Parasedimentitalea denitrificans sp. nov., a novel denitrifying bacteria isolated from the Yellow Sea and transfer of Zongyanglinia huanghaiensis and Zongyanglinia marina to the genus Parasedimentitalea as Parasedimentitalea huanghaiensis comb. nov. and Parasedimentitalea maritima nom. nov.

A Gram-stain-negative and rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain CY04T, was isolated from a sediment sample collected from the Yellow Sea. CY04T exhibited the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 98.7 % to Zongyanglinia huanghaiensis CY05T, followed by the similarities of 98.6 %, 98.0 and 98.0 % to Zongyanglinia marina DSW4-44T, Parasedimentitalea marina W43T and Parasedimentitalea psychrophila QS115T respectively. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene and phylogenomic analysis based on genome sequences revealed that CY04T formed a robust cluster with Z. huanghaiensis CY05T, Z. marina DSW4-44T, P. marina W43T and P. psychrophila QS115T. Calculated digital DNA-DNA hybridisation and average nucleotide identity values between CY04T and its closely related species were 22.2-23.7 % and 79.0-81.2 % respectively. Cells of CY04T were strictly aerobic, non-motile and positive for catalase, oxidase and denitrification. CY04T harboured a set of genes encoding the enzymes involved in denitrification. Growth occurred at 10-30 °C (optimum, 20 °C), at pH 6.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 8.0) and with 1-6 % (w/v) (optimum, 2.5 %,) NaCl. The major component of the fatty acids was summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c). The isoprenoid quinone was Q-10. Results of the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular study indicate that strain CY04T represents a novel species of the genus Parasedimentitalea, for which the name Parasedimentitalea denitrificans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CY04T (=MCCC 1K08635T=KCTC 62199T). It is also proposed that Zongyanglinia huanghaiensis and Zongyanglinia marina should be reclassified as Parasedimentitalea huanghaiensis comb. nov. and Parasedimentitalea maritima nom. nov. An emended description of the genus Parasedimentitalea is also proposed.

Genome-based taxonomic classification of the genus Sulfitobacter along with the proposal of a new genus Parasulfitobacter gen. nov. and exploring the gene clusters associated with sulfur oxidation.

BACKGROUND: The genus Sulfitobacter, a member of the family Roseobacteraceae, is widely distributed in the ocean and is believed to play crucial roles in the global sulfur cycle. However, gene clusters associated with sulfur oxidation in genomes of the type strains of this genus have been poorly studied. Furthermore, taxonomic errors have been identified in this genus, potentially leading to significant confusion in ecological and evolutionary interpretations in subsequent studies of the genus Sulfitobacter. This study aims to investigate the taxonomic status of this genus and explore the metabolism associated with sulfur oxidation. RESULTS: This study suggests that Sulfitobacter algicola does not belong to Sulfitobacter and should be reclassified into a novel genus, for which we propose the name Parasulfitobacter gen. nov., with Parasulfitobacter algicola comb. nov. as the type species. Additionally, enzymes involved in the sulfur oxidation process, such as the sulfur oxidization (Sox) system, the disulfide reductase protein family, and the sulfite dehydrogenase (SoeABC), were identified in almost all Sulfitobacter species. This finding implies that the majority of Sulfitobacter species can oxidize reduced sulfur compounds. Differences in the modular organization of sox gene clusters among Sulfitobacter species were identified, along with the presence of five genes with unknown function located in some of the sox gene clusters. Lastly, this study revealed the presence of the demethylation pathway and the cleavage pathway used by many Sulfitobacter species to degrade dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). These pathways enable these bacteria to utilize DMSP as important source of sulfur and carbon or as a defence strategy. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings contribute to interpreting the mechanism by which Sulfitobacter species participate in the global sulfur cycle. The taxonomic rearrangement of S. algicola into the novel genus Parasulfitobacter will prevent confusion in ecological and evolutionary interpretations in future studies of the genus Sulfitobacter.

Construction of rBCG carrying the IL-2-BZLF1 fusion gene and its immunological function.

In this research, a recombinant Bacillus Calmette Guerin (rBCG) vector vaccine carrying a human IL-2 and EBV BZLF1 fusion gene (IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG) was constructed. The IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG construct was successfully generated and stably expressed the IL-2 and BZLF1 proteins. IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG activated the immune system and promoted the secretion of IFN-γ and TNF-α by CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG activated lymphocytes to effectively kill EBV-positive NPC cells in vitro. Additionally, IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG stimulated the proliferation of NK cells and lymphocytes in vivo, activated related immune responses, and effectively treated EBV-positive NPC. The immune response to and pharmacological effect of IL-2-BZLF1-rBCG were explored in vitro and in vivo to provide a theoretical and experimental basis for the prevention and treatment of EBV-positive tumors with an rBCG vector vaccine. KEY POINTS: • rBCG with human IL-2 and BZLF1 of EB virus was constructed • The IL-2-BZLF1 fusion gene was stably expressed with rBCG • rBCG with IL-2-BZLF1 has an obvious immune response in vitro and in vivo.

Zinc and selenium status in coronavirus disease 2019.

We systematically analyzed and attempted to discuss the possibility that deficiencies of zinc or selenium were associated with the incidence and severity of COVID-19. We searched for published and unpublished articles in PubMed, Embase, Web of Science and Cochrane up to 9 February 2023. And we selected healthy individuals, mild/severe, and even deceased COVID-19 patients to analyze their serum data. Data related to 2319 patients from 20 studies were analyzed. In the mild/severe group, zinc deficiency was associated with the degree of severe disease (SMD = 0.50, 95% CI 0.32-0.68, I2 = 50.5%) and we got an Egger's test of p = 0.784; but selenium deficiency was not associated with the degree of severe disease (SMD = - 0.03, 95% CI - 0.98-0.93, I2 = 96.7%). In the surviving/death group, zinc deficiency was not associated with mortality of COVID-19 (SMD = 1.66, 95%CI - 1.42-4.47), nor was selenium (SMD = - 0.16, 95%CI - 1.33-1.01). In the risk group, zinc deficiency was positively associated with the prevalence of COVID-19 (SMD = 1.21, 95% CI 0.96-1.46, I2 = 54.3%) and selenium deficiency was also positively associated with the prevalence of it (SMD = 1.16, 95% CI 0.71-1.61, I2 = 58.3%). Currently, serum zinc and selenium deficiencies increase the incidence of COVID-19 and zinc deficiency exacerbates the disease; however, neither zinc nor selenium was associated with mortality in patients with COVID-19. Nevertheless, our conclusions may change when new clinical studies are published.

The inhibitory effect of rBCG on EB virus-positive tumours using an EB virus fusion gene.

At present, studies have found that latent Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with a variety of human tumours, and a vaccine is not available in this field. In this research, RT-PCR was used to obtain BZLF1 (immediately expressed early antigen Z) and LMP2 (latent membrane protein 2) cDNA from EBV. A ZLP2 fusion gene containing a linker sequence that encoded the polypeptide (Gly4Ser)3 was obtained using the sequence splicing overlap extension method. Then, ZLP2 was inserted into pMV261 cells, and the recombinant plasmid pMV-ZLP2 was transformed into BCG competent cells. After EB virus-positive tumour cell (NPRC18) cancer models were established with C57BL/6 J mice, tumour weight, tumour formation time and mouse survival conditions were analyzed, and flow cytometry was used to analyze the quantities of CD8 + and CD4 + T cells. HE staining was used to detect and analyze lymphocyte infiltration, and statistical analysis was used to analyze the immunological effect of recombinant BCG (rBCG). Compared with the control group, rBCG could significantly prolong the survival time of mice, slow tumour growth and delay tumour formation time. Recombinant BCG exhibits an obvious immune effect in mice and an inhibitory effect on EBV-positive cancer.Key points• AZLP2 fusion gene with BZLF1 and LMP2 of EB virus was constructed.• ZLP2 fusion gene was expressed with rBCG.• rBCG with ZLP2 has an obvious effect on EBV-positive cancer.

Pontixanthobacter rizhaonensis sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from surface seawater of the Yellow Sea, and proposal of Pseudopontixanthobacter gen. nov., Pseudopontixanthobacter confluentis comb. nov. and Pseudopontixanthobacter sediminis comb. nov.

A bacterial strain designated RZ02T was isolated from surface seawater collected from the Yellow Sea in PR China and characterized by polyphasic taxonomy. Cells of strain RZ02T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, catalase- and oxidase-positive rods forming ochre-pigmented colonies. Growth occurred at 7-36 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 1-5 % (optimum, 2 %) NaCl. The major cellular fatty acids (>10 %) of strain RZ02T were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1 ω6c and/or C18 : 1 ω7c), summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω7c and/or C16 : 1 ω6c) and C16 : 0. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, diphosphatidylglycerol and sphingoglycolipid. The genome size of strain RZ02T was 2.79 Mbp with a G+C content of 55.5 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RZ02T was mostly related to Pontixanthobacter luteolus SW-109T and Pontixanthobacter aestiaquae HDW-31T (97.3 and 97.1% sequence similarity, respectively), and formed a phyletic lineage with members of the genus Pontixanthobacter. The phylogenetic analysis based on the up-to-date bacterial core gene sequences confirmed that strain RZ02T clustered within the genus Pontixanthobacter. The average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain RZ02T and P. luteolus SW-109T and P. aestiaquae HDW-31T were 72.8 and 72.9 % and 18.7 and 18.5%, respectively. Based on these evidences, strain RZ02T is proposed to represent a novel species of the genus Pontixanthobacter under the name Pontixanthobacter rizhaonensis sp. nov. The type strain is RZ02T (=KCTC 62828T=MCCC 1K04521T). In addition, based on the results of whole genome analyses, proposals of Pseudopontixanthobacter gen. nov., Pseudopontixanthobacter confluentis comb. nov. and Pseudopontixanthobacter sediminis comb. nov. are also included.

Reclassification of Algibacter wandonensis as a Later Heterotypic Synonym of Algibacter lectus Based on Whole-Genome Sequence Analysis.

The genus Algibacter belongs to the family Flavobacteriaceae of the Bacteroidetes, and all members of this genus were isolated from marine environments. Among the Algibacter species, two members, Algibacter lectus KMM 3902T and Algibacter wandonensis WS-MY22T, were isolated from green algae and sediment around a brown algae respectively. The 16S rRNA gene sequences of these two type strains possess 99.4% sequence similarity. In this study, further studies were undertaken to clarify the taxonomic assignments of the two species. Whole-genome sequence analysis showed that the similarities for other phylogenetic markers are also very high (i.e. 99.9% for gyrB, 99.6% for recA and 99.9% for rpoD). Average nucleotide identity, average amino acids identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization value between A. lectus KMM 3902T and A. wandonensis WS-MY22T are 98.3%, 98.6% and 89.4% respectively, all clearly exceed suggested species delineation thresholds. Furthermore, phylogenetic trees based on sequences of 16S rRNA gene and up-to-date bacterial core gene set (UBCG) consisting of 92 genes provided additional evidence that A. lectus KMM 3902T and A. wandonensis WS-MY22T are very closely related. In addition, a review of their profiles indicated that A. lectus KMM 3902T and A. wandonensis WS-MY22T did not present pronounced differences at phenotypic and chemotaxonomic levels. Based on these evidence, we propose that A. wandonensis should be reclassified as later heterotypic synonyms of A. lectus.

Whole genome analysis calls for a taxonomic rearrangement of the genus Colwellia.

Microbial taxonomy is the foundation of microbiology and rapid advancements in DNA sequencing technologies are providing new approaches to address prevailing questions in this field. The family Colwelliaceae, which currently comprises four genera, is a diverse and globally abundant group of Gamaproteobacteria. Based on 14 publically available genomes of bacteria strains labeled as members of the family Colwelliaceae, phylogenomic analyses were conducted to revisiting the taxonomic status of this family both in the genus and species level. Using genome-based phylogeny as a primary guideline and genome-based similarity indexes including average amino acid identity, percentage of conserved proteins, average nucleotide identity, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization as supplements, the following taxonomic proposals were proposed: Colwellia polaris, Colwellia beringensis, Colwellia sediminilitoris, Colwellia aestuarii, Colwellia chukchiensis and Colwellia mytili should be reclassified into the novel genus Cognaticolwellia; Colwellia agarivorans should be reclassified into the novel genus Pseudocolwellia. Our results constitute a solid framework for current and future taxonomic decisions within this family, which will be helpful for avoiding confusion with ecological and evolutionary interpretations in subsequent studies.

EB virus-positive tumors are inhibited by rBCG expressing hGM-CSF and LMP2A.

For the development of safe and effective EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) vaccines, the Ag85A signal peptide from M. tuberculosis H37Rv was used to construct a recombinant secretory BCG (Bacillus Chalmette-Guérin) plasmid. The Ag85A gene, fused to the EBV LMP2A (latent membrane protein) and hGM-CSF (human granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor) genes, was inserted into the pMV261 vector (secretory BCG plasmid). The expression levels of the hGM-CSF and LMP2A proteins in rBCG (recombinant BCG) were measured by Western blot analysis. Humoral immunity, cellular immunity, and antitumor effects were determined by a series of experiments. The recombinant pMVGCA plasmid effectively expressed GCA (hGM-CSF and LMP2A fusion protein) in BCG after transformation, and the rBCG proteins were recognized by antibodies against hGM-CSF and LMP2A. Six weeks after immunization, the maximum dose of rBCG resulted in antibody titers of 1:19,800 (hGM-CSF antibody) and 1:21,800 (LMP2A antibody). When the effector:target ratio was 40:1, specific lysis was maximal and approximately two times stronger than that in mice immunized with the control. Tumorigenicity was lower in the rBCG treatment group, with a tumor inhibition rate of 0.81 ± 0.09 compared with the control groups. EB virus-positive tumors are inhibited by rBCG expressing an hGM-CSF and LMP2A fusion protein.

Granulocytic myeloid-derived suppressor cells contribute to IFN-I signaling activation of B cells and disease progression through the lncRNA NEAT1-BAFF axis in systemic lupus erythematosus.

Activation of interferon (IFN)-I signaling in B cells contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Recent studies have shown that myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) significantly expand in SLE patients and lupus-prone MRL/lpr mice and contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE. However, the role of SLE-derived MDSCs in regulating IFN-I signaling activation of B cells remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that expansions of MDSCs, including granulocyte (G)-MDSCs and monocytic (M)-MDSCs, during the progression of SLE were correlated with the IFN-I signature of B cells. Interestingly, G-MDSCs from MRL/lpr mice, but not M-MDSCs, could significantly promote IFN-I signaling activation of B cells and contribute to the pathogenesis of SLE. Mechanistically, we identified that the long non-coding RNA NEAT1 was over-expressed in G-MDSCs from MRL/lpr mice and could induce the promotion of G-MDSCs on IFN-I signaling activation of B cells through B cell-activating factor (BAFF) secretion. Importantly, NEAT1 deficiency significantly attenuated the lupus symptoms in pristane-induced lupus mice. In addition, there was a positive correlation between NEAT1 and BAFF with the IFN signature in SLE patients. In conclusion, G-MDSCs may contribute to the IFN signature in SLE B cells through the NEAT1-BAFF axis, highlighting G-MDSCs as a potential therapeutic target to treat SLE.

Litorilituus lipolyticus sp. nov., isolated from intertidal sand of the Yellow Sea in China, and emended description of Colwellia asteriadis.

A Gram-stain negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, oxidase-positive and catalase-weakly positive bacterial strain with polar or subpolar flagellum, designated RZ04T, was isolated from an intertidal sand sample collected from a coastal area of the Yellow Sea, China. The organism was observed to grow optimally at 25 °C and pH 6.5-7.0 with 2% (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain RZ04T was closely related to Colwellia asteriadis (similarity 96.9%) and Litorilituus sediminis (similarity 96.8%), and 94.4-96.4% sequence similarities to other type strains of species of the genera belonged to the family Colwelliaceae. The dominant fatty acids of strain RZ04T were determined to be C17:1ω8c, C15:1ω8c, C16:0 and summed feature 3 (C16:1ω6c and/or C16:1ω7c), and the predominant isoprenoid quinone was determined to be quinone 8 (Q-8). Phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid and four unidentified lipids were determined to be the major constituents of the polar lipids. The genome of strain RZ04T is 4.14 Mbp with a G + C content of 37.4 mol%. A total of 3631 genes are predicted, with 3531 protein-coding genes, 75 RNA genes and 25 pseudogenes. Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic analysis, strain RZ04T is considered to represent a novel species in the genus Litorilituus, for which the name Litorilituus lipolyticus is proposed. The type strain is RZ04T (= MCCC 1K03616T = KCTC 62835T). An emended description of Colwellia asteriadis is also provided.

The Dual Role of Kinin/Kinin Receptors System in Alzheimer's Disease.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive spatial disorientation, learning and memory deficits, responsible for 60%-80% of all dementias. However, the pathological mechanism of AD remains unknown. Numerous studies revealed that kinin/kinin receptors system (KKS) may be involved in the pathophysiology of AD. In this review article, we summarized the roles of KKS in neuroinflammation, cerebrovascular impairment, tau phosphorylation, and amyloid ß (Aß) generation in AD. Moreover, we provide new insights into the mechanistic link between KKS and AD, and highlight the KKS as a potential therapeutic target for AD treatment.

Hepatoprotective effect of capsaicin against concanavalin A-induced hepatic injury via inhibiting oxidative stress and inflammation.

Immune-mediated liver injury plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of liver diseases, which can result from viral infections, autoimmunity, alcohol intake, and drug use. Concanavalin A (Con A)-induced hepatitis is a well-characterized murine model with similar pathophysiology to that of human viral and autoimmune hepatitis. Capsaicin, a selective agonist of the transient potential vanilloid subfamily member 1 (TRPV1) receptor, exhibits anti-inflammatory effects on various causes of inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the effect of capsaicin on Con A-induced hepatitis. Capsaicin (1 mg/kg body weight) was administered by intraperitoneal injection, after which (30 minutes), the mice were challenged intravenously with Con A (20 µg/g body weight). We collected serum for plasma transaminase analysis. Pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and hepatocyte apoptosis were assayed by ELISA and TUNEL, respectively. Liver samples were collected for real-time PCR, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and measuring oxidative stress and myeloperoxidase levels. Activation of splenocytes and hepatic mononuclear cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. Compared with control, the capsaicin-treated group showed significantly decreased aminotransferase levels and markedly prolonged mouse survival. Capsaicin pretreatment also attenuated hepatocyte apoptosis and oxidative stress. Furthermore, tumor necrosis factor-α and interferon-γ levels in serum and liver were significantly suppressed, while the percentage of myeloid-derived suppressor cells increased after capsaicin pretreatment. Our findings indicate that capsaicin pretreatment protects mice from Con A-induced hepatic damage and is partially involved in inhibiting hepatocyte apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory mediators as well as regulating activation and recruitment of intrahepatic leukocytes.

Flavivirga rizhaonensis sp. nov., a marine bacterium isolated from intertidal sand.

A bacterial strain designated RZ03T was isolated from an intertidal sand sample from the Yellow Sea in China and characterised using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain RZ03T were observed to be Gram-stain negative, aerobic, and oxidase and catalase positive rods showing gliding motility and forming yellow colonies. Growth was found to occur at 7-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 6.5-7.0) and with 0.5-5% NaCl (optimum, 1.5-2%). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicates that strain RZ03T clusters within members of the genus Flavivirga of the family Flavobacteriaceae and is closely related to the type strains Flavivirga amylovorans JCM 17112T and Flavivirga jejuensis JCM 17113T (97.9% and 97.5% similarity, respectively). The predominant cellular fatty acids are iso-C15:0, iso-C15:1 G, iso-C17:0 3-OH and iso-C15:0 3-OH and the major respiratory quinone is MK-6. Polar lipids include phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and four unidentified lipids. The genome of strain RZ03T is 4.88 Mbp with a G+C content of 32.2 mol%. A total of 4152 genes are predicted, with 4052 protein-coding genes, 51 RNA genes and 49 pseudogenes. This polyphasic study suggests that strain RZ03T represents a novel species in the genus Flavivirga, for which the name Flavivirga rizhaonensis is proposed. The type strain is RZ03T(= KCTC 62833T = MCCC 1K03615T).

Interleukin-1ß-induced IRAK1 ubiquitination is required for TH-GM-CSF cell differentiation in T cell-mediated inflammation.

Accumulating evidence suggests granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) can function as an inflammatory mediator, but whether GM-CSF-producing CD4+ T cells (TH-GM-CSF) are a distinct T helper cell subset is lacking. Herein we demonstrate that interleukin (IL)-1ß exclusively drives differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells into TH-GM-CSF cells via inducing ubiquitination of IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1) and subsequent activation of the transcription factor NF-kappaB (NF-κB), independent of RAR-related orphan receptor gamma (RORγt) required for TH17 differentiation. In vivo, TH-GM-CSF cells are present in murine Citrobacter Rodentium infections and mediate colitis following adoptive transfer of CD4+ T cells into Rag1-/- mice via GM-CSF-induced macrophage activation. The TH-GM-CSF cell phenotype is stable and distinct from the TH17 genetic program, but IL-1ß can convert pre-formed TH17 cells into TH-GM-CSF cells, thereby accounting for previously reported associations between IL-17 and GM-CSF. Together, our results newly identify IL-1ß/NF-κB-dependent TH-GM-CSF cells as a unique T helper cell subset and highlight the importance of CD4+ T cell-derived GM-CSF induced macrophage activation as a previously undescribed T cell effector mechanism.

T follicular helper cells restricted by IRF8 contribute to T cell-mediated inflammation.

The follicular helper T cell (TFH) are established regulators of germinal center (GC) B cells, whether TFH have pathogenic potential independent of B cells is unknown. Based on in vitro TFH cell differentiation, in vivo T cell transfer animal colitis model, and intestinal tissues of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients, TFH and its functions in colitis development were analyzed by FACS, ChIP, ChIP-sequencing, WB, ELISA and PCR. Herein we demonstrate that intestinal tissues of patients and colon tissues obtained from Rag1-/- recipients of naïve CD4+ T cells with colitis, each over-express TFH-associated gene products. Adoptive transfer of naïve Bcl6-/- CD4+ T cells into Rag1-/- recipient mice abrogated development of colitis and limited TFH differentiation in vivo, demonstrating a mechanistic link. In contrast, T cell deficiency of interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) resulted in augmentation of TFH induction in vitro and in vivo. Functional studies showed that adoptive transfer of IRF8 deficient CD4+ T cells into Rag1-/- recipients exacerbated colitis development associated with increased gut TFH-related gene expression, while Irf8-/-/Bcl6-/- CD4+ T cells abrogated colitis, together indicating that IRF8-regulated TFH can directly cause colon inflammation. Molecular analyses revealed that IRF8 suppresses TFH differentiation by inhibiting transcription and transactivation of the TF IRF4, which is also known to be essential for TFH induction. Our documentation showed that IRF8-regulated TFH can function as B-cell-independent, pathogenic, mediators of colitis suggests that targeting TFH could be effective for treatment of IBD.

Regulation of iNOS on Immune Cells and Its Role in Diseases.

In recent years, there have been many studies on the function of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in experimental animals and humans. This review analyzes and explores the relationship between inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and T cells, macrophages, and dendritic cell et al. differentiation using data based on laboratory research, highlighting recent NOS laboratory research. Our insights into research prospects and directions are also presented.