Nonacute Subdural Hematoma Evacuation via Rigid Endoscopy System: A Clinical Study.

AIM: We aimed to determine the clinical relevance of a rigid endoscopy surgical method for subdural hematomas previously described in a cadaver study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Between May 2021 and September 2023, 21 patients underwent subdural hematoma drainage using a 0-degree rigid endoscope. Traumatic acute subdural hematomas were excluded. The demographic data of the patients, antiplatelet/ antiaggregant use, perioperative findings, and pre- and post-surgery modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS: The mean age of our cohort was 65.63 (±20.52), and the male/ female ratio was 3.2: 1. The hematoma was unilateral in 90.5% of the patients, and the rate of trauma history was 42.9%. The most common radiological diagnosis was chronic subdural hematoma with septa (61.9%). The percentage of patients with a history of antiplatelet/ antiaggregant therapy was 23.8%. No mortality related to the surgery was observed in the early postoperative period; however, two patients underwent reoperation for further bleeding. The neurological grade was the only preoperative factor that had a statistically significant effect on the mRS score at discharge, with significantly better discharge mRS scores in grade 1 and 2 patients. (p = 0.014) Conclusion: The procedure was found to be safe and feasible, with surgery-related morbidity and mortality within acceptable limits.

A Novel Perspective to Gamma-Knife Radiosurgery for Solitary Meningiomas: Adaptability of Fast Imaging Employing Steady-State Acquisition/Constructive Interference in Steady-State Magnetic Resonance Imaging.

AIM: To compare T1-weighted contrast-enhanced (T1+C) with fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences to protect healthy brain tissue during meningioma treatment with Gamma-Knife radiosurgery (GKRS). MATERIAL AND METHODS: After reviewing the data of 54 patients with solitary meningioma who underwent GKRS between January 2020 and June 2022, demographic characteristics were noted, tumor volumes on T1+C and FIESTA MRI sequences were measured, and sequences were compared. The patients were then divided into two groups according to the presence of invasion to intracranial venous sinuses (groups 1 and 2, respectively). SPSS 11.5 software was used for data analysis, with the level of significance set at 0.05. RESULTS: While no significant age and tumor size differences were observed between groups 1 and 2, sinus invasion was significantly higher among males. Tumor volumes measured in both groups were significantly smaller on FIESTA sequences than on T1+C sequences. CONCLUSION: The T1+C sequence has been the primary imaging method because of meningiomas' high contrast enhancement feature. However, the T1+C sequence during GKRS planning is an effective imaging method in treating meningiomas; FIESTA sequences can more precisely delineate the tumor border. In this study, we consider that using the FIESTA/CISS sequence MRI for planning meningioma therapy with Gamma-Knife can reduce target volume and prevent irradiation of healthy brain tissue.

Applications of enhanced recovery after surgery protocols for unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms in tertiary-level healthcare institutions: a national study.

OBJECTIVE: Enhanced recovery after surgery (ERAS) protocols are standardized perioperative care that reduce patients' stress response during hospitalization and improve hospitalization time, complication rates, costs, and readmission rates. This study aimed to investigate the application rate of protocols for elective craniotomy in the surgery of unruptured anterior circulation aneurysms (AnCAs) at tertiary-level healthcare (TLH) institutions in Türkiye and its effect on the outcomes of the patients. METHODS: An electronic survey was sent to all Turkish TLH institutions (n = 127) between May and June 2023. The number of institutions participating in the survey was 38 (30%). The institutions were subdivided according to three main factors: institution type (university hospital [UH] vs training and research hospital [TRH]), annual case volume (low [≤ 20 aneurysms] vs high [> 20 aneurysms]), and institution accreditation status (accredited vs nonaccredited). RESULTS: Overall, 55.3% (n = 21) of the institutions participating in the study were UHs. The rates of those that were accredited and had a high case volume were 55.3% (n = 21) and 31.6% (n = 12), respectively. It was determined that the accredited clinics applied preoperative protocols at a higher rate (p = 0.050), and the length of stay in the postoperative period was shorter in the clinics that used the intraoperative protocols (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS: The length of stay in the postoperative period is lower in TLH institutions in Türkiye that highly implement intraoperative protocols. Furthermore, this is the first study in the literature evaluating protocols for elective craniotomy in unruptured AnCAs.

Flow diverter stent treatment for unruptured supraclinoid segment internal carotid artery aneurysms: a Turkish multicenter study.

OBJECTIVE: Despite the relatively high success of surgical clipping of supraclinoid segment aneurysms of the internal carotid artery (ICA), flow diverter (FD) stent therapy is becoming increasingly used for these aneurysms. This study aims to evaluate the characteristics of FD placement for unruptured ICA supraclinoid segment aneurysms at 6 different centers with different experience levels in Türkiye. METHODS: In this retrospective, multicenter study, the authors reviewed the demographic information, aneurysm shape/dimensions (neck, aspect ratio, dome/neck ratio, and maximum diameter), preoperative antiplatelet regimen, FD stent brand, perioperative complications, intervention time, clinical (modified Rankin Scale) and radiological (O'Kelly-Marotta [OKM] grading scale) outcomes, and follow-up time of 54 patients. RESULTS: A total of 55 interventions for 61 aneurysms (58 supraclinoid ICA aneurysms) were performed in the 54 patients included in the study. The female/male ratio in this population was 44/10, and the mean age was 53.5 ± 13.6 (range 21-82) years. The most common form and location of the aneurysms were saccular 91.4% (53/58) and ophthalmic segment 69% (40/58), respectively. The preferred antiplatelet regimen was acetylsalicylic acid plus ticagrelor 50% (27/54). The overall complication rate was 25.5% (14/55), and the mean follow-up time was 25.76 ± 17.88 months. The successful radiological outcome (OKM grade C or D) rate at the 6-month follow-up was 92.6%. No perioperative complications led to any permanent or transient neurological deficit. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this first multicenter study evaluating FD stent use for unruptured ICA supraclinoid segment aneurysms showed that FD stent treatment is a feasible method for replacing clipping and coil embolization with manageable complications and a high success rate.

The connectivity-based parcellation of the angular gyrus: fiber dissection and MR tractography study.

The angular gyrus (AG) wraps the posterior end of the superior temporal sulcus (STS), so it is considered a continuation of the superior temporal gyrus (STG)/ middle temporal gyrus (MTG) and forms the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) with the supramarginal gyrus (SMG). The AG was functionally divided in the literature, but there is no fiber dissection study in this context. This study divided AG into superior (sAG) and inferior (iAG) parts by focusing on STS. Red, blue silicone-injected eight and four non-silicone-injected human cadaveric cerebrums were dissected via the Klingler method focusing on the AG. White matter (WM) tracts identified during dissection were then reconstructed on the Human Connectome Project 1065 individual template for validation. According to this study, superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) II and middle longitudinal fasciculus (MdLF) are associated with sAG; the anterior commissure (AC), optic radiation (OR) with iAG; the arcuate fasciculus (AF), inferior frontooccipital fasciculus (IFOF), and tapetum (Tp) with both parts. In cortical parcellation of AG based on STS, sAG and iAG were associated with different fiber tracts. Although it has been shown in previous studies that there are functionally different subunits with AG parcellation, here, for the first time, other functions of the subunits have been revealed with cadaveric dissection and tractography images.

Is It Possible to Get Better Results in Bone Fusion in Laminoplasty Surgery for Lumbar Stenosis? A Novel Autologous Bone Graft Insertion Technique.

AIM: To define a novel autologous bone graft insertion technique, and to evaluate its effects on bone fusion in patients with lumbar stenosis who underwent laminoplasty. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Fifty-six patients and 142 vertebrae that underwent autologous bone graft insertion technique between 2009 and 2018 were analysed retrospectively. Demographic data, comorbidities, and perioperative findings of patients were recorded. The midline anteroposterior (AP) diameter was measured at the bone graft insertion levels, and fusion formation was evaluated with computed tomography (CT) and dynamic X-Ray images. Pain scores were assessed preoperatively with the visual analogue scale (VAS) for both legs and Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) for overall life quality. Scores were re-evaluated on 1 < sup > st < /sup > day, at 3 < sup > rd < /sup > , and 12 < sup > th < /sup > months, postoperatively. RESULTS: Degenerative spinal stenosis was present in 56 patients who underwent autologous bone graft insertion technique. It was found that the diameter of the spinal canal increased by 37% in CT measurements. In postoperative radiological followups, fusion developed in 49 (87.5%) patients. There was a statistically significant decrease in both VAS and ODI scores in the postoperative period when compared to the preoperative evaluations. CONCLUSION: Bone graft insertion technique supports posterior fusion and protects against dural injuries during revision surgery by creating a barrier over the dura. The prevention of epidural fibrosis formation reduces the symptoms of the postlaminectomy syndrome. The fact that this technique does not require fixation material. Therefore, it reduces expenditure and eliminates the risk of complications related to synthetic materials.

Endovascular occlusion of giant serpentine aneurysm: A case report and literature review.

Giant serpentine aneurysms (GSAs) are a rare subgroup of intracranial aneurysms. Separate inflow and outflow flow due to intraluminal thrombosis is the most distinguishing feature of GSAs. In treating these lesions, surgical clipping and ligation were the main treatments in the past, but bypass for revascularisation and endovascular therapies (EVTs) for deconstructive purposes are more prominent today. A 51-years-old male patient presented with headache and mild right hemiparesis. He had a GSA arising from the left fetal type posterior cerebral artery (fPCA) that was out of follow-up for six years. Radiological images revealed midline shifting and mesencephalon compression. We performed endovascular parent artery coil occlusion. The symptoms of the patient improved at the first-month follow-up. Even if there is a mass effect in GSAs, deconstructive EVT is a safe and feasible method for managing these lesions.

The effectiveness of gamma knife radiosurgery for the management of residual high-grade gliomas: A single institutional study.

High-grade gliomas (HGGs) are presently managed via surgical resection, external beam radiation therapy (EBRT), and chemotherapy. Although Gamma Knife radiosurgery (GKRS) is currently used to manage HGGs, it has not been considered standard care. This paper aims to compare the contribution of GKRS to clinical outcomes in patients in which gross total resection (GTR) cannot be achieved. We retrospectively reviewed the data of 99 patients with HGG (World Health Organization (WHO) grade III and IV) from two groups: group 1 consisted of 68 patients for which only EBRT was administered, and group 2 consisted of 31 patients for which EBRT and GKRS were administered. Patient demographic data, the extent of resection, IDH mutation, radiation dosage, progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and follow-up time were recorded and compared across groups. The grade III/IV tumor ratio was 10/58 and 10/21 in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In group 2, PFS and OS were higher than in group 1 (P = 0.030 and 0.021). The mean follow-up time was 15.02 ± 11.8 (3-52) and 18.9 ± 98.6 (7-43) months in groups 1 and 2, respectively. In addition to the standard management of HGGs in patients without GTR, boost GKRS during the early postoperative period is beneficial for increasing PFS and OS.

Is Placing Prophylactic Dural Tenting Sutures a Dogma?

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we investigated if and when dural tenting sutures are necessary during craniotomy. METHODS: Results from 437 patients 18-91 years of age (average, 43.5 years) who underwent supratentorial craniotomy between 2014 and 2019 were evaluated. The patients were categorized into 1 of 3 groups: patients who had at least 3 prophylactic dural tenting sutures placed before opening of the dura (group 1); patients who had at least 3 dural tenting sutures placed after surgery was completed, during closure (group 2); or patients who had no dural tenting sutures (group 3 [control]). All such sutures in groups 1 and 2 were placed in the circumference of the craniotomy and dural junction. No central dural tenting sutures were placed in any of the patients. RESULTS: Among the 437 patients, 344 underwent surgery for the first time and 93 were undergoing a second surgery. Cranial computed tomography imaging was performed for each patient 1 hour, 3 days, and 1 month after surgery. In group 1, 3 patients had a cerebral cortex contusion and 2 patients had acute subdural hematoma after the sutures were placed. In groups 2 and 3, none of the patients had a cerebral cortex contusion or acute subdural hematoma. Fewer complications were observed when dural tenting sutures were placed during postsurgical closure. CONCLUSIONS: Placing dural tenting sutures is an important technique for ensuring hemostasis. However, when not needed, they seem to cause inadvertent complications. As our results suggest, knowing when and where to use them is equally important.

Subdural Hematoma Evacuation via Rigid Endoscopy System: A Cadaveric Study.

ABSTRACT: The utilization of endoscope-assisted surgery is becoming a more common modality for the surgical treatment of subdural collections. Considering the inflexible construction of the rigid endoscope, it's not clear where to perform the optimal craniotomy. Twenty four craniotomies (3 cm diameter) were performed in 8 hemicrania. The craniotomies were placed 1 cm front and behind the coronal suture and to the point where the parietal bone was the most convex. The craniotomies in the anterior (C1) and posterior (C2) of the coronal suture were in the mid pupillary line, while the posterior craniotomy (C3) was just lateral to the midpupillary line. At first, subdural distances measured, and then the distances from the craniotomy to the anterior, posterior, medial, and lateral directions in which endoscope could reach the farthest without the damage to the parenchyma were measured. The subdural distance was significantly deeper in C3 than C1 (P = 0.001); however, there was no difference between C3 and C2 (P = 0.312). The distance that could be reached with C3 was higher than C1 in anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial directions (P ≤0.001, 0.037, <0.001, and <0.001, respectively). The distance that could be reached with C3 was higher than C2 in anterior, posterior, lateral, and medial directions (P < 0.001, 0.02, 0.01 and <0.001, respectively). In subdural hematomas, especially that covers all surface of the hemisphere, the most suitable craniotomy is the posteriorly placed craniotomy to reach the most extended projection in anteroposterior line of the hematoma.

Microsurgical and Tractographic Anatomical Study of Transtemporal-Transchoroidal Fissure Approaches to the Ambient Cistern.

BACKGROUND: Approaching ambient cistern lesions is still a challenge because of deep location and related white matter tracts (WMTs) and neural structures. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the white matter anatomy in the course of 3 types of transtemporal-transchoroidal fissure approaches (TTcFA) to ambient cistern by using fiber dissection technique with translumination and magnetic resonance imaging fiber tractography. METHODS: Eight formalin-fixed cerebral hemispheres were dissected on surgical corridor from the temporal cortex to the ambient cistern by using Klingler's method. The trans-middle temporal gyrus, trans-inferior temporal sulcus (TITS), and trans-inferior temporal gyrus (TITG) approaches were evaluated. WMTs that were identified during dissection were then reconstructed on the Human Connectome Project 1021 individual template for validation. RESULTS: The trans-middle gyrus approach interrupted the U fibers, arcuate fasciculus (AF), the ventral segment of inferior frontoocipital fasciculus (IFOF), the temporal extensions of the anterior commissure (AC) posterior crura, the tapetum (Tp) fibers, and the anterior loop of the optic radiation (OR). The TITS approach interrupted U fibers, inferior longitudinal fasciculus (ILF), IFOF, and OR. The TITG approach interrupted the U fibers, ILF, and OR. The middle longitudinal fasciculus, ILF, and uncinate fasciculus (UF) were not interrupted in the trans-middle gyrus approach and the AF, UF, AC, and Tp fibers were not interrupted in the TITS/gyrus approaches. CONCLUSION: Surgical planning of the ambient cistern lesions requires detailed knowledge about WMTs. Fiber dissection and tractography techniques improve the orientation during surgery and may help decrease surgical complications.

Experience of Fully Awake Craniotomy for Supratentorial Lesions: A Single Institution Study.

AIM: To report and to discuss our experience of awake craniotomy for the treatment of supratentorial lesions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We included patients who underwent awake craniotomy for supratentorial tumors between 2007 and 2018. A bipolar stimulation probe was used for patients with eloquent area lesions. The demographic features, presenting symptoms, comorbidities, localization, histopathology, pre- and postoperative Karnofsky performance status, mean operation length, mean length of hospital stay, and intraoperative and postoperative complications were recorded. RESULTS: We included 250 patients (age, 53.5 ± 15.3 years; range, 15?90 years; 105 females and 145 males) mostly with metastasis (46%). The tumor resection rate was 90 ± 3.6%. Of 30 patients (12%) who experienced an increase in weakness, 26 experienced improvements within three days, and the remainder had permanent symptoms. Intraoperative and postoperative seizures occurred in three (1.2%) and seven (2.8%) patients, respectively, which were controlled by antiepileptic drugs. Dysphasia occurred intraoperatively in seven patients (2.8%) but improved in a month. The mean follow-up duration was 31.8 ± 11.9 months (range, 7?70 months). No mortality was seen during hospitalization. CONCLUSION: Awake procedures are a good option in supratentorial lesions to avoid the complications of general anesthesia for patients in poor medical condition. To obtain maximal tumor resection and to maintain better quality of life, neurosurgeons should opt for awake craniotomy when necessary.

Timing of Shunt Insertion in Children with Neural Tube Defects and Hydrocephalus: A Clinical Study.

AIM: To define the optimal time of shunt insertion in patients with neural tube defects and hydrocephalus. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In total, 71 patients who underwent operation for neural tube defects and hydrocephalus were retrospectively evaluated between 2012 and 2018. The first group comprised 43 patients who underwent operation at different times (in 10 days after the repair of defect), and the second group comprised 28 patients who underwent operation at the same time. Ruptured and unruptured sacs were immediately considered and operated within 72 hours. RESULTS: In the first group, 43 patients underwent operation for neural tube defect after birth. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt insertion was performed 10 days after wound healing. Five (11.6%) patients were diagnosed with meningitis on follow-up. Shunt infection or meningitis was not observed on follow-up in the second group, which comprised patients who underwent operation at the same time. CONCLUSION: The lowest complication rate existed in hydrocephalus management when shunt insertion and myelomeningocele repair procedures were performed at the same time.

Academic performance after neurosurgery residency training in Turkey: a national survey.

OBJECTIVE: Neurosurgery training programs aim to train specialists. In addition, they are expected to equip the residents with necessary knowledge and skills for academic development. This study aims to gain insights into academic productivity after neurosurgeons graduated from residency training in Turkey. METHODS: An electronic survey was sent to all Turkish Neurosurgical Society members (n = 1662 neurosurgeons) between September and November 2019. The number of participants was 289 (17.4%). Participants were divided into subgroups based on three main factors: training institution type (university hospital [UH] vs training and research hospital [TRH]), training institution annual case volume (low [< 1000 or inadequate cranial/spinal case numbers] vs high [> 1000 and adequate cranial/spinal case numbers]), and training program accreditation status (accredited vs nonaccredited). RESULTS: The majority of the participants (64.7%) graduated from the UHs. Those trained at UHs (vs TRHs) and high- (vs low-) volume centers had their dissertations more frequently published in Science Citation Index/Science Citation Index-Expanded journals, gave more oral presentations after residency, had higher h-indices, had higher rates of reviewership for academic journals, and had greater participation in projects with grant support. In addition, graduates of accredited programs reported more PhD degrees than those of nonaccredited programs. CONCLUSIONS: Neurosurgeons trained in higher-case-volume, accredited programs, mostly in the UHs, performed better in terms of scientific activities and productivity in Turkey. Strong research emphasis and supportive measures should be instituted to increase academic performance during and after residency training.

Supraorbital Keyhole Approach: Lessons Learned from 106 Operative Cases.

OBJECTIVE: The supraorbital keyhole approach through an eyebrow incision has been a potentially less invasive approach as an alternative to the standard pterional craniotomy. We aimed to review procedures for anterior and middle cranial fossa lesions and identify lessons learned from addressing various pathologies through this approach. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 106 consecutive patients who underwent this approach. We documented patients' age, sex, pathology, clinical results, extent of tumor resection, complications, use of endoscope, and cosmetic results. RESULTS: Our series addressed a variety of pathologies. Male patients accounted for 55% of the cohort and mean age was 51.7 (2-79) years. Notably, 52% of patients underwent resection of extra-axial masses. Gross total resection was achieved in 74.4% of intra-axial lesions according to postoperative imaging. Two (1.9%) patients developed transient ptosis. One (0.9%) patient developed an allergic reaction to titanium. No cerebrospinal fluid fistula or rhinorrhea occurred. Three patients developed temporary diabetes insipidus after resection of parasellar lesions (2 craniopharyngiomas and 1 pituitary adenoma). In 14 patients with olfactory groove meningiomas, 6 (42.8%) suffered from absence or diminished olfaction postoperatively, and 2 (14.2%) developed postoperative anosmia. Five (38.5%) patients underwent a subsequent resection of recurrent glial tumors. Four weeks postoperatively, 95% of patients demonstrated acceptable cosmetic results. Cosmetic results for 6 (5%) patients were unavailable. CONCLUSIONS: The supraorbital keyhole approach may be safely used for various lesions within the anterior and middle cranial fossa. The effectiveness and limitations of this approach and possible complications are discussed. This is a valuable approach for selected patients.

Relationship between individual payload weight and spondylolysis incidence in Turkish land forces.

OBJECTIVEThe aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between lumbar spondylolysis and payload weight between different combat units of Turkish land forces (TLF).METHODThe authors reviewed clinical and radiological data of the military personnel with low-back pain (LBP) admitted to their clinic between July 2017 and July 2018. Age, BMI, average payload weight, and military service unit were recorded. CT scans were evaluated for pars interarticularis fractures and spondylolisthesis, whereas MRI studies were evaluated for spondylolisthesis, Modic-type endplate changes, or signal loss on T2-weighted images compatible with disc degeneration.RESULTFollowing exclusion, a total of 642 all-male military personnel were included. Of these personnel, 122 were commandos, 435 were infantry, and 85 were serving in the artillery units. Bilateral pars interarticularis fracture was noted in 42 commandos (34.42%) and 2 infantrymen (0.45%). There was no spondylolysis in the artillery units. There was no multiple-level spondylolysis and the most common level of spondylolysis was L5. Commandos had a significantly higher incidence of spondylolysis and more average payload weight (p < 0.001). Twelve patients (27.2%) with spondylolysis had accompanying MRI pathologies at the same level, whereas 32 patients (72.7%) had no accompanying MRI pathologies.CONCLUSIONSIncreased payload weight in military personnel is associated with spondylolysis, and commandos in the TLF have significantly heavier payloads, which causes an increased rate of spondylolysis compared to other units. Additionally, spondylolysis without adjacent-level changes on MRI could be undiagnosed. LBP in active military personnel who have a history of carrying heavy payloads should be evaluated extensively with both MRI and CT scans.

Osteogenesis Imperfecta and Extra-/Intradural Hematomas: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Osteogenesis imperfecta, also named as brittle bone disease, is characterized by fragile bones and short stature caused by mutations in the collagen gene. Subdural and intraparenchymal hematomas are defined and associated with trauma, vascular causes, and systemic bleeding diathesis. Skull fragility may lead to epidural hematoma, which is a life-threatening situation. Vascular fragility and intrinsic platelet defects are the causes of bleeding in patients with osteogenesis imperfecta, which is a major management challenge for neurosurgeons. Here, we reported on a 5-year-old boy with osteogenesis imperfecta with epidural hematoma and skull fracture following a trivial trauma, and made a literature review of 28 cases with extra-/intradural hematoma.

Sellar Embryonal Tumor: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) are aggressive, poorly differentiated tumors in children and young adults. However, the embryonal tumor group did not include the central nervous system (CNS) PNET title and ependymoblastoma subtitle in the 2016 World Health Organization CNS tumor classification. Here, we report the case of a 6-year-old boy with a sellar embryonal tumor and present a review of the related literature. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of an endoscopically operated sellar embryonal tumor in the pediatric age group.