Different Changes in Adipokines, Lipid Profile, and TNF-Alpha Levels between 10 and 20 Whole Body Cryostimulation Sessions in Individuals with I and II Degrees of Obesity.

Obesity is associated with chronic inflammation. While cold therapy influences the pro/antioxidative status of an individual, by affecting adipokine levels and the lipid profile, the effect of body mass index (BMI) on the response to cold exposure is unclear. We analyzed the link between BMI and the differences in effects of whole-body stimulation, depending on the number of treatments, on specific physiological parameters in men. Twenty-seven non-active men were divided into three groups: N (n = 9, BMI < 24.9), IOb (n = 9, BMI 30.0-34.9), and IIOb (BMI ≥ 35.0). The subjects participated in 20 3-min cryochamber sessions (-120 °C), 1/day, 5 days/week. Body composition was analyzed before and after treatment. Blood adiponectin (ADP), leptin (LEP), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) levels, and the lipid profile were analyzed three times: at baseline and up to 2 h after 10 and 20 sessions. The 20 treatments caused significant changes in body composition. Between 10 and 20 whole-body cryostimulation (WBC) sessions, a significant decreased was observed in the LEP and TNF-alpha levels. No significant changes in the lipid profile were noted. However, a positive tendency to regain the metabolic balance in adipose tissue was apparent in the IOb group in the tested period (decreased TG levels, increased HDL levels or the HDL/LDL ratio, and significantly decreased visceral adiposity index levels). Collectively, for people with obesity increasing the number of treatments above the standard 10 should be recommended.

Complex effects of whole body cryostimulation on hematological markers in patients with obesity.

BACKGROUND: Adaptation, including changes in blood properties, to whole-body cryostimulation may depend on many factors, including body mass. AIM: This study investigates whether hematological parameters change similarly in a group of people with obesity and a group of men with normal body weight after 10 and 20 cryostimulation treatments. METHODS: In our non-randomized trial, the participants were divided into two groups based on their body fat percentage: 14 men with a high (HBF = 29.35%) and 10 with a normal percent of body fat (NBF = 11.40%) and subjected to 20 whole body cryostimulation treatments (-120°C for 2-3 minutes). Blood samples were taken before the first and after the 10th and 20th cryostimulation. The following parameters were determined: red blood cells (RBC), hemoglobin concentration (HGB), hematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), platelets (PLT), red blood cell distribution width (RDW-SD), mean platelet volume (MPV), white blood cells (WBC), neutrophils (NEUT), lymphocytes (LYMPH), monocytes (MONO), eosinophils (EO) and basophiles (BASO). RESULTS: Statistically significant differences were found in red blood cells parameters such as RBC, HCT, MCV and MCHC. Time influence was noted for HCT, MCV and MCHC. Two-way ANOVA showed a significant correlation (for time and group) for 2 paramateres: RBC and MCV. For platelet parameters statistically significant differences were found for PLT (group influence) and MPV (time and group interaction). In white blood cells parameters statistically significant differences in levels of LYMPH were noted. Higher levels were observed for HBF group. CONCLUSIONS: All observed changes were within the reference range, but hematological markers changed unevenly in people who are obese and non-obese. Therefore, it appears that an amount of fat tissue could be a factor causing the differences in adaptation to low temperature. It is suggested that 20 whole body cryostimulation sessions restore the state of homeostasis disturbed after 10 sessions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ACTRN 12619000524190.

Blood pro-oxidant/antioxidant balance in young men with class II obesity after 20 sessions of whole body cryostimulation: a preliminary study.

Objectives: In obesity, there is a shift in the pro-oxidative-antioxidant balance towards the oxidationreactions. However, it has been shown that in people with normal body composition, after a series of whole-body cryotherapy (WBC), the balance shifts in the opposite direction. Design: The aim of the study was to assess the impact of 20 WBC treatments on blood pro-oxidative-antioxidant balance. Interventions: Study included 14 obese (BMI > 35) and 10 non-obese volunteers. Methods: The total antioxidative (TAS/TAC) and pro-oxidative status (TOS/TOC) in serum and activity of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes were determined before the first and 2 hours after the last cryostimulation. Results: In the obese group, a significantly higher level of TOS/TOC, and its significant decrease after the WBC series, was observed. Cryotherapy had no influence on TAS/TAC level which was similar in both groups. Changes in activity of antioxidant enzymes were multidirectional. An increase in CAT activity in the obese group was observed. OSI, both before and after a series of treatments, was significantly higher in obese subjects. Conclusions: A beneficial effect on the level of TOS/TOC and CAT activity was indicated, but the proposed number of treatments for patients with class II obesity turned out to be insufficient. Trial registration: Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry identifier: ACTRN12619000524190.

The effect of whole-body cryostimulation on body composition and leukocyte expression of HSPA1A, HSPB1, and CRP in obese men.

In recent years, the prevalence of obesity has increased dramatically and has become a 21st century epidemic. Obesity is associated with the development of many diseases, and therefore treatments that can reduce body mass are actively sought. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of 20 cryostimulation sessions on body composition in obese/high body mass (HBM, n = 12) males and normal body mass (NBM, n = 9) controls. The HBM group had a mean age = 29.08 ± 4.19 years, body fat percentage = 32.08 ± 6.16%, body mass index = 36.23 ± 8.13 kg/m2) and NBM group had a mean age = 22.00 ± 2.45 years, body fat percentage = 12.14 ± 4.93%, body mass index = 23.58 ± 2.00 kg/m2. Kilocalorie intake was similar for both groups. All participants received 20 sessions of systemic cryostimulation at -120°C for 2-3 min in a cryochamber. Blood samples were collected before the first session, 1 h after the 10th session, and 1 h after the 20th cryostimulation session. C-reactive protein (CRP) plasma concentrations, and expression of the heat shock protein genes (HSPA1A, HSPB1) and CRP mRNA in leukocytes were evaluated after 10 and 20 cryostimulation sessions. In both groups, 20 sessions were associated with a significant decrease in body mass, fat mass and the percentage of body fat. CRP concentrations were significantly higher in obese people before the first session and after 10 treatments, but not at the end of study. Expression of HSPA1A and HSPB1 mRNA gradually decreased with the number of cryostimulation sessions. A significant difference in HSPA1A expression was found after 20 sessions (NBM > HBM) and for HSPB1 at baseline and after 20 sessions (HBM > NBM). Our results show that cryostimulation influences body composition and that cryostimulation-induced HSP genes expression depends on the number of cryosessions and baseline body mass, and is differentially altered in HBM individuals. Further research on the interaction between body mass and cold adaptation is warranted.