RESUMO
Exercise can induce brain plasticity. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is a functional neuroimaging technique that exploits cerebral hemodynamics and has been widely used in the field of sports psychology to reveal the neural mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise. However, most existing fNIRS studies are cross-sectional and do not include exercise interventions. In addition, attributed to differences in experimental designs, the causal relationship between exercise and brain functions remains elusive. Hence, this systematic review aimed to determine the effects of exercise interventions on alterations in brain functional activity in healthy individuals using fNIRS and to determine the applicability of fNIRS in the research design of the effects of various exercise interventions on brain function. Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang, and Weipu databases were searched for studies published up to June 15, 2021. This study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. Two investigators independently selected articles and extracted relevant information. Disagreements were resolved by discussion with another author. Quality was assessed using the Cochrane risk-of-bias method. Data were pooled using random-effects models. A total of 29 studies were included in the analysis. Our results indicated that exercise interventions alter oxygenated hemoglobin levels in the prefrontal cortex and motor cortex, which are associated with improvements in higher cognitive functions (e.g., inhibitory control and working memory). The frontal cortex and motor cortex may be key regions for exercise-induced promotion of brain health. Future research is warranted on fluctuations in cerebral blood flow during exercise to elucidate the neural mechanism underlying the effects of exercise. Moreover, given that fNIRS is insensitive to motion, this technique is ideally suited for research during exercise interventions. Important factors include the study design, fNIRS device parameters, and exercise protocol. The examination of cerebral blood flow during exercise intervention is a future research direction that has the potential to identify cortical hemodynamic changes and elucidate the relationship between exercise and cognition. Future studies can combine multiple study designs to measure blood flow prior to and after exercise and during exercise in a more in-depth and comprehensive manner.
RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the correlations between three vascular endothelial growth factor 2 (VEGFR2) gene polymorphisms, +1192C>T, +1719T>A, and -604T>C, and deep venous thrombosis (DVT) in Chinese Han population. METHODS: We conducted a case-control study, between September 2009 and September 2012, in a Chinese Han population with onset of lower extremity DVT. A total of 135 patients were enrolled in the case group and 156 healthy individuals in the control group. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used to detect the genotype and allele frequencies of the VEGFR2 gene polymorphisms +1192C>T, +1719T>A, and -604T>C. Haplotype analyses were conducted with SHEsis program. Logistic regression was used to detect the risk factors of DVT. Outpatient review and telephone follow-up were conducted to analyze the long-term treatment of DVT patients. RESULTS: The allele and genotype frequencies of -604T>C VEGFR2 polymorphism exhibited significant differences between the case and control groups (both p < 0.05). Haplotype analyses showed remarkable differences between the case and control groups in the distribution frequency of TAC and CTT haplotypes in the VEGFR2 gene (both p < 0.05). Logistic regression analysis showed independent correlation between the incidence of DVT and TAC haplotype in the VEGFR2 gene (p < 0.05). In addition, the TAC haplotype may be a risk factor for DVT treatment failure. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that the VEGFR2 gene -604T>C polymorphism and TAC haplotype are associated with DVT, and the TAC haplotype might affect the efficacy of long-term treatment of DVT patients.