glycosylated derivate germacradienyl-11-O-ß-d-glucopyranoside (3) were successfully obtained from engineered strains. The cytotoxic activity against nine human cancer cell lines and antimicrobial activities against a panel of bacteria and fungi of germacradienol analogs derived from engineered strains were evaluated. Germacradienol demonstrated multiple biological activities, including broad antimicrobial activities with MIC values ranging from 12.5 to 25.0 µg/mL and cytotoxic activities with IC50 values ranging from 21.0 to 83.5 µM. However, the glycosylated germacradienol was inactive.

Converting Poisonous Sulfate Species to an Active Promoter on TiO2 Predecorated MnOx Catalysts for the NH3-SCR Reaction.

MnOx-based catalysts possess excellent low-temperature NH3 selective catalytic reduction (NH3-SCR) activity, but the poor SO2/sulfate poisoning resistance and the narrow active-temperature window limit their application for NOx removal. Herein, TiO2 nanoparticles and sulfate were successively introduced into MnOx-based catalysts to modulate the NH3-SCR activity, and the active-temperature window (NO conversion above 80%, T80) was significantly broadened to 100-350 °C (SO42--TiO2@MnOx) compared to that of the pristine MnOx catalyst (ca. T80: 100-268 °C). Combined with advanced characterizations and control experiments, it was clearly shown that the poisonous effects of sulfate on the MnOx catalyst could be efficiently inhibited in the presence of TiO2 species due to the interaction between sulfate and TiO2 to form a solid superacid (SO42--TiO2) species as NH3 adsorption sites for the low-temperature process. Furthermore, such solid superacid (SO42--TiO2) species could weaken the redox ability to inhibit the excessive oxidation of NH3 and thus enhance the high-temperature activity significantly. This work not only puts forward the TiO2 predecoration strategy that converts sulfate to a promoter to broaden the active temperature window but also experimentally proves that the requirement of redox ability and acidity in the MnOx-based NH3-SCR catalyst was dependent on the reaction temperature range.

Characterization of insoluble dietary fiber from three food sources and their potential hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects.

Dietary fiber is an important nutrient for improving human health and controlling calorie intake, and is used to produce functional foods. In this study, insoluble dietary fiber (IDF) from three sources (enoki mushrooms, carrots, and oats) was characterized and their hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects were determined with in vitro and in vivo models. The results of Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the IDF from the three sources have different morphologies. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results showed that the IDF samples from the three sources have similar active groups, but the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis/differential scanning calorimetry (TGA/DSC) results indicated that oat IDF mainly contained cellulose, and enoki mushroom IDF and carrot IDF contained hemicelluloses and cellulose. Among three IDF, carrot IDF had stronger water holding capacity, swelling capacity, and adsorption capacity of oil and cholate; enoki mushroom IDF had stronger glucose adsorption capacity and the ability to inhibit fat digestion; while oat IDF had stronger cholesterol adsorption capacity. None of the three IDF showed significant inhibition on starch digestion. Results from mouse feeding studies showed that IDF from three sources all improved glucose tolerance and inhibited the rise of blood lipid after the fat loading. Thus, this study demonstrated the functional significance of the IDF from three sources, which provides a reference for their application in functional food products aiming at maintaining healthy glucose and blood lipid levels.

Identification of molecular characteristics induced by radiotherapy in rectal cancer based on microarray data.

The present study aimed to reveal the molecular characteristics induced by radiotherapy in rectal cancer at the transcriptome level. Microarray data (ID, GSE26027) downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database were re-analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between rectal cancer tissues during and prior to radiotherapy. The DEGs were then inputted into the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery, an online tool to perform enrichment analyses, and into the search tool for the retrieval of interacting genes/proteins database to identify protein-protein interactions (PPIs). Subsequently, a PPI network was constructed, which was screened for densely connected modules. Furthermore, protein domain enrichment analysis was performed. In total, 690 DEGs, including 179 upregulated and 511 downregulated DEGs, were found in rectal cancer tissues during and prior to radiotherapy. The upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in 'positive regulation of transport' and 'regulation of cardiac muscle contraction', while the downregulated DEGs were most markedly enriched in 'cell migration', 'cell-cell signaling', 'extracellular matrix organization' and 'blood vessel development', including prostaglandin-endoperoxide synthase 2, transforming growth factor ß-induced, 68 kDa endothelin receptor type A, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, TIMP metallopeptidase inhibitor 1, and serpin family E member 1, which were the top 6 hub nodes in the PPI network. Furthermore, 2 protein domains were significantly enriched by PPI modules, including: The collagen triple helix repeat (CTHR) family members collagen type (COL) 5A2, COL9A3, COL6A3, COL21A1, COL5A3, COL11A1, COL7A1 and CTHR-containing-1; and the olfactory receptor family (OR) members OR7E24, OR7A17, OR6A2, OR1F1, OR10H3 and OR7A10. A total of 7 upregulated DEGs were characterized as tumor suppressor genes, and 8 downregulated DEGs were characterized as oncogenes. The biological processes or protein domains enriched by upregulated or downregulated DEGs may improve the understanding of molecular characteristics in response to radiotherapy.

More mind wandering, fewer original ideas: be not distracted during creative idea generation.

Several studies suggest that mind wandering (MW) benefits creativity when the MW occurs in the incubation period of creative problem solving. The aim of present study was to examine the effects of MW that occurs in the course of creative idea generation. Participants received an Alternative Uses Task (AUT) and were asked to generate ideas for 20min. Their MW frequencies as time passed were measured by means of probe-caught MW. Comparisons of the AUT performances of high and low MW groups revealed that greater MW was associated with lower fluency and originality scores on the AUT. Furthermore, the high MW group showed greater MW as time passed, while the low MW group's MW was steady during the course of idea generation. Accordingly, the originality of idea generation decreased with time passing for the high MW group but was steady for the low MW group. The findings suggest that the MW during the course of creative idea generation is negatively related to creativity, perhaps because the control processes involved in idea generation are impaired by the mind wandering.