IGF2BP3 promotes the progression of colorectal cancer and mediates cetuximab resistance by stabilizing EGFR mRNA in an m6A-dependent manner.

Insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 3 (IGF2BP3), an RNA-binding protein, is associated with tumorigenesis and progression. However, the exact molecular mechanisms of IGF2BP3 in colorectal cancer (CRC) oncogenesis, progression, and drug resistance remain unclear. This study found that IGF2BP3 was upregulated in CRC tissues. Clinically, the elevated IGF2BP3 level is predictive of a poor prognosis. Functionally, IGF2BP3 enhances CRC tumorigenesis and progression both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, IGF2BP3 promotes epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mRNA stability and translation and further activates the EGFR pathway by serving as a reader in an N6-methyladenosine (m6A)-dependent manner by cooperating with METTL14. Furthermore, IGF2BP3 increases the drug resistance of CRC cells to the EGFR-targeted antibody cetuximab. Taken together, our results demonstrated that IGF2BP3 was a functional and clinical oncogene of CRC. Targeting IGF2BP3 and m6A modification may therefore offer rational therapeutic targets for patients with CRC.

UBN2 promotes tumor progression via the Ras/MAPK pathway and predicts poor prognosis in colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Ubinuclein-2 (UBN2) is a nuclear protein that interacts with many transcription factors. The molecular role and mechanism of UBN2 in the development and progression of cancers, including colorectal cancer (CRC), is not well understood. The current study explored the role of UBN2 in the development and progression CRC. METHODS: Oncomine network and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database were downloaded and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) was performed to compare the UBN2's expression between normal and tumor tissues, as well as the potential correlation of UBN2 expression with signaling pathways. Immunohistochemistry (IHC), qRT-PCR and Western blotting were performed to determine the expression of UBN2 in CRC tissues or cell lines. In vitro proliferation and invasion assays, and orthotopic mouse metastatic model were used to analyze the effect of UBN2 on the development and progression of CRC. RESULTS: The analysis of UBN2 expression using Oncomine network showed that UBN2 was upregulated in CRC tissues compared to matched adjacent normal intestinal epithelial tissues. IHC, qRT-PCR and Western blotting confirmed that UBN2 expression is higher in CRC tissues compared with matched adjacent normal intestinal epithelial tissues. In addition, analyses of TCGA data revealed that high UBN2 expression was associated with advanced stages of lymph node metastasis, distant metastasis, and short survival time in CRC patients. IHC showed that high UBN2 expression is correlated with advanced stages of CRC. Moreover, UBN2 is highly expressed in the liver metastatic lesions. Furthermore, knockdown of UBN2 inhibited the growth, invasiveness and metastasis of CRC cells via regulation of the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. CONCLUSION: The current study demonstrates that UBN2 promotes tumor progression in CRC. UBN2 may be used as a promising biomarker for predicting the prognosis of CRC patients.

Osa-miR398b boosts H2 O2 production and rice blast disease-resistance via multiple superoxide dismutases.

miRNAs contribute to plant resistance against pathogens. Previously, we found that the function of miR398b in immunity in rice differs from that in Arabidopsis. However, the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we characterized the mutants of miR398b target genes and demonstrated that multiple superoxide dismutase genes contribute to miR398b-regulated rice immunity against the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Out of the four target genes of miR398b, mutations in Cu/Zn-Superoxidase Dismutase1 (CSD1), CSD2 and Os11g09780 (Superoxide DismutaseX, SODX) led to enhanced resistance to M. oryzae and increased hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) accumulation. By contrast, mutations in Copper Chaperone for Superoxide Dismutase (CCSD) resulted in enhanced susceptibility. Biochemical studies revealed that csd1, csd2 and sodx displayed altered expression of CSDs and other superoxide dismutase (SOD) family members, leading to increased total SOD enzyme activity that positively contributed to higher H2 O2 production. By contrast, the ccsd mutant showed CSD protein deletion, resulting in decreased CSD and total SOD enzyme activity. Our results demonstrate the roles of different SODs in miR398b-regulated resistance to rice blast disease, and uncover an integrative regulatory network in which miR398b boosts total SOD activity to upregulate H2 O2 concentration and thereby improve disease resistance.

Hypermethylation of DMTN promotes the metastasis of colorectal cancer cells by regulating the actin cytoskeleton through Rac1 signaling activation.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common digestive malignant tumors, and DMTN is a transcriptionally differentially expressed gene that was identified using CRC mRNA sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Our preliminary work suggested that the expression of DMTN was downregulated in CRC, and the Rac1 signaling pathway was significantly enriched in CRC tissues with low DMTN expression. However, the specific functions and underlying molecular mechanisms of DMTN in the progression of CRC and the upstream factors regulating the downregulation of the gene remain unclear. METHODS: DMTN expression was analyzed in CRC tissues, and the relationship between DMTN expression and the clinicopathological parameters was analyzed. In vitro and in vivo experimental models were used to detect the effects of DMTN dysregulation on invasion and metastasis of CRC cells. GSEA assay was performed to explore the mechanism of DMTN in invasion and metastasis of CRC. Westernblot, Co-IP and GST-Pull-Down assay were used to detect the interaction between DMTN and ARHGEF2, as well as the activation of the RAC1 signaling. Bisulfite genomic sequence (BSP) assay was used to test the degree of methylation of DMTN gene promoter in CRC tissues. RESULTS: We found that the expression of DMTN was significantly decreased in CRC tissues, and the downregulation of DMTN was associated with advanced progression and poor survival and was regarded as an independent predictive factor of CRC patient prognosis. The overexpression of DMTN inhibited, while the knockdown of DMTN promoted, invasion and metastasis in CRC cells. Moreover, hypermethylation and the deletion of DMTN relieved binding to the ARHGEF2 protein, activated the Rac1 signaling pathway, regulated actin cytoskeletal rearrangements, and promoted the invasion and metastasis of CRC cells. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrated that the downregulation of DMTN promoted the metastasis of colorectal cancer cells by regulating the actin cytoskeleton through RAC1 signaling activation, potentially providing a new therapeutic target to enable cancer precision medicine for CRC patients.

RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1 boosts pattern-triggered immunity against multiple pathogens in Arabidopsis and rice.

The Arabidopsis gene RESISTANCE TO POWDERY MILDEW8.1 (RPW8.1) confers resistance to virulent fungal and oomycete pathogens that cause powdery mildew and downy mildew, respectively. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Here, we show that ectopic expression of RPW8.1 boosts pattern-triggered immunity (PTI) resulting in enhanced resistance against different pathogens in both Arabidopsis and rice. In Arabidopsis, transcriptome analysis revealed that ectopic expression of RPW8.1-YFP constitutively up-regulates expression of many pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP-)-inducible genes. Consistently, upon PAMP application, the transgenic line expressing RPW8.1-YFP exhibited more pronounced PTI responses such as callose deposition, production of reactive oxygen species, expression of defence-related genes and hypersensitive response-like cell death. Accordingly, the growth of a virulent bacterial pathogen was significantly inhibited in the transgenic lines expressing RPW8.1-YFP. Conversely, impairment of the PTI signalling pathway from PAMP cognition to the immediate downstream relay of phosphorylation abolished or significantly compromised RPW8.1-boosted PTI responses. In rice, heterologous expression of RPW8.1-YFP also led to enhanced resistance to the blast fungus Pyricularia oryzae (syn. Magnaporthe oryzae) and the bacterial pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Taken together, our data suggest a surprising mechanistic connection between RPW8.1 function and PTI, and demonstrate the potential of RPW8.1 as a transgene for engineering disease resistance across wide taxonomic lineages of plants.

miR-422a inhibits cell proliferation in colorectal cancer by targeting AKT1 and MAPK1.

BACKGROUND: miRNAs are regarded as molecular biomarkers and therapeutic targets for colorectal cancer (CRC), a series of miRNAs have been proven to involve into CRC carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Aberrant miR-422a expression and its roles have been reported in some cancers. However, the function and underlying mechanism of miR-422a in the progression of CRC remain largely unknown. METHODS: Real-time PCR were used to quantify miR-422a expression in CRC tissues. Both vivo and vitro functional assays showed miR-422a inhibits CRC cell proliferation. Target prediction program (miRBase) and luciferase reporter assays were conducted to confirm the target genes AKT1 and MAPK1 of miR-422a. Specimens from 50 patients with CRC were analyzed for the correlation between the expression of miR-422a and the expression of the target genes AKT1 and MAPK1 by real-time PCR. RESULTS: MiR-422a was down­regulated in CRC tissues and cell lines. Ectopic expression of miR-422a inhibited cell proliferation and tumor growth ability; inhibition of endogenous miR-422a, by contrast, promoted cell proliferation and tumor growth ability of CRC cells. MiR-422a directly targets 3'-UTR of the AKT1 and MAPK1, down-regulation of miR-422a led to the activation of Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT signaling pathways to promote cell proliferation in CRC. In addition, miR-422a expression was negatively correlated with the expressions of AKT1 and MAPK1 in CRC tissues. CONCLUSION: miR-422a inhibits cell proliferation in colorectal cancer by targeting AKT1 and MAPK1.

Downregulation of SAFB Sustains the NF-κB Pathway by Targeting TAK1 during the Progression of Colorectal Cancer.

Purpose: To investigate the role and the underlying mechanism of scaffold attachment factor B (SAFB) in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC).Experimental Design: SAFB expression was analyzed in the Cancer Outlier Profile Analysis of Oncomine and in 175 paraffin-embedded archived CRC tissues. Gene Ontology analyses were performed to explore the mechanism of SAFB in CRC progression. Western blot, RT-PCR, luciferase assay, and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were used to detect the regulation of transforming growth factor-ß-activated kinase 1 (TAK1) and NF-κB signaling by SAFB The role of SAFB in invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis was investigated using in vitro and in vivo assays. The relationship between SAFB and TAK1 was analyzed in CRC tissues.Results: SAFB was downregulated in CRC tissues, and low expression of SAFB was significantly associated with an aggressive phenotype and poorer survival of CRC patients. The downregulation of SAFB activated NF-κB signaling by targeting the TAK1 promoter. Ectopic expression of SAFB inhibited the development of aggressive features and metastasis of CRC cells both in vitro and in vivo The overexpression of TAK1 could rescue the aggressive features in SAFB-overexpressed cells. Furthermore, the expression of SAFB in CRC tissues was negatively correlated with the expression of TAK1- and NF-κB-related genes.Conclusions: Our results show that SAFB regulated the activity of NF-κB signaling in CRC by targeting TAK1 This novel mechanism provides a comprehensive understanding of both SAFB and the NF-κB signaling pathway in the progression of CRC and indicates that the SAFB-TAK1-NF-κB axis is a potential target for early therapeutic intervention in CRC progression. Clin Cancer Res; 23(22); 7108-18. ©2017 AACR.

Osa-miR169 Negatively Regulates Rice Immunity against the Blast Fungus Magnaporthe oryzae.

miR169 is a conserved microRNA (miRNA) family involved in plant development and stress-induced responses. However, how miR169 functions in rice immunity remains unclear. Here, we show that miR169 acts as a negative regulator in rice immunity against the blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae by repressing the expression of nuclear factor Y-A (NF-YA) genes. The accumulation of miR169 was significantly increased in a susceptible accession but slightly fluctuated in a resistant accession upon M. oryzae infection. Consistently, the transgenic lines overexpressing miR169a became hyper-susceptible to different M. oryzae strains associated with reduced expression of defense-related genes and lack of hydrogen peroxide accumulation at the infection site. Consequently, the expression of its target genes, the NF-YA family members, was down-regulated by the overexpression of miR169a at either transcriptional or translational level. On the contrary, overexpression of a target mimicry that acts as a sponge to trap miR169a led to enhanced resistance to M. oryzae. In addition, three of miR169's target genes were also differentially up-regulated in the resistant accession upon M. oryzae infection. Taken together, our data indicate that miR169 negatively regulates rice immunity against M. oryzae by differentially repressing its target genes and provide the potential to engineer rice blast resistance via a miRNA.

MiR-384 inhibits human colorectal cancer metastasis by targeting KRAS and CDC42.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer worldwide. Metastatic progression is a primary factor contributing to lethality of CRC patients. However, the molecular mechanisms forming early local invasion and distant metastatic colonies are still unclear and the present therapeutic approaches for CRC are unsatisfactory. Therefore, novel therapies targeting metastatic invasion that could prevent tumor spreading and recurrence are urgently needed. Our study showed that the decrease of miR-384 was found in 83.0% (83/100) CRC patients. And low-leveled expression of miR-384 was closely correlated with the invasive depth, lymph node and distant metastasis of CRC. Overexpression of miR-384 could inhibit the invasive and migrating abilities of CRC cells in vitro and the metastatic potential in vivo. Luciferase assays showed that miR-384 repressed the expression of Kirsten Ras (KRAS) and Cell division cycle 42 (CDC42) by directly targeting their 3'-untranslated regions. There is functional and mechanistic relationship between miRNA-384 and KRAS, CDC42 in the invasion and metastasis of CRC. And our findings suggest that miR-384could be a potent therapeutic target for CRC. Restoration of miR-384 expression might provide novel therapeutic approach to the reduction of CRC metastasis.

miR-450b-5p induced by oncogenic KRAS is required for colorectal cancer progression.

The development and progression of CRC are regarded as a complicated network and progressive event including genetic and/or epigenetic alterations. Recent researches revealed that MicroRNAs are biomarkers and regulators of CRC progression. Analyses of published microarray datasets revealed that miR-450b-5p was highly up-regulated in CRC tissues. In addition, high expression of miR-450b-5p was significantly associated with KRAS mutation. However, the role of miR-450b-5p in the progression of CRC remains unknown. Here, we sought to validate the expression of miR-450b-5p in CRC tissues and investigate the role and underlying mechanism of miR-450b-5p in the progression of CRC. The results revealed that miR-450b-5p was up-regulated in CRC tissues, high expression level of miR-450b-5p was positively associated with poor differentiation, advanced TNM classification and poor prognosis. Moreover, miR-450b-5p was especially high in KRAS-mutated cell lines and could be up-regulated by KRAS/AP-1 signaling. Functional validation revealed that overexpression of miR-450b-5p promoted cell proliferation and tumor growth while inhibited apoptosis of CRC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-450b-5p directly bound the 3'-UTRs of SFRP2 and SIAH1, and activated Wnt/ß-Catenin signaling. In conclusion, miR-450b-5p induced by oncogenic KRAS is required for colorectal cancer progression. Collectively, our work helped to understand the precise role of miR-450b-5p in the progression of CRC, and might promote the development of new therapeutic strategies against CRC.

TLE4 promotes colorectal cancer progression through activation of JNK/c-Jun signaling pathway.

The Groucho transcriptional co-repressor TLE4 protein has been shown to be a tumor suppressor in a subset of acute myeloid leukemia. However, little is known about its role in development and progression of solid tumor. In this study, we found that the expression of TLE4 in colorectal cancer (CRC) tissues was significantly higher than that in their matched adjacent intestine epithelial tissues. In addition, high expression of TLE4 was significantly correlated with advanced Dukes stage, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis of CRC. Moreover, enforced expression of TLE4 in CRC cell lines significantly enhanced proliferation, invasion and tumor growth. On the contrary, knock down of TLE4 repressed cell proliferation, invasion and tumor growth. Furthermore, our study exhibited that the TLE4 promoted cell proliferation and invasion partially via activation of JNK-c-Jun pathway and subsequently increased cyclinD1 and decreased P27Kip1 expression. In conclusion, these results suggested that TLE4, a potential prognostic biomarker for CRC, plays an important role in the development and progression of human CRC.

The tumor-suppressor gene LZTS1 suppresses colorectal cancer proliferation through inhibition of the AKT-mTOR signaling pathway.

The Leucine zipper tumor suppressor gene 1 (LZTS1/FEZ1) gene was originally identified as a potential tumor suppressor. However, the expression pattern and the role of LZTS1 in the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) have not been well characterized. Herein, we reported that LZTS1 was markedly reduced in CRC tissues compared with matched adjacent normal intestine epithelial tissues. In analysis of 160 CRC specimens, we revealed that decreased expression of LZTS1 was correlated to aggressive characteristics and poor survival of patients with CRC. Moreover, we found that expression of LZTS1 in CRC cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation in vitro and prohibited tumor growth in vitro. On the contrary, silence of LZTS1 promoted cell proliferation and tumor growth in CRC cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that LZTS1 inhibited cell proliferation and tumor growth in CRC in part via suppression of AMT-mTOR, subsequently down-regulating p27Kip and up-regulating cyclin D1. These findings suggest that LZTS1 plays a potential tumor suppressor role in CRC progression and represents a valuable clinical prognostic marker of this disease.

[Investigation of microstructure of CVD carbon coating on SiC fiber by Raman spectrometer].

The microstructure and fracture morphology of carbon coatings were investigated by means of Raman spectrometer and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), which were prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on the surface of SiC fiber with C2 H2 + H2 and C2 H2 +C3 H8 + Ar as the reactants. The results show that the spectra of the carbon coating contain characteristic D, D" and G peaks around 1 350, 1 400-1 500 and 1 600 cm(-1) respectively, indicating a disordered-graphite structure with a small amount of amorphous carbon. The size of microcrystallite increased with the increase in temperature, and the degree of order, together with the uniformity in the carbon coating was improved simultaneously. It was observed on the fracture surface that coatings prepared by C2 H2 + H2 are flat and dense, whereas those prepared by C2 H2 + C3 H8 + Ar exhibit a flexural lamellar structure, which should be attributed to the relatively low degree of order and the non-uniformity in the microstructure.