Gelatin/dextran active films incorporated with cinnamaldehyde and α-tocopherol for scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) adductor muscle preservation.

Scallops are rich in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid but perishable due to their microbial growth and lipid oxidation. In this study, gelatin/dextran films containing cinnamaldehyde and α-tocopherol (0% + 0%, 0.3% + 0.3%, 0.6% + 0.6%, 0.9% + 0.9%, and 1.2% + 1.2%, w/w) as active fillers were developed by solution casting method, and their preservation effects on scallop adductor muscle refrigerated at 4°C for 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 days were evaluated. Inclusion of the two active fillers did not influence the thermal stability of the films but created heterogenous and discontinuous film microstructure and increased the film hydrophobicity. Increase in the concentrations of active fillers lowered the mechanical properties and water vapor permeability of the films but increased their crystallinity, thickness, water contact angle, opacity, antibacterial property, and antioxidant property. The longest release times for both cinnamaldehyde and α-tocopherol were found in 95% (v/v) ethanol solution. The gelatin/dextran films containing 1.2% (w/w) of active fillers (Gelatin [Ge]/Dextran [Dx]/1.2 film) improved the chemical stability of refrigerated scallop adductor muscle. The total viable count (TVC) of the unpackaged scallop adductor muscle exceeded the recommended limit of 7 lg CFU/g on day 6 (7.07 ± 0.50 lg CFU/g), whereas the TVC of the Ge/Dx/1.2 film-packaged scallop adductor muscle was still below the limit on day 9 (5.60 ± 0.50 lg CFU/g). Thus, the Ge/Dx/1.2 film can extend the shelf life of refrigerated scallop adductor muscle by at least 3 days. Overall, the developed gelatin/dextran active packaging films are promising for the preservation of aquatic food products.

Shexiang Tongxin dropping pills protect against ischemic stroke-induced cerebral microvascular dysfunction via suppressing TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Patients with ischemic stroke (IS) often continue to exhibit cerebral microcirculatory dysfunction even after receiving thrombolytic therapy. Enhancing the function of cerebral microvascular endothelia represents a pivotal advancement in the therapeutic strategy for ischemic microcirculatory disturbances. A traditional Chinese medicinal formulation named Shexiang Tongxin Dropping Pills (STDP), has been clinically employed to ameliorate microcirculatory abnormalities. Existing literature attests to the beneficial role of STDP on endothelial cells (ECs). Nevertheless, specific impacts and underlying mechanisms of STDP in rectifying IS-induced cerebral microvascular dysfunction warrant further exploration. AIM OF THE STUDY: This investigation seeks to delineate the effects of STDP on cerebral microvascular endothelial damage induced by ischemic stroke and to elucidate the underlying mechanism involved. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) technique was employed to established ischemic stroke model in mice. The therapeutic efficacy of STDP on cerebral microvascular function was assessed through laser speckle contrast imaging, behavioral assays, and histological evaluations. Biochemical markers in the brain tissue, including GSH, SOD, MDA, and ROS, were quantified using specific assay kits. In vitro study, oxygen-glucose deprivation and reperfusion (OGD/R) was performed in bEnd.3 cells. The cytoprotective potential of STDP was then evaluated by measuring cell viability, LDH activity, endothelial permeability, and oxidative stress parameters. Important targets in critical pathway were verified by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence both in mice brain slices and bEnd.3 cells. RESULTS: STDP decrease brain infarct size, repaired microvascular cerebral blood flow and attenuated neurological deficiency in MCAO/R mice. Moreover, STDP abolished MCAO/R-induced oxidative stress which was reflected by rescuing GSH content, restoration of SOD activity and T-AOC, reduction of MDA and ROS. Ex vivo, STDP increased cerebral microvascular endothelial cells viability, abolished oxidative stress and decreased their permeability after ODG/R. Mechanistically, STDP significantly suppressed endothelial ROS-TXNIP mediated the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION: STDP improves ischemic stroke-induced cerebral microcirculatory deficits by regulating cerebral microvascular endothelial ROS/TXNIP/NLRP3 signaling pathway.

Exploring the synergistic pharmacological mechanism of Huoxiang Drink against irritable bowel syndrome by integrated data mining and network pharmacology.

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is the most common functional gastrointestinal disorder, characterized by abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel habits. Huoxiang Drink (HD), derived from traditional Chinese medicine, has been reported to effectively treat digestive disorders caused by external cold and internal dampness. However, the pharmaceutical targets and mechanisms for HD against IBS remain unclear. Data mining, bioinformatics analysis, and network pharmacology were employed to explore the potential pharmacological mechanisms of HD against IBS. In this study, we screened 50 core targets to investigate the pharmacological mechanisms of HD against IBS. Enrichment analysis revealed that HD may participate in various signaling pathways, especially the inflammation-related tumor necrosis factor, signaling pathway and hypoxia-inducible factor signaling pathway. Molecular docking results confirmed that MOL000098 (Quercetin), MOL000006 (Luteolin), MOL005828 (Nobiletin), MOL005916 (Irisolidone), and MOL004328 (Naringenin), as key active ingredients in HD, bound to core targets (tumor protein P53, tumor necrosis factor, matrix metalloproteinases 9, and vascular endothelial growth factor-A) for topical treatment of IBS. This study suggested that HD offered a potential therapeutic strategy against IBS. Our findings may facilitate the efficient screening of active ingredients in HD and provide a theoretical basis for further validating the clinical therapeutic effects of HD on treating IBS.

Associations between IGFBP1 gene polymorphisms and the risk of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction.

IGFBP1 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia (PE), but the association between single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of IGFBP1 gene and PE susceptibility has not yet been determined. In our study, 229 women with PE and 361 healthy pregnant (non-PE) women were enrolled to investigate its association via TaqMan genotyping assay. In addition, the protein levels of IGFBP1 under different genotypes were explored by ELISA and IHC. We found that IGFBP1 SNP rs1065780A > G was associated with an decreased risk for PE. Women with GG (P = 0.027) or AG (Padj. = 0.023) genotype manifested a significantly lower risk for PE compared to women with AA genotype. In PE group, women carrying G allele exhibited greater fetal birth weight, lower diastolic BP, and lower levels of ALT and AST. The G genotype was found significantly less frequently in the severe preeclampsia (SPE) group than in the non-PE group (GG vs. AA, P = 0.007; G vs. A, P = 0.006). Additionally, women in the PE group who experienced fetal growth restriction (FGR) reflected a lower level of the allele G than did the non-FGR group (P = 0.032); this was not the case for the non-PE group.Rs1065780A>G elevated IGFBP1 protein level in plasma and decidua in PE group. In conclusion Chinese Han women with the SNP IGFBP1 rs1065780 occupied by G exhibited a lower risk of developing PE relative to women with the A genotype and augured for improved pregnancy outcomes through elevation of IGFBP1 protein level.

Genetic Variations in Angiotensinogen Gene and Risk of Preeclampsia: A Pilot Study.

Preeclampsia (PE) is a typical hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) which can cause substantial morbidity and mortality in both pregnant women and fetuses. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) genes are the main HDP-causing genes, and Angiotensinogen (AGT) as the initial substrate can directly reflect the activity of the entire RAS. However, the association between AGT SNPs and PE risk has rarely been confirmed. This study was carried out to determine whether AGT SNPs could affect the risk of PE in 228 cases and 358 controls. The genotyping result revealed that the AGT rs7079 TT carrier was related to increased PE risk. Further stratified analysis illustrated that the rs7079 TT genotype significantly increased the PE risk in subgroups of Age < 35, BMI < 25, Albumin (ALB) ≥ 30 and Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) < 30. These findings demonstrated that the rs7079 might be a promising candidate SNP strongly associated with PE susceptibility.

Simultaneous quantification of 24 aldehydes and ketones in oysters (Crassostrea gigas) with different thermal processing procedures by HPLC-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry.

Aldehydes and ketones are secondary oxidation products resulting from lipid oxidation that occurs during food processing. These small molecule compounds not only have an impact on the quality, odor and flavor of food, but also play a role in the pathogenesis of many human diseases. In this study, a HPLC-MS/MS analytical method was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of 24 aldehydes and ketones. The coefficients of determination (R2) for all aldehydes and ketones were higher than 0.9975 at the range of 0.2-2000 ng/mL. The recoveries were in the range 71.20-108.13% with RSD < 10%. The method was tested by analyzing lipids from oysters with different thermal processing (boiling, frying, roasting and air frying) procedures; the highest concentration for saturated aldehydes and ketones while the highest content of unsaturated aldehydes in boiling treatment. Meanwhile, fatty acid oxidative decomposition was in agreement with aldehydes and ketones formation. Moreover, principal component analysis, orthogonal partial least-squares discriminant analysis and variable importance in projection value showed that lipid oxidation is positively related to the formation of a variety of aldehydes and ketones.

Differences in oxidative susceptibilities between glycerophosphocholine and glycerophosphoethanolamine in dried scallop (Argopecten irradians) adductor muscle during storage: an oxidation kinetic assessment.

BACKGROUND: Phospholipids, the main lipid component in marine shellfish, mainly comprise glycerophosphocholine (GPC) and glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE). GPC and GPE in marine shellfish, especially scallop, carry n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), although different types of glycerophospholipids (GP) have different health benefits on human health. Moreover, different GP subclasses such as GPC and GPE have different oxidative susceptibilities in complex food systems. The present study compared the oxidative susceptibilities of GPC and GPE in dried scallop during storage by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and kinetic models, and also investigated the effects of natural phenolic antioxidant on their susceptibilities. RESULTS: The results showed that GPC and GPE molecular species (carrying EPA or DHA) contents in samples continuously reduced during storage at two different temperatures. The first-order kinetic model better reflected the changes of GPC and GPE molecular species (carrying EPA or DHA) in samples than the zero-order kinetic model during storage. According to the oxidation rate (k) obtained from first-order kinetic models, GPE possessed a greater oxidation rate than GPC during storage. Moreover, the results showed that antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB, polar polyphenolic antioxidants) significantly decreased the oxidation rates of GPC and GPE molecular species (carrying EPA or DHA) in samples during storage, and GPC could be more effectively protected by AOB compared to GPE. CONCLUSION: The present study provides a practical method for accurately evaluating the oxidative susceptibility of different phospholipid classes in complex food systems. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Antioxidant activity and functional properties of Alcalase-hydrolyzed scallop protein hydrolysate and its role in the inhibition of cytotoxicity in vitro.

Three scallop protein hydrolysates (SPH) were obtained by enzymatic hydrolysis of scallop meal by Pepsin, Dispase and Alcalase, respectively. The antioxidant activities of the SPHs were characterized for their free radical scavenging activities through 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)/hydroxyl/2,2' azino-bis-3-(ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) assays, showing at least 60% radicals scavenging activities in samples (10 mg/mL). Moreover, the Alcalase-hydrolyzed SPH (ASPH) was shown to have the highest free radical scavenging activity determined by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR), due to the high proportion of antioxidant amino acids (35.25%) and better solubility. In addition, the ASPH also exhibited promising inhibitory effects (30-40%) against lipid oxidation in emulsifying system and excellent emulsifying and foaming properties. In vitro, the ASPH exhibited protective effects (nearly 20%) against H2O2-induced cytotoxicity probably due to the inhibition of mitochondria-associated generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The ASPH may potentially serve as a high-valued scallop-based food additive with great health benefits.

Formation and disappearance of aldehydes during simulated gastrointestinal digestion of fried clams.

The formation and disappearance of aldehydes during simulated gastrointestinal digestion (SD) of fried clams was investigated in order to shed light on the underlying mechanism. Results from the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) and fluorometric assays using a specific aldehyde probe indicated that the SD (with lipase) of fried clams initially reduced (at the gastric stage), but subsequently increased (mainly at the intestinal stage) the contents of total aldehydes. Meanwhile, eight specific aldehydes including propanal, acrolein, trans-2-pentenal, hexanal, trans,trans-2,4-octadienal, trans,trans-2,4-decadienal, 4-hydroxy-hexenal and 4-hydroxy-nonenal in the digested meal were determined by using a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) method. Results indicated that the changes in the trend of the contents of the eight aforementioned aldehydes were similar to those of total aldehydes during SD (with lipase) of fried clams. However, a similar SD process without lipase time-dependently reduced the contents of total and individual aldehydes. Moreover, lipid classes and free fatty acids (FFAs) in the digested meal were determined to reveal the degree of hydrolysis of lipids during the SD process. Results indicated that the SD (with lipase) of fried clams significantly hydrolyzed triacylglycerols (TAG) and polar lipids (PL) and produced FFAs, but the SD process without lipase resulted in negligible lipid hydrolysis. Thus, our results demonstrated a positive correlation between lipid hydrolysis and aldehyde generation during the SD of fried clams. Alternatively, unsaturated FFAs instead of TAG and PL could have served as the main precursors for aldehyde generation due to their high oxidative susceptibility.

Oxidation kinetics of polyunsaturated fatty acids esterified into triacylglycerols and phospholipids in dried scallop (Argopecten irradians) adductor muscles during storage.

The difference between the oxidative susceptibility of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) esterified into triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) and the effects of polyphenolic antioxidants on such susceptibility in dried seafood were investigated. Lipid fractions containing TAG and PL were extracted from dried scallops stored for various times, and their fatty acid contents were determined. The changes in contents of four representative PUFAs, including α-linolenic acid (ALA), arachidonic acid (AA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) esterified into TAG or PL, were used to fit kinetic models to obtain the reaction rate constant (k), which reflects the oxidation rates of different lipid classes. The results indicated that the oxidation of PUFAs (ALA, AA, EPA, and DHA) esterified into TAG or PL at two storage temperatures (15 °C and 25 °C) followed the first-order kinetic model, and TAG had a greater oxidation rate than PL under the experimental conditions. The results further showed that natural phenolics could effectively inhibit the oxidation of PUFAs esterified into PL and TAG, while retaining the nutritional value of dried scallops during long term storage. Furthermore, PL could be protected by the polar polyphenolic antioxidant better than TAG. This study shows that monitoring substrate loss and using kinetic models of PUFAs esterified into different lipid classes can provide insights into further chemical and nutritional studies on food systems containing complex lipid class compositions.

Impact of different drying processes on the lipid deterioration and color characteristics of Penaeus vannamei.

BACKGROUND: Fresh shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) deteriorates easily and the drying process is an important processing method for prolonging the shelf life of shrimp. The traditional drying method is hot-air-drying (HD), which can cause some problems such as nutrient loss, discoloration and lipid oxidation. In recent years, freeze-drying (FD) has been popular for removing moisture from food at lower temperatures, maintaining the structure of raw materials, and improving storage stability of products. In the present study, the effects of HD and FD on lipid and color of P. vannamei and the mechanisms involved were investigated. RESULTS: FD caused less lipid oxidation compared to HD; consequently, FD-processed shrimps had lower levels of primary and secondary oxidation products, as well as acid value, and higher contents of triacylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid compared to HD-processed samples. Lipase and lipoxygenase played a role in the oxidation and hydrolysis of lipids during drying process. FD-processed shrimps had lower yellowness value and chromatic aberrations but a higher whiteness value compared to HD-processed samples. Correlation analysis showed that lipid oxidation, astaxanthin degradation and the Maillard reaction contributed to the changes of color. Principal component analysis indicated that FD caused less deterioration in quality compared to HD. CONCLUSION: In the present study, FD is recommended for preserving shrimp color and lipid nutrition in terms of lipid oxidation control. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Evaluation of Absorption and Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Tyrosol Acyl Esters in Rats.

Lipophenols are regarded as an emerging source of functional food ingredients. However, little is known about their in vivo digestion, absorption, and metabolism. Thus, the pharmacokinetic characteristics in rat and the gut microbial degradation of tyrosol acyl esters (TYr-Es) with fatty acids of C12:0, C18:0, and C18:2 were investigated for the first time. Major metabolites including tyrosol sulfate and tyrosol glucuronide, rather than the parent compounds, were detected in rat plasma after oral administration of TYr-Es. The increased plasma half-life (T1/2) and mean residence time demonstrated that TYr-Es display a longer duration of action in vivo than TYr, potentially leading to higher oral bioavailability. TYr-Es could be hydrolyzed by the gut microbiota to free TYr, which may result in the appearance of the second absorption peak in pharmacokinetic profiles. Therefore, TYr-Es exhibit improved bioavailability compared to that of TYr because of their prolonged duration of action.

Acerola polysaccharides ameliorate high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease through reduction of lipogenesis and improvement of mitochondrial functions in mice.

Acerola polysaccharides (ACPs) were purified from acerola (Malpighia emarginata DC.), a tropical fruit with strong antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, the biological activities of ACPs have barely been investigated. The present study was designed to investigate the efficacy of ACPs in the treatment of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in C57BL/6 mice. Male C57BL/6 mice were fed with a high-fat diet and treated with different doses of ACPs for 9 continuous weeks. NAFLD was examined in terms of body weight, lipid profiles, liver function markers, and histology. Gene expression was determined by using both qRT-PCR and western blot. Our results showed that administration of ACPs significantly reduced HFD-induced hyperlipidemia and hepatic lipid deposition by inhibiting the SREBP1c pathway in mice. ACP treatment normalized oxidative stress by activating nuclear factor (erythroid-derived-2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and reduced the expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines in HFD fed mice. Furthermore, ACPs reduced uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression, restored mitochondrial ATP content, increased mitochondrial complex I, IV, and V activity, and increased mitochondrial beta-oxidation by stimulating peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) in the liver of HFD-fed mice. Our study indicated that ACPs may be an effective dietary supplement for preventing HFD-induced NAFLD by regulating lipogenesis, reducing inflammation and oxidative stress, and promoting the mitochondrial function.

Effects of temperature and heating time on the formation of aldehydes during the frying process of clam assessed by an HPLC-MS/MS method.

This study aimed at investigating the formation and accumulation of 16 reactive aldehydes in clam (Ruditapes philippinarum) during oil frying in both the tissue and the oil using an HPLC-ESI-MS/MS methodology. After processing, the accumulation of acrolein, crotonaldehyde, pentanal, trans-2-hexenal, hexanal, trans, trans-2,4-heptadienal, heptanal, nonanal, trans, trans-2,4-decadienal and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal was most noticeable in both fried clam and frying oil. Most of the aldehyde species showed a time- and temperature-dependent manner of formation and accumulation during frying due to continuous oxidative degradation under conditions employed. However, several species of aldehyde such as acrolein and trans-2-pentenal slightly decreased at higher temperatures and/or longer frying times, which may be due to the imbalance toward disappearance of aldehydes resulting from their evaporation under the extreme conditions. Presence of natural polyphenols in bamboo leaves significantly prevented the formation of aldehydes in both fried clam and frying oil due to their antioxidant activity (P < 0.05).

Characterization of glycerophospholipid molecular species in muscles from three species of cephalopods by direct infusion-tandem mass spectrometry.

More than 200 molecular species of glycerophospholipids (GP) including glycerophosphocholine (GPC), glycerophosphoethanolamine (GPE), glycerophosphoserine (GPS), lysoglycerophosphocholine (LGPC), lysoglycerophosphoethanolamine (LGPE) and lysoglycerophosphoserine (LGPS), as well as 18 kinds of sphingomyelin (SM) were characterized by using a direct infusion-tandem mass (MS/MS) spectrometry method for lipids from the muscles of cephalopods Sepiella maindroni, Octopus ocellatus and Loligo chinensis for the first time. The majority of the GP molecular species contained long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), especially eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Therefore, cephalopods can be a good possible source of dietary GP carrying n-3 LC-PUFA. The total lipids were composed of phospholipid (PL, 72.29-83.32 wt% of total lipids), cholesterol (12.70-23.60 wt% of total lipids), triacylglycerol (1.86-2.93 wt% of total lipids), diacylglycerol (0.15-1.09 wt% of total lipids), monoacylglycerol (0.06-0.18 wt% of total lipids) and free fatty acid (0.72-1.86 wt% of total lipids). For PL, phosphatidylcholine (44.47-62.30 mol%), phosphatidylethanolamine (22.57-39.08 mol%), phosphatidylserine (6.15-10.18 mol%), phosphatidylglycerol (0.68-3.11 mol%), phosphatidylinositol (2.41-7.15 mol%) and lysophosphatidylcholine (1.84-5.24 mol%) were detected. Furthermore, the total lipids from the muscles of cephalopods Sepiella maindroni, Octopus ocellatus and Loligo chinensis contained 41.80-50.02 mol% of saturated fatty acids, 11.53-21.54 mol% of monounsaturated fatty acids and 36.67-40.82 mol% of PUFA, whilst DHA (15.25-26.71 mol%) and EPA (6.29-16.57 mol%) were found to account for the majority of the PUFA. With these data presented, cephalopod muscle can be considered as a healthy food for humans.

Shelf life prediction and changes in lipid profiles of dried shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) during accelerated storage.

The shelf lives of hot-air-dried (HD) and freeze-dried (FD) Penaeus vannamei were predicted by accelerated storage testing combined with Arrhenius Equation. Meanwhile, the changes in lipid profiles and colour of the dried shrimps during storage were investigated. The predicted shelf life of FD shrimp was more than 1.47-fold than that of HD shrimp. Compared to HD shrimp, FD shrimp had lower levels of oxidation parameters such as peroxide value (POV) and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances value (TBARS) during storage. In addition, FD shrimp had less reduction in lipid components such as triacylglycerol (TAG), phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and all fatty acids including saturated fatty acids (SFA), monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) after storage. Moreover, FD shrimp showed a less significant decrease in redness value and increase in yellowness value. Therefore, FD shrimps have better quality stability during storage and then possess longer shelf life than HD shrimp.

Effects of natural phenolics on shelf life and lipid stability of freeze-dried scallop adductor muscle.

Effects of natural phenolics on the shelf life of dried scallop adductor muscle predicted by accelerated shelf life testing (ALST) combined with Arrhenius model were investigated. This allows the food industries to reliably and rapidly determine the shelf life of dried shellfish species treated with antioxidants. The shelf life of dried scallop adductor muscle treated with antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB) and tea polyphenols (TP) was more than 1.70-fold that of dried control scallop adductor muscle. Thus, the highly nutritional value of dried scallop adductor muscle, based on its lipid constituents, is maintained during storage. OXITEST method further confirmed the improvement of lipid stability of antioxidant treated dried scallop adductor muscle by protecting polyunsaturated fatty acids, especially eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids, against autoxidation. Moreover, the natural phenolics employed effectively limited lipid oxidation by breaking the autoxidative chain reaction and/or inhibiting free radical formation in dried scallop adductor muscle during storage.

Lipid Profile and Glycerophospholipid Molecular Species in Two Species of Edible Razor Clams Sinonovacula constricta and Solen gouldi.

Total lipids were extracted from razor clams Sinonovacula constricta and Solen gouldi, and the molecular species of glycerophospholipid (Gpl) including choline glycerophospholipid (ChoGpl), ethanolamine glycerophospholipid (EtnGpl), serine glycerophospholipid (SerGpl), inositol glycerophospholipid (InsGpl), lysoChoGpl, lysoEtnGpl, and lysoSerGpl were characterized using a direct-infusion tandem mass spectrometric method for the first time. Meanwhile, the lipid class composition and phospholipid (PL) class composition as well as the fatty acid (FA) composition of total lipids, triacylglycerol (TAG), and PL were also investigated. About 238 and 235 molecular species were characterized, respectively, in Sinonovacula constricta and Solen gouldi. The majority of the dominant Gpl molecular species contained n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Also, razor clam lipids contained a high-proportioned PL (52.19-65.41% of total lipids) and PUFA (47.94-54.81 mol%). Furthermore, PL contained a higher proportion of PUFA (63.05-67.13 mol%), especially DHA (20.04-22.47 mol%) and EPA (16.27-21.46 mol%) than TAG (the corresponding values being 33.73-34.45, 11.95-12.27, and 8.13-0.8.99 mol%, respectively). Meanwhile, phosphatidylcholine (44.38-46.21 mol%) and phosphatidylethanolamine (38.84-39.95 mol%) were dominant among PL. In consideration of the high proportion of PUFA-enriched Gpl, razor clam plays a great role in promoting human health.

Mechanism of antioxidant action of natural phenolics on scallop (Argopecten irradians) adductor muscle during drying process.

Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation occurred in Argopecten irradians adductor muscle during hot air drying. Using an in vivo imaging system, we found that antioxidants of bamboo leaves (AOB) could diffuse into the adductor muscle upon marinating. Both tea polyphenols (TP) and AOB efficiently retarded lipid oxidation but had a slight effect on lipid hydrolysis during drying process. The in situ antioxidant mechanisms of AOB as well as TP were revealed, including quenching of free radicals detected by electron spin resonance, chelating metal ions determined by confocal laser scanning microscopy and inhibiting lipoxygenase. Less than 8% of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in AOB and TP marinated adductor muscle were decreased compared to more than 28% decrease in control adductor muscle during the drying process. Overall, these natural antioxidants, TP and AOB, efficiently maintained high nutritive value of adductor muscle, especially, their lipid quality.

Stability of resveratrol esters with caprylic acid during simulated in vitro gastrointestinal digestion.

Lipophenols, esterified phenols with fatty acids, have attracted increasing attention because of their better protective effects in lipid-based food matrices from oxidation. However, little is known about their digestion. In this study, the digestive stability of resveratrol (RSV) esters with caprylic acid (RCAPs) in a model gastrointestinal digestion system was evaluated. The results demonstrated that RCAPs were relatively stable without hydrolysis in mouth and gastric phases. However, in the intestinal phase, pancreatic lipase rather than phospholipase A2 could hydrolyze monoester and diesters to free RSV. After 120 min of incubation at 37 °C, 53.68% of monoester and 11.36% of diesters were hydrolyzed. However, no hydrolysis of the triester was noticed. Obviously, the level of hydrolysis of RCAPs was negatively correlated with the degree of substitution. Therefore, it was speculated that RSV in fatty acid ester forms could partially be absorbed by intestinal lumen in the form of free RSV.