Study on gastric digestion behavior of phytase-treated soybean protein: A semi-dynamic digestion method.

The digestive characteristics of plant proteins are crucial for their nutritional value and utilization efficiency. In this study, an in vitro semi-dynamic digestion model was employed to investigate the gastric digestion process of soybean protein after treatment with phytase. The results found that phytase treatment reduced the phytate content in soybean proteins (22.83 ± 0.09 to 8.72 ± 0.07 mg/g), shifted its isoelectric point towards the alkaline range by 1 pH unit, and significantly improved its solubility at pH 4.0. Particularly for protein sample treated with phytase after acid precipitation, the formation of aggregates during digestion was weakened, resulting in a significantly higher digestion rate compared to untreated SPI, with digestion being at least 15 min faster than SPI. This study provides a strategy for preparing soybean protein with faster digestion and weaker clot-forming ability during digestion, which offers insights for the application of soybean protein in clinical nutrition products and specialized medical foods.

Photocatalytic degradation of organophosphorus flame retardants in aqueous solutions: a review and future prospects.

The widespread use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) in industrial and household products increases the risk of their environmental exposure, posing a serious threat to ecosystems and human health. Photocatalytic technology has been widely used in wastewater treatment due to its high efficiency, mild reaction conditions, and robustness. This review summarizes the current status of research on photocatalytic degradation of OPFRs, focusing on the effect of different types of catalysts on the degradation efficiency, the effects of pH, and co-existing inorganic and organic ions. And pH and co-existing inorganic mainly affect the active oxygen and the active surface sites of the catalyst. In addition, toxicological calculations of the intermediates of the degradation pathway using T.E.S.T. and ECOSAR showed that photocatalysis could effectively reduce the toxicity of OPFRs. Development of new photocatalytic materials, in-depth study of the degradation mechanism of different catalysts and flame retardants, and attention to practical applications and toxicity issues can be the development direction of future research.

Body temperature responsive capsules templated from Pickering emulsion for thermally triggered release of ß-carotene.

In recent years, functional foods with lipophilic nutraceutical ingredients are gaining more and more attention because of its potential healthy and commercial value, and developing of various bioderived food-grade particles for use in fabrication of Pickering emulsion has attracted great attentions. Herein, the bio-originated sodium caseinate-lysozyme (Cas-Lyz) complex particles were firstly designed to be used as a novel interfacial emulsifier for Pickering emulsions. Pickering emulsions of various food oils were all successfully stabilized by the Cas-Lyz particles without addition of any synthetic surfactants, while the fluorescence microscopy and SEM characterizations clearly evidenced Cas-Lyz particles were attached on the surface of emulsion droplets. Additionally, the Cas-Lyz particles stabilized emulsion can also be used to encapsulate the ß-carotene-loaded soybean oil, suggestion a potential method to carry lipophilic bioactive ingredients in an aqueous formulation for food, cosmetic and medical industry. At last, we present a Pickering emulsion strategy that utilizes biocompatible, edible and body temperature-responsive lard oil as the core material in microcapsules, which can achieve hermetic sealing and physiological temperature-triggered release of model nutraceutical ingredient (ß-carotene).

Peripheral amyloid-ß clearance mediates cognitive impairment in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a prevalent risk factor for cognitive impairment. Cerebral amyloid-ß (Aß) accumulation, as an important pathology of cognitive impairment, can be caused by impaired Aß clearance in the periphery. The liver is the primary organ for peripheral Aß clearance, but the role of peripheral Aß clearance in NAFLD-induced cognitive impairment remains unclear. METHODS: We examined correlations between NAFLD severity, Aß accumulation, and cognitive performance in female Sprague-Dawley rats. The impact of NAFLD on hepatic Aß clearance and the involvement of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) were assessed in rat livers and cultured hepatocytes. Additionally, a case-control study, including 549 NAFLD cases and 549 controls (782 males, 316 females), investigated the interaction between NAFLD and LRP-1 rs1799986 polymorphism on plasma Aß levels. FINDINGS: The severity of hepatic steatosis and dysfunction closely correlated with plasma and cerebral Aß accumulations and cognitive deficits in rats. The rats with NAFLD manifested diminished levels of LRP-1 and Aß in liver tissue, with these reductions inversely proportional to plasma and cerebral Aß concentrations and cognitive performance. In vitro, exposure of HepG2 cells to palmitic acid inhibited LRP-1 expression and Aß uptake, which was subsequently reversed by a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) agonist. The case-control study revealed NAFLD to be associated with an increment of 8.24% and 10.51% in plasma Aß40 and Aß42 levels, respectively (both P < 0.0001). Moreover, the positive associations between NAFLD and plasma Aß40 and Aß42 levels were modified by the LRP-1 rs1799986 polymorphism (P for interaction = 0.0017 and 0.0015, respectively). INTERPRETATION: LRP-1 mediates the adverse effect of NAFLD on peripheral Aß clearance, thereby contributing to cerebral Aß accumulation and cognitive impairment in NAFLD. FUNDING: Major International (Regional) Joint Research Project, National Key Research and Development Program of China, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and the Angel Nutrition Research Fund.

DNA Adjuvant Hydrogel-Optimized Enzymatic Cascade Reaction for Tumor Chemodynamic-Immunotherapy.

Chemodynamic therapy (CDT) shows immense potential in cancer treatment as it not only directly kills tumor cells but also induces anti-tumor immune responses. However, the efficacy of CDT is hampered by challenges in targeting CDT catalysts specifically to tumors using nanomaterials, along with the limitations of low H2 O2 levels and short catalyst duration within the tumor microenvironment. In this study, DNA adjuvant hydrogel to arrange a glucose oxidase-ferrocene cascade for continuously generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) from glucose in situ for tumor CDT combined with immunotherapy is employed. By precisely tuning the catalyst spacing with DNA double helix, ROS production efficiency is elevated by up to nine times compared to free catalysts, resulting in stronger immunogenetic cell death. Upon intratumoral injection, the DNA hydrogel system elicited potent anti-tumor immune responses, thereby effectively inhibiting established tumors and rejecting re-challenged tumors. This work offers a novel platform for integrated CDT and immunotherapy in cancer treatment.

Rapid and efficient generation of a transplantable population of functional retinal ganglion cells from fibroblasts.

Glaucoma and other optic neuropathies lead to progressive and irreversible vision loss by damaging retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and their axons. Cell replacement therapy is a potential promising treatment. However, current methods to obtain RGCs have inherent limitations, including time-consuming procedures, inefficient yields and complex protocols, which hinder their practical application. Here, we have developed a straightforward, rapid and efficient approach for directly inducing RGCs from mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) using a combination of triple transcription factors (TFs): ASCL1, BRN3B and PAX6 (ABP). We showed that on the 6th day following ABP induction, neurons with molecular characteristics of RGCs were observed, and more than 60% of induced neurons became iRGCs (induced retinal ganglion cells) in the end. Transplanted iRGCs had the ability to survive and appropriately integrate into the RGC layer of mouse retinal explants and N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA)-damaged retinas. Moreover, they exhibited electrophysiological properties typical of RGCs, and were able to regrow dendrites and axons and form synaptic connections with host retinal cells. Together, we have established a rapid and efficient approach to acquire functional RGCs for potential cell replacement therapy to treat glaucoma and other optic neuropathies.

Association between a high triglyceride-glucose index and chronic kidney disease in adult patients with latent autoimmune diabetes.

BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance (IR) is one of the risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD) and diabetes. The triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index is considered a reliable alternative marker of IR. We investigated the correlation between the TyG index and the severity of CKD in patients with latent autoimmune diabetes in adults (LADA). METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 288 patients with LADA in the department of endocrinology at our hospital between January 2018 and January 2022. The TyG index was calculated as Ln [TG (mg/dl) × fasting blood glucose (FBG) (mg/dl) / 2]. All individuals were divided into either a LADA + CKD group or a LADA + non-CKD group according to the presence or absence of CKD. A correlation analysis, logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristics curve analysis were performed. RESULTS: A total of 130 (45.1%) participants were identified as having CKD. Compared with the non-CKD group, the CKD group had a longer disease duration and a higher proportion of smokers; patients were more likely to have hypertension and higher serum creatinine, triglyceride, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, FBG, uric acid estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) and TyG levels as well as lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (all P < 0.05). The positive relationship between the TyG index and the urinary albumin/creatinine ratio was significant (r = 0.249, P = 0.010). There was also a significant correlation between the TyG index and the eGFR (r = - 0.211, P = 0.034) after adjusting for confounding factors. The area-under-the-curve value of the TyG index was 0.708 (95% confidence interval: 0.61-0.81, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The TyG index is significantly associated with the severity of CKD in patients with LADA. This conclusion supports the clinical application of the TyG index for the assessment of kidney disease in patients with LADA.

The role of peripheral ß-amyloid in insulin resistance, insulin secretion, and prediabetes: in vitro and population-based studies.

Background: Previous experimental studies have shown that mice overexpressing amyloid precursor protein, in which ß-amyloid (Aß) is overproduced, exhibit peripheral insulin resistance, pancreatic impairment, and hyperglycemia. We aimed to explore the effects of Aß on insulin action and insulin secretion in vitro and the association of plasma Aß with prediabetes in human. Methods: We examined the effects of Aß40 and Aß42 on insulin-inhibited glucose production in HepG2 cells, insulin-promoted glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes, and insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. Furthermore, we conducted a case-control study (N = 1142) and a nested case-control study (N = 300) within the prospective Tongji-Ezhou cohort. Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for prediabetes were estimated by using conditional logistic regression analyses. Results: In the in vitro studies, Aß40 and Aß42 dose-dependently attenuated insulin-inhibited glucose production in HepG2 cells, insulin-promoted glucose uptake in C2C12 myotubes, and basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in INS-1 cells. In the case-control study, plasma Aß40 (adjusted OR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.34, 3.01) and Aß42 (adjusted OR: 1.94; 95% CI: 1.33, 2.83) were positively associated with prediabetes risk when comparing the extreme quartiles. In the nested case-control study, compared to the lowest quartile, the highest quartile of plasma Aß40 and Aß42 were associated with 3.51-fold (95% CI: 1.61, 7.62) and 2.75-fold (95% CI: 1.21, 6.22) greater odds of prediabetes, respectively. Conclusion: Elevated plasma Aß40 and Aß42 levels were associated with increased risk of prediabetes in human subjects, which may be through impairing insulin sensitivity in hepatocytes and myotubes and insulin secretion in pancreatic ß-cells.

Effect of synbiotic supplementation on immune parameters and gut microbiota in healthy adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.

Synbiotics are increasingly used by the general population to boost immunity. However, there is limited evidence concerning the immunomodulatory effects of synbiotics in healthy individuals. Therefore, we conducted a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study in 106 healthy adults. Participants were randomly assigned to receive either synbiotics (containing Bifidobacterium lactis HN019 1.5 × 108 CFU/d, Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 7.5 × 107 CFU/d, and fructooligosaccharide 500 mg/d) or placebo for 8 weeks. Immune parameters and gut microbiota composition were measured at baseline, mid, and end of the study. Compared to the placebo group, participants receiving synbiotic supplementation exhibited greater reductions in plasma C-reactive protein (P = 0.088) and interferon-gamma (P = 0.008), along with larger increases in plasma interleukin (IL)-10 (P = 0.008) and stool secretory IgA (sIgA) (P = 0.014). Additionally, synbiotic supplementation led to an enrichment of beneficial bacteria (Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Collinsella) and several functional pathways related to amino acids and short-chain fatty acids biosynthesis, whereas reduced potential pro-inflammatory Parabacteroides compared to baseline. Importantly, alternations in anti-inflammatory markers (IL-10 and sIgA) were significantly correlated with microbial variations triggered by synbiotic supplementation. Stratification of participants into two enterotypes based on pre-treatment Prevotella-to-Bacteroides (P/B) ratio revealed a more favorable effect of synbiotic supplements in individuals with a higher P/B ratio. In conclusion, this study suggested the beneficial effects of synbiotic supplementation on immune parameters, which were correlated with synbiotics-induced microbial changes and modified by microbial enterotypes. These findings provided direct evidence supporting the personalized supplementation of synbiotics for immunomodulation.

Dynamic pruning group equivariant network for motor imagery EEG recognition.

Introduction: The decoding of the motor imaging electroencephalogram (MI-EEG) is the most critical part of the brain-computer interface (BCI) system. However, the inherent complexity of EEG signals makes it challenging to analyze and model them. Methods: In order to effectively extract and classify the features of EEG signals, a classification algorithm of motor imagery EEG signals based on dynamic pruning equal-variant group convolutional network is proposed. Group convolutional networks can learn powerful representations based on symmetric patterns, but they lack clear methods to learn meaningful relationships between them. The dynamic pruning equivariant group convolution proposed in this paper is used to enhance meaningful symmetric combinations and suppress unreasonable and misleading symmetric combinations. At the same time, a new dynamic pruning method is proposed to dynamically evaluate the importance of parameters, which can restore the pruned connections. Results and Discussion: The experimental results show that the pruning group equivariant convolution network is superior to the traditional benchmark method in the benchmark motor imagery EEG data set. This research can also be transferred to other research areas.

Neural cell isolation from adult macaques for high-throughput analyses and neurosphere cultures.

The low number of neural progenitor cells (NPCs) present in the adult and aged primate brains represents a challenge for generating high-yield and viable in vitro cultures of primary brain cells. Here we report a step-by-step approach for the fast and reproducible isolation of high-yield and viable primary brain cells, including mature neurons, immature cells and NPCs, from adult and aged macaques. We describe the anesthesia, transcardial perfusion and brain tissue preparation; the subsequent microdissection of the regions of interest and their enzymatic dissociation, leading to the separation of single cells. The cell isolation steps of our protocol can also be used for routine cell culturing, in particular for NPC expansion and differentiation, suitable for studies of hippocampal neurogenesis in the adult macaque brain. The purified primary brain cells are largely free from myelin debris and erythrocytes, paving the way for multiple downstream applications in vitro and in vivo. When combined with single-cell profiling techniques, this approach allows an unbiased and comprehensive mapping of cell states in the adult and aged macaque brain, which is needed to advance our understanding of human cognitive and neurological diseases. The neural cell isolation protocol requires 4 h and a team of four to six users with expertize in primary brain cell isolation to avoid tissue hypoxia during the time-sensitive steps of the procedure.

Linarin Ameliorates Diabetic Liver Injury by Alleviating Oxidative Stress and Inflammation through the Inhibition of AKR1B1.

AIMS: The study aims to find a new functional additive for diabetic liver injury. BACKGROUND: It is well-established that type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic disease with multiple complications and places a significant health and economic burden on modern society. Linarin is a natural flavonoid isolated from Asteraceae and Lamiaceae, which has beneficial effects in preventing and treating metabolic diseases such as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and diabetes. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to investigate the pharmacological effect and underlying mechanism of linarin on T2DM-associated liver injury in vivo and in vitro. METHODS: Using a high-glucose and high-palmitic acid-induced hepatocyte injury model and a type 2 diabetic rat model. Following linarin treatment, serum biochemical parameters, liver histology, and lipid profiles of rats were examined. Oxidative stress index and inflammatory response were detected in vivo and in vitro. The expression level of AKR1B1 in rat liver tissues and in vitro cells was detected by western blot and by real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. RESULTS: The present study found that linarin could prevent oxidative stress and inflammation. In high-fat-fed diabetic rats, linarin administration (15, 30, and 60 mg/kg/day) reduced hepatic lipid accumulation, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Linarin (20 µM) significantly alleviated oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis induced by high glucose combined with palmitic acid in LX-2 cells. Western blotting and overexpression experiments showed that these effects were related to AKR1B1 inhibition in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that linarin could protect against liver injury in T2DM by alleviating oxidative stress and inflammation mediated by AKR1B1 and may be a promising additive for diabetic liver injury therapy.

Natural Compounds with Aldose Reductase (AR) Inhibition: A Class of Medicative Agents for Fatty Liver Disease.

Fatty liver disease (FLD), which includes both non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic fatty liver disease (ALD), is a worldwide health concern. The etiology of ALD is long-term alcohol consumption, while NAFLD is defined as an abnormal amount of lipid present in liver cells, which is not caused by alcohol intake and has recently been identified as a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome (such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, hypertension, and obesity). Inflammation, oxidative stress, and lipid metabolic dysregulation are all known to play a role in FLD progression. Alternative and natural therapies are desperately needed to treat this disease since existing pharmaceuticals are mostly ineffective. The aldose reductase (AR)/polyol pathway has recently been shown to play a role in developing FLD by contributing to inflammation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and fat accumulation. Herein, we review the effects of plantderived compounds capable of inhibiting AR in FLD models. Natural AR inhibitors have been found to improve FLD in part by suppressing inflammation, oxidative stress, and steatosis via the regulation of several critical pathways, including the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) pathway, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) pathway, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway, etc. This review revealed that natural compounds with AR inhibitory effects are a promising class of therapeutic agents for FLD.

A privacy-preserving blockchain-based tracing model for virus-infected people in cloud.

The outbreak of COVID-19 has exposed the privacy of positive patients to the public, which will lead to violations of users' rights and even threaten their lives. A privacy-preserving scheme involving virus-infected positive patients is proposed by us. The traditional ciphertext policy attribute-based encryption (CP-ABE) has the features of enhanced plaintext security and fine-grained access control. However, the encryption process requires the high computational performance of the device, which puts a high strain on resource-limited devices. After semi-honest users successfully decrypt the data, they will get the real private data, which will cause serious privacy leakage problems. Traditional cloud-based data management architectures are extremely vulnerable in the face of various cyberattacks. To address the above challenges, a verifiable ABE scheme based on blockchain and local differential privacy is proposed, using LDP to perturb the original data locally to a certain extent to resist collusion attacks, outsourcing encryption and decryption to corresponding service providers to reduce the pressure on mobile terminals, and deploying smart contracts in combination with blockchain for fair execution by all parties to solve the problem of returning wrong search results in a semi-honest cloud server. Detailed security proofs are performed through the defined security goals, which shows that the proposed scheme is indeed privacy-protective. The experimental results show that the scheme is optimized in terms of data accuracy, computational overhead, storage performance, and fairness. In terms of efficiency, it greatly reduces the local load, enhances personal privacy protection, and has high practicality as well as reliability. As far as we know, it is the first case of applying the combination of LDP technology and blockchain to a tracing system, which not only mitigates poisoning attacks on user data, but also improves the accuracy of the data, thus making it easier to identify infected contacts and making a useful contribution to health prevention and control efforts.

Construction of a Competitive Endogenous RNA Network Related to Exosomes in Diabetic Retinopathy.

BACKGROUND: The competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) network plays an important role in the occurrence and development of a variety of diseases. This study aimed to construct a ceRNA network related to exosomes in diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODS: We explored the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and then analyzed the RNAs of samples to obtain differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs), miRNAs (DEMs) and mRNAs (DEGs) alongside the progress of DR. Next, Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) analysis of DEGs, Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis of up-DEGs were performed. In addition, a ceRNA network related to exosomes in DR was constructed on the base of DELs, DEMs and DEGs. Finally, the function of the ceRNA network was explored by GO and KEGG enrichment analysis. RESULTS: Through our analysis, 267 DELs (93 up and 174 down), 114 DEMs (64 up and 50 down) and 2368 DEGs (1252 up and 1116 down) were screened. The GSEA analysis results show that these genes were mainly related to cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, hippo signaling pathway and JAK-STAT signaling pathway. The GO and KEGG results show that these up-DEGs were mainly enriched in viral gene expression, components of ribosomes, mineral absorption, Wntprotein binding, and TGF-ß signaling pathway. Besides, a ceRNA network, including 15 lncRNAs (e.g., C1orf145, FGF14-IT1, and PRNT), 3 miRNAs (miR-10a-5p, miR-1297 and miR-507) and 11 mRNAs (NCOR2, CHAC1 and LIX1L, etc.) was constructed. Those 5 lncRNAs were up-regulated, 1 miRNA was down-regulated and 5 mRNAs were up-regulated in DR, while 10 lncRNAs were downregulated, 2 miRNAs were up-regulated and 6 mRNAs were down-regulated in DR. CONCLUSION: The novel ceRNA network that we constructed will provide new insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of exosomes in DR.

A Bridge-Linked Phosphorus-Containing Flame Retardant for Endowing Vinyl Ester Resin with Low Fire Hazard.

The high flammability of vinyl ester resin (VE) significantly limits its widespread application in the fields of electronics and aerospace. A new phosphorus-based flame retardant 6,6'-(1-phenylethane-1,2 diyl) bis (dibenzo[c,e][1,2]oxaphosphinine 6-oxide) (PBDOO), was synthesized using 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and acetophenone. The synthesized PBDOO was further incorporated with VE to form the VE/PBDOO composites, which displayed an improved flame retardancy with higher thermal stability. The structure of PBDOO was investigated using Fourier transformed infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonances (NMR). The thermal stability and flame retardancy of VE/PBDOO composites were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), vertical burn test (UL-94), limiting oxygen index (LOI), and cone calorimetry. The impacts of PBDOO weight percentage (wt%) on the flame-retardant properties of the formed VE/PBDOO composites were also examined. When applying 15 wt% PBDOO, the formed VE composites can meet the UL-94 V-0 rating with a high LOI value of 31.5%. The peak heat release rate (PHRR) and the total heat release (THR) of VE loaded 15 wt% of PBDOO decreased by 76.71% and 40.63%, respectively, compared with that of untreated VE. In addition, the flame-retardant mechanism of PBDOO was proposed by analyzing pyrolysis behavior and residual carbon of VE/PBDOO composites. This work is expected to provide an efficient method to enhance the fire safety of VE.

Aptamer-based biosensing through the mapping of encoding upconversion nanoparticles for sensitive CEA detection.

A sensitive detection system based on aptamer-based biosensors for the detection of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) by mapping encoding upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) was constructed. In this sensor, oligonucleotides with CEA aptamer fragments immobilized on magnetic beads (MBs) were hybridized to complementary DNA modified on UCNPs (cDNA-UCNPs); thus, sandwich-structured probes were formed. In the presence of CEA, due to the stronger interaction between the aptamer and CEA than that of the aptamer and complementary DNA on UCNPs, the cDNA-UCNPs were isolated from the MBs, and the number of isolated UCNPs was directly related to the concentration of CEA. Using an inverted fluorescence microscope, the number of target-dependent UCNPs on a glass slide was counted, enabling the accurate determination of CEA in the solution. The dynamic range for CEA detection in PBS buffer was 0.02-6.0 ng mL-1 (0.1-30 pM) and a limit of detection (LOD) of 65 fM was achieved. We envisage that the system we developed can also have many promising applications in the sensitive detection of other biomarkers for early cancer diagnosis.

Glucose-sensing glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamus regulate glucose metabolism.

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) regulates energy homeostasis via activation of the GLP-1 receptors (GLP-1Rs) in the central nervous system. However, the mechanism by which the central GLP-1 signal controls blood glucose levels, especially in different nutrient states, remains unclear. Here, we defined a population of glucose-sensing GLP-1R neurons in the dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH), by which endogenous GLP-1 decreases glucose levels via the cross-talk between the hypothalamus and pancreas. Specifically, we illustrated the sufficiency and necessity of DMHGLP-1R in glucose regulation. The activation of the DMHGLP-1R neurons is mediated by a cAMP-PKA-dependent inhibition of a delayed rectifier potassium current. We also dissected a descending control of DMHGLP-1R -dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve (DMV)-pancreas activity that can regulate glucose levels by increasing insulin release. Thus, our results illustrate how central GLP-1 action in the DMH can induce a nutrient state-dependent reduction in blood glucose level.

Associations of Plasma Fatty Acid Patterns During Pregnancy With Gestational Diabetes Mellitus.

Background: Limited studies have explored the difference of fatty acid profile between women with and without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and the results were inconsistent. Individual fatty acids tend to be interrelated because of the shared food sources and metabolic pathways. Thus, whether fatty acid patters during pregnancy were related to GDM odds needs further exploration. Objective: To identify plasma fatty acid patters during pregnancy and their associations with odds of GDM. Methods: A hospital-based case-control study including 217 GDM cases and 217 matched controls was carried out in urban Wuhan, China from August 2012 to April 2015. All the participants were enrolled at the time of GDM screening and provided fasting blood samples with informed consent. We measured plasma concentrations of fatty acids by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and derived potential fatty acid patterns (FAPs) through principal components analysis. Conditional logistic regression and restricted cubic spline model were used to evaluate the associations between individual fatty acids or FAPs and odds of GDM. Results: Twenty individual fatty acids with relative concentrations ≥0.05% were included in the analyses. Compared with control group, GDM group had significantly higher concentrations of total fatty acids, 24:1n-9, and relatively lower levels of 14:0, 15:0, 17:0, 18:0, 24:0, 16:1n-7, 20:1n-9,18:3n-6, 20:2n-6, 18:3n-3, 20:3n-3, 22:5n-3. Two novel patterns of fatty acids were identified to be associated with lower odds of GDM: (1) relatively higher odd-chain fatty acids, 14:0, 18:0, 18:3n-3, 20:2n-6, 20:3n-6 and lower 24:1n-9 and 18:2n-6 [adjusted odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval) (CI) for quartiles 4 vs. 1: 0.42 (0.23-0.76), P-trend = 0.002], (2) relatively higher n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, 24:0, 18:3n-6 and lower 16:0 and 20:4n-6 [adjusted OR (95% CI) for quartiles 4 vs. 1: 0.48 (0.26-0.90), P-trend = 0.018]. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that two novel FAPs were inversely associated with GDM odds. The combination of circulating fatty acids could be a more significant marker of GDM development than individual fatty acids or their subgroups.

The Predictive Value of Serum Calcium on Heart Rate Variability and Cardiac Function in Type 2 Diabetes Patients.

Background: Cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy (CAN) is common in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), mainly presented as decreased heart rate variability (HRV) which often leads to cardiac death. However, HRV measurement is not convenient in most clinics. Therefore, identifying high-risk patients for CAN in diabetes with easier measurements is crucial for the early intervention and prevention of catastrophic consequences. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, 675 T2DM patients with normocalcemia were selected. Of these, they were divided into two groups: normal HRV group (n = 425, 100 ms≤ SDNN ≤180 ms) vs. declined HRV group (n = 250, SDNN <100 ms). All patients' clinical data were collected and the correlation of clinical variables with HRV were analyzed by correlation and logistic regression analysis. The area below the ROC curve was used to evaluate the predictive performance of serum calcium on HRV. Results: In this study, declines in HRV were present in 37.0% of T2DM patients. Significant differences in albumin-adjusted serum calcium levels (CaA) (8.86 ± 0.27 vs. 9.13 ± 0.39 mg/dl, p <0.001) and E/A (0.78 ± 0.22 vs. 0.83 ± 0.26, p = 0.029) were observed between declined HRV and normal HRV groups. Bivariate linear correlation analysis showed that CaA and E/A were positively correlated with HRV parameters including SDNN (p < 0.001), SDNN index (p < 0.001), and Triangle index (p < 0.05). The AUC in the ROC curve for the prediction of CaA on HRV was 0.730 (95% CI (0.750-0.815), p < 0.001). The cutoff value of CaA was 8.87 mg/dl (sensitivity 0.644, specificity 0.814). The T2DM patients with CaA <8.87 mg/dl had significantly lower HRV parameters (SDNN, SDNN index, rMSSD, and triangle index) than those with CaA ≥8.87 mg/dl (p < 0.01, respectively). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed a significantly increased risk of declined HRV in subjects with CaA level <8.87 mg/dl [OR (95% CI), 0.049 (0.024-0.099), p < 0.001]. Conclusions: Declined HRV is associated with a lower CaA level and worse cardiac function. The serum calcium level can be used for risk evaluation of declined HRV in T2DM patients even within the normocalcemic range.