Description of nasopharyngeal bacterial pathogens associated with different SARS-CoV-2 variants.

The emergence of the coronavirus pandemic facilitated the acquisition of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome, resulting in the appearance of new variants over the past three years. We previously identified several taxa associated with the clinical outcome of COVID-19 disease in a retrospective study involving 120 patients (infected patients and negative subjects). However, little is known about whether the different variants could influence variations in the composition of the nasopharyngeal microbiota. In this study, we used multiplex pathogen-specific PCR to analyse the presence of nasopharyngeal bacterial pathogens from 400 SARS-CoV-2 positive patients (equally distributed in the four SARS-CoV-2 variants studied: B.1.1.7 (Alpha), B.1 0.617.2 (Delta), B.1.160 (Marseille-4), and B.1.1.529 (omicron)). We then compared them to 400 patients who tested negative for all respiratory viruses tested in this study, including SARS-CoV-2. We first observed an enrichment of Staphylococcus aureus (P ≤ .05) and Corynebacterium propinquum (P ≤ .05) in COVID-19-positive patients, regardless of the variant, compared to negative subjects. We specifically highlighted a significantly higher frequency of S. aureus (P ≤ .0001), C. propinquum (P ≤ .0001), and Klebsiella pneumoniae (P ≤ .0001), in patients infected with the omicron variant, whereas that of Haemophilus influenzae was higher in patients infected with Marseille-4 (P ≤ .001) and Alpha (P ≤ .01) variants. Our results suggest that the nasopharyngeal bacterial pathogens have their own specificity according to the SARS-CoV-2 variant and independently of the season. Additional studies are needed to determine the role of these pathogens in the evolution of the clinical outcome of patients.

Use of scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray for urine analysis: A preliminary investigation.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) are powerful tools to study the ultrastructure of numerous specimens and to determine their elemental composition, respectively. However, results have not yet been reported on their application to urine samples in routine clinical laboratory practice. Herein we investigate urine sediment by using SEM and EDX to detect and identify different urine components. A total of 206 urine samples from patients with and without urinary tract infections were analyzed using SEM and EDX. Microorganisms, crystals, epithelial cells, leukocytes, and erythrocytes were targeted in urine sediment samples. The identification of urine components was based on their morphology, size, contrast, and elemental composition. SEM-analysis allowed us to identify and classify microorganisms in urine sediments into the categories of gram-negative bacilli, cluster cocci, chain cocci, gram-negative bacilli, gram-positive bacilli, and yeasts. In addition, various types of epithelial cells such as renal, transitional, and squamous epithelial cells were found. Furthermore, leukocytes and erythrocytes were well identified, with the detection of various morphological forms of erythrocytes, such as dysmorphic and isomorphic erythrocytes. Using SEM-EDX analysis, calcium oxalate was the most frequently-identified crystal (92.0%), with prominent peaks of C, O, and Ca elements, followed by struvite (6%), with peaks of Mg, P, O, and N. These preliminary data suggest that the two complementary SEM-EDX analyses can be used to detect and identify microorganisms and crystals in urine samples. Further studies are still needed to apply SEM-EDX to urine sediment analysis. SEM-EDX analyses provided comparative results with the routine results, with accurate identification, high resolution and deep focus compared to the routine urinalysis SEM-analysis allowed us to identify and classify microorganisms in urine sediments into the categories of gram-negative bacilli, cluster cocci, chain cocci, gram-negative bacilli, gram-positive bacilli and yeasts. SEM-EDX analysis enabled the accurate identification of crystals based on both morphology and elemental composition.

[Multicenter editorial quality control of laboratory request forms in Niger]. / Analyse multicentrique de la qualité rédactionnelle des bulletins d'analyses biologiques au Niger.

Introduction: laboratory request forms (LRF) is a means of communication between the biologist and the clinician. In Niger, to our knowledge, no study focused on the editorial quality of LRF. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the editorial quality and cost of non-compliant LRF in four main hospitals in Niamey and the representation of the CERBA laboratory in Niger. Methods: we conducted a multicenter, cross-sectional, descriptive study over a period of eight months. All LRFs sent to selected laboratories over the study period were included in this study. Results: a total of 5.651 LRFs from 30 different clinical departments were included in this study. The most reported information in the LRFs was: the patient's last name (99.79%), first name (99.65%) and date of prescription (97.45%). On the other hand, the sample date, time, and nature were reported in 0.02%, 0.21%, and 1.68% of the LRFs respectively. Overall, 9.45% of the LRFs complied with the principles of good prescribing. While the bivariate analysis showed that doctors had a tendency to prescribe better than other health workers, multivariate analysis showed that the risk of non-compliance of LRFs was not associated with the prescriber's qualification, the requesting service, and the testing cost. Conclusion: the editorial quality of LRFs is very low in the health structures evaluated. These results highlight the need for effective communication between the physicians and the biologists and a rigorous attitude of laboratory staff regarding the management of non-conformities.

Raoultibacter phocaeensis sp. nov., A New Bacterium Isolated from a Patient with Recurrent Clostridioides difficile Infection.

Strain Marseille-P8396T is a new species isolated from a patient with recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Its optimal growth condition was observed at pH of 7.5, at a temperature of 37 °C after 72 h of incubation on Columbia agar (BioMérieux, France) with 5% sheep blood, under an anaerobic atmosphere. Strain Marseille-P8396T cells are Gram-positive rods, nonspore-forming, and nonmotile. 9-Octadecenoic acid (41.9%), hexadecanoic acid (22.5%), and 11-Octadecenoic acid (11.0%) represent the major fatty acid of strain Marseille-P8396T. The optimal growth condition of strain Marseille-P8396T was observed at 37 °C after 72 h of incubation under an anaerobic atmosphere, pH ranging from 6.5 to 8.5, and salinity of 0.5 to 7.5%. Its genome (Genbank Accession Number NZ_CABDUX000000000) size was 3.86 Mb with 59.4 mol% of G+C content, and 3,124 protein-coding genes. The 16S rRNA gene sequence (Genbank accession number NR_148574.1) of strain Marseille-P8396T shared a similarity of 98.71% with Raoultibacter timonensis strain Marseille-P3277T (Genbank accession number NR_148574.1), currently the most closely related species. However, the OrthoANI and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with Raoultibacter timonensis strain Marseille-P3277T (Genbank accession number OEPT01000000) were 80.15% and 24.6 ± 4.8%, respectively. Taken together, these results clearly demonstrate that strain Marseille-P8396T represents a new species within the genus Raoultibacter described here as Raoultibacter phocaeensis sp. nov. (type strain: Marseille-P8396T=CSUR8396T=CECT 30202T).

Profile of the Nasopharyngeal Microbiota Affecting the Clinical Course in COVID-19 Patients.

While populations at risk for severe SARS-CoV-2 infections have been clearly identified, susceptibility to the infection and its clinical course remain unpredictable. As the nasopharyngeal microbiota may promote the acquisition of several respiratory infections and have an impact on the evolution of their outcome, we studied the nasopharyngeal microbiota of COVID-19 patients in association with baseline disease-related clinical features compared to that of patients tested negative. We retrospectively analyzed 120 nasopharyngeal pseudonymized samples, obtained for diagnosis, divided into groups (infected patients with a favorable outcome, asymptomatic, and deceased patients) and patients tested negative for SARS-CoV-2, by using Illumina-16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) sequencing and specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting pathogens. We first found a depletion of anaerobes among COVID-19 patients, irrespective of the clinical presentation of the infection (p < 0.029). We detected 9 taxa discriminating patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 from those that were negative including Corynebacterium propinquum/pseudodiphtericum (p ≤ 0.05), Moraxella catarrhalis (p ≤ 0.05), Bacillus massiliamazoniensis (p ≤ 0.01), Anaerobacillus alkalidiazotrophicus (p ≤ 0.05), Staphylococcus capitis subsp. capitis (p ≤ 0.001), and Afipia birgiae (p ≤ 0.001) with 16S rRNA sequencing, and Streptococcus pneumoniae (p ≤ 0.01), Klebsiella pneumoniae (p ≤ 0.01), and Enterococcus faecalis (p ≤ 0.05) using real-time PCR. By designing a specific real-time PCR, we also demonstrated that C. propinquum is decreased in asymptomatic individuals compared to other SARS-CoV 2 positive patients. These findings indicate that the nasopharyngeal microbiota as in any respiratory infection plays a role in the clinical course of the disease. Further studies are needed to elucidate the potential role in the clinical course of the disease of M. catarrhalis, Corynebacterium accolens, and more specifically Corynebacterium propinquum/diphteriticum in order to include them as predictors of the severity of COVID-19.

Description of Acinetobacter ihumii sp. nov., Microbacterium ihumii sp. nov., and Gulosibacter massiliensis sp. nov., three new bacteria isolated from human blood.

Blood is precious tissue that is normally sterile. With the aim of diagnosing the cause of bacteremia, three bacterial strains were isolated from three different individuals. Strains Marseille-P7157T and Marseille-Q2854T are Gram-stain positive, non-spore-forming rod-shaped bacteria, while strain Marseille-P8049T is a Gram-stain negative, motile, non-spore-forming and rod-shaped bacterium. The major fatty acids found (>30%) were hexadecanoic acid for strain Marseille-P8049T and 12-methyl tetradecanoic acid for both strains Marseille-P7157T and Marseille-P2854T. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis shows that strains Marseille-P8049 and Marseille-Q2854T have sequence similarity of 96.8%, 99.04%, and 98.3% with Acinetobacter ursingii strain LUH3792 (NR_025392.1), Gulosibacter faecalis strain B187 (NR_041812.1), and Schaalia canis strain CCUG 41706 (NR_025366.1), respectively. In addition, strains Marseille-Q2854T, Marseille-P8049T and Marseille-P7157T shared with their closely related species cited above the following DDH values: 19.5%, 24.4%, and 20.2%, respectively. Based on these phenotypic and genomic findings, we consider that strains Marseille-P8049T (= CSUR P8049 = CECT 30350), Marseille-P2854T ( = CSUR Q2854 = CECT 30120) and Marseille-P7157T ( = CSUR P7157 = CECT 30048) are new bacterial species, for which the names Acinetobacter ihumii sp. nov., Microbacterium ihumii sp. nov., and Gulosibacter massiliensis sp. nov., are proposed.

Urinary microbiota and bladder cancer: A systematic review and a focus on uropathogens.

The higher incidence of bladder cancer in men has long been attributed to environmental factors, including smoking. The fact that the sex ratio of bladder cancer remains consistently weighted toward men despite the remarkable increase in the prevalence of smoking among women suggests that other risk factors influence the incidence rates of bladder cancer. These factors may include the urinary microbiota. In this study, we provide a review of recent literature regarding the association between bladder cancer and changes in the urinary microbiota, with a focus on the potential role of uropathogens in the microbiota and sex in bladder cancer. Four databases were systematically searched up to 31 March 2021 to identify human case-controlled studies that evaluated the relationship between urinary microbiota and bladder cancer. We combined bacterial taxa that were significantly higher or lower in the bladder cancer group in each study in the urine (voided and catheterized) and tissue samples. Findings from sixteen eligible studies were analyzed. The total sample size of the included studies was 708 participants, including 449 (63.4 %) bladder cancer patients and 259 (36.6 %) participants in the control group. When considering only the taxa that have been reported in at least two different studies, we observed that with regards to neoplastic tissues, no increased taxa were reported, while Lactobacillus (2/5 of the studies on tissue samples) was increased in nonneoplastic-tissue compared to neoplastic-tissues at the genus level. In catheterized urine, Veillonella (2/3 of the studies on catheterized urine) was increased in bladder cancer patients compared to the control groups at the genus level. In voided urine, Acinetobacter, Actinomyces, Aeromonas, Anaerococcus, Pseudomonas, and Tepidomonas were increased in the bladder cancer patients, while Lactobacillus, Roseomonas, Veillonella were increased in the control groups. Regarding gender, the genus Actinotignum was increased in female participants while Streptococcus was increased in male participants at the genus level. Regarding potential uropathogens in the urinary microbiota, Escherichia-Shigella provided conflicting results, with both showing higher and lower levels in the bladder cancer groups. However, the family Enterobacteriaceae was lower in the bladder cancer groups than in the control groups. In conclusion, there is no consensus on what taxa of the urinary microbiota are associated with bladder cancer according to the sample type. Findings on the potential role of uropathogens in the urinary microbiota in bladder cancer remain inconsistent. Due to the limited number of studies, further studies on urinary microbiota and bladder cancer are needed to address this issue. Given that all publications concerning the urinary microbiota and bladder cancer have been performed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we propose that polyphasic approaches, including culture-dependent techniques, may allow for a more comprehensive investigation of the urinary microbiota associated with bladder cancer.

Bhargavaea massiliensis sp. nov. and Dietzia massiliensis sp. nov., Novel Bacteria Species Isolated from Human Urine Samples in Nigeria.

Two novel bacteria species designated Marseille-Q1000T and Marseille-Q0999T were isolated from urine samples of patients in Sokoto, Northwest-Nigeria. They were Gram-positive bacteria and belong to two different genera, Bhargavaea and Dietzia. The genome size and G + C content of Marseille-Q1000T and Marseille-Q0999T were 3.07 and 3.51 Mbp with 53.8 and 71.0 mol% G + C content, respectively. The strains exhibited unique phenotypic and genomic features that are substantially different from previously known bacterial species with standing in nomenclature. On the basis of the phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic characteristics, strains Marseille-Q0999T (= CSURQ0999 = DSM 112394) and Marseille-Q1000T (= CSURQ1000 = DSM 112384) were proposed as the type strains of Bhargavaea massiliensis sp. nov., and Dietzia massiliensis sp. nov., respectively.

Repurposing of antibiotics for clinical management of COVID-19: a narrative review.

BACKGROUND: Drug repurposing otherwise known as drug repositioning or drug re-profiling is a time-tested approach in drug discovery through which new medical uses are being established for already known drugs. Antibiotics are among the pharmacological agents being investigated for potential anti-SARS-COV-2 activities. The antibiotics are used either to resolve bacterial infections co-existing with COVID-19 infections or exploitation of their potential antiviral activities. Herein, we aimed to review the various antibiotics that have been repositioned for the management of COVID-19. METHODS: This literature review was conducted from a methodical search on PubMed and Web of Science regarding antibiotics used in patients with COVID-19 up to July 5, 2020. RESULTS: Macrolide and specifically azithromycin is the most common antibiotic used in the clinical management of COVID-19. The other antibiotics used in COVID-19 includes teicoplanin, clarithromycin, doxycycline, tetracyclines, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and cefuroxime. In patients with COVID-19, antibiotics are used for their immune-modulating, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral properties. The precise antiviral mechanism of most of these antibiotics has not been determined. Moreover, the use of some of these antibiotics against SARS-CoV-2 infection remains highly controversial and not widely accepted. CONCLUSION: The heavy use of antibiotics during the COVID-19 pandemic would likely worsen antibiotic resistance crisis. Consequently, antibiotic stewardship should be strengthened in order to prevent the impacts of COVID-19 on the antibiotic resistance crisis.

Deciphering the Urinary Microbiota Repertoire by Culturomics Reveals Mostly Anaerobic Bacteria From the Gut.

Human urine was considered sterile for a long time. However, 416 species have been previously cultured, including only 40 anaerobic species. Here, we used culturomics, particularly those targeting anaerobes, to better understand the urinary microbiota. By testing 435 urine samples, we isolated 450 different bacterial species, including 256 never described in urine of which 18 were new species. Among the bacterial species identified, 161 were anaerobes (35%). This study increased the known urine repertoire by 39%. Among the 672 bacterial species isolated now at least once from urine microbiota, 431 (64.1%) were previously isolated from gut microbiota, while only 213 (31.7%) were previously isolated from vagina. These results suggest that many members of the microbiota in the urinary tract are in fact derived from the gut, and a paradigm shift is thus needed in our understanding.

Whatman FTA cards versus plasma specimens for the quantitation of HIV-1 RNA using two real-time PCR assays.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have compared the use of dried blot spot (DBS) as an alternative to plasma specimens, mainly using Whatman 903 cards as filter paper. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Whatman FTA card (FTA card) specimens for HIV-1 viral load testing compared to plasma specimens using two real-time PCR assays manufactured by Roche and Abbott. METHODOLOGY: A cross-sectional study was conducted between April 2017 and September 2017 on HIV-1 patients admitted to Yalgado Ouédraogo Teaching Hospital. Paired FTA cards and plasma specimens were collected and analysed using the Abbott Real-Time HIV-1 assay (Abbott) and COBAS AmpliPrep/COBAS TaqMan v2.0 (Roche). RESULTS: In total, 107 patients were included. No statistical differences (P>0.05) were observed between the mean viral loads obtained from the FTA cards and those of the plasma specimens using the Roche and Abbott assays. In total, 29 samples with Roche and 15 samples with Abbott assay showed discrepant results. At viral loads of ≤1000 copies ml-1, the sensitivity and specificity of the FTA cards were 78.6 and 100% with Roche, and 92.3 and 95.9% with Abbott, respectively. Both the Roche and Abbott assays showed good correlation and agreement between the FTA cards and plasma values. CONCLUSION: Our study demonstrates the feasibility of using FTA card filter paper for HIV-1 viral load testing. However, further studies will be required for the validation of the use of FTA card filter paper in HIV-1 treatment monitoring.

Management of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis with shorter treatment regimen in Niger: Nationwide programmatic achievements.

BACKGROUND: In Niger, the Shorter Treatment Regimen (STR) has been implemented nationwide for rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (RR-TB), since 2008. No previous publication has shown the results from countrywide programmatic implementation using few exclusion criteria, nor exhaustively assessed the effect of initial resistance to companion drugs on outcomes. METHODS: The National Tuberculosis Programme and the Damien Foundation conducted a retrospective observational study to evaluate the management of RR-TB from 2008 to 2016. Baseline resistance to drugs was assessed phenotypically, complemented by screening the inhA, katG and pncA genes. Cured patients were followed-up for a period of one year after cure. FINDINGS: Among 1044 patients tested for rifampicin resistance, mainly previously treated patients, 332 were diagnosed with pulmonary RR/TB, 288 were enrolled on treatment and 255 started on STR. Six patients received a modified STR. Among 249 patients on standardised STR, 207 (83·1%) were cured relapse-free, eight (3·2%) had failure, 23 (9·2%) died, seven (2·8%) were lost to follow-up and four (1·6%) relapsed. The risk of unfavourable outcome was higher in patients with initial resistance to fluoroquinolones (aOR 20·4, 95%CI:5·6-74·6) and very severely underweight (aOR 3·9, 95%CI:1·5-10·1). Successful outcome was not affected by initial resistance to companion drugs. Serious ototoxicity was reported in eight patients (3·2%). INTERPRETATION: A comprehensive nationwide approach to multidrug-resistant tuberculosis management using the STR was feasible and successful. Outcomes were not affected by initial resistance to companion drugs. Our study confirms the effectiveness and safety of the STR. FUNDING: Damien Foundation and Institute of Tropical Medicine-Antwerp.

Molecular mechanisms of colistin resistance in Africa: A systematic review of literature.

INTRODUCTION: Updated and comprehensive data on the mechanism underlying colistin resistance is lacking in Africa. LITERATURE SEARCH: Herein, we aimed to review available literature on the molecular mechanisms of colistin resistance in Africa. PubMed, Google Scholar, and African Journal online databases were searched on the 15th of January 2020 for original research articles that reported mechanisms of colistin resistance in any of the 54 African countries. REVIEW: Of the 1473 studies identified through initial database search, 36 met the inclusion criteria. Colistin resistance was mostly observed in Escherichia coli isolated from human clinical samples. Plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism (26; 72.2%) was the most frequently reported resistance mechanism. About three-quarters (27; 75.0%) of the 36 studies were done in North Africa. In this zone, the mobilized colistin resistance (mcr) genes were mostly detected in E. coli harboring three plasmid types, IncHI2, IncI2, and IncX4, from animal samples (n=9; 42.8%). Of the six studies performed in Southern Africa, four reported mcr-1 mostly detected from human samples (n=2; 50.0%) in E. coli isolates carrying IncHI2, IncI2, and IncX4 with diverse range of STs. One hitherto unknown mutation, the mutation in the I527N gene was detected in colistin resistant isolates in this region, which was absent in colistin susceptible isolates. In West and Central Africa, two and one studies, respectively, reported mcr-1 gene exclusively in Escherichia coli isolates. CONCLUSIONS: Transferable plasmid mediated colistin resistance is rapidly emerging in Africa with mcr-1 as the predominant genetic variant in human, animals, and environmental samples.

Global trends and current status in colistin resistance research: a bibliometric analysis (1973-2019).

Background: Colistin resistance is a major breach in our last line of defense and without urgent action, we are heading for a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections and minor injuries can once again kill. To the best of our knowledge, the use of the bibliometric analytical technique for examining colistin resistance-related research does not exist in the literature. Methods: Here, we analyze and present bibliometric indicators of the global literature in colistin resistance research. The Scopus database was searched for articles on colistin resistance. The articles retrieved were analyzed using the bibliometrix R-package. Results: A total of 1105 publications were retrieved. There was a noticeable increase in the number of publications on colistin resistance research in the past decade. Six journals made up the core zone in colistin research and produced 35.83% of the published articles. The analysis across time-intervals revealed several keywords that had increased or decreased in usage when comparing the interval between 1973-2009 and 2010-2019. Authors' keywords "Acinetobacter baumanii", and " Pseudomonas aeruginosa" were the most frequent encountered during the period of 1973-2009, while " mcr-1", " Enterobacteriaceae", " Escherichia coli", and " Klebsiella pneumoniae" emerged in the past decade. Conclusions: There has been a significant growth in publications on colistin resistance in the past decade, suggesting an urgent need for action by different stakeholders to contain this threat of colistin resistance. Keyword analysis revealed temporal changes in the types of keywords used across time-intervals. These findings summarize a general vision on colistin resistance research and will serve as baseline data for future comparative purposes.

Laboratory organisation and management of SARS-CoV-2 infection in Niger, West Africa.

BACKGROUND: As the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic unfolds, laboratory services have been identified as key to its containment. This article outlines the laboratory organisation and management and control interventions in Niger. INTERVENTION: The capitol city of Niger, Niamey, adopted a 'National COVID-19 Emergency Preparedness and Response Plan' to strengthen the preparedness of the country for the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2. Laboratory training and diagnostic capacity building were supported by existing active clinical and research laboratories for more rapid and practicable responses. The National Reference Laboratory for Respiratory Viruses located at the Centre de Recherche Médicale et Sanitaire was designated as the reference centre for COVID-19 testing. The national plan for COVID-19 testing is being gradually adopted in other regions of the country in response to the rapidly evolving COVID-19 emergency and to ensure a more rapid turn-around time. LESSONS LEARNT: After the decentralisation of COVID-19 testing to other regions of the country, turn-around times were reduced from 48-72 h to 12-24 h. Reducing turn-around times allowed Niger to reduce the length of patients' stays in hospitals and isolation facilities. Shortages in testing capacity must be anticipated and addressed. In an effort to reduce risk of shortages and increase availability of reagents and consumables, Niamey diversified real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction kits for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 detection. RECOMMENDATIONS: Continued investment in training programmes and laboratory strategy is needed in order to strengthen Niger's laboratory capacity against the outbreak.

Epidemiological and clinical aspects of urogenital schistosomiasis in women, in Burkina Faso, West Africa.

BACKGROUND: Because infections with Schistosoma Haematobium usually peak in childhood, the majority of studies on schistosomiasis have focused on school-aged children. This study aimed to assess the epidemiological and clinical aspects of urogenital schistosomiasis in women in Burkina Faso, West Africa. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a mesoendemic region (Kombissiri) and a hyperendemic region (Dori) for schistosomiasis in Burkina Faso. A total of 287 females aged 5 to 50 years were included in the study. S. haematobium infection was assessed using the urine filtration method and dipsticks were used for the detection of hematuria. Interviews were conducted to identify clinical aspects and risk factors related to urogenital schistosomiasis. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of S. haematobium infection in Dori was 21.3 %, where as Kombissiri was less affected with a prevalence of 4.6 %. The most affected age group was the 10- to 14-year-olds (41.2 %), followed by the 15- to 19-year-olds (26.3 %). Risk factors significantly associated with schistosomiasis (P <0.05) were place of residence, age, contact with open water in the past year, and distance of home to open water. The percentage of participants who had contact with open water was significantly higher among the women living in Dori compared to Kombissiri. Females over 15 years of age showed a significant higher rate of water contact compared to the 5- to 15-year-olds. A significant correlation between schistosomiasis and hematuria was established. Microhematuria showed a sensitivity of 80.6 %, a specificity of 92.7 %, and a positive predictive value of 61.7 %, whereas macrohematuria had a sensitivity of 47.2 %, a specificity of 99.2 %, and a positive predictive value of 89.5 %. The mass distribution of praziquantel in Burkina Faso is well established. However, over half of the participants with schistosomiasis in this study said they took praziquantel in the past 6 months, which indicates a high reinfection rate. This may be associated with a lack of knowledge about the transmission of schistosomiasis. Only 6 % of the participants in Kombissiri and 1.5 % in Dori knew about the correct mode of transmission. CONCLUSIONS: The results of our study indicate that distribution campaigns should be extended from school-aged children to young women. Our data also demonstrate the necessity of combining already established mass distribution campaigns with information campaigns, so that long-term elimination, or at least reduction, of schistosomiasis can be achieved.