Expected and Experienced Social Impact of Host Residents During Rugby World Cup 2019: A Panel Data Approach.

Most social impact research considers the pre- and post-event social impacts of sporting events to investigate the effects of these events on residents' or consumers' intention or attitude. This study focused on the qualitative differences between pre-event expected social impacts (T1) and post-event experienced social impacts (T2). Then, it investigated viewing behaviors due to the expected social impacts, and intentions to support events from experienced social impacts. The Rugby World Cup 2019 in Japan provided the context for the study. Panel data were collected from the same Tokyo residents in T1 (3 months before the event) and T2 (4 months after the event). The Internet-based survey consisted of six social impact constructs, framed as expectations in T1 and experiences in T2. Both dependent variables, viewing behavior and supporting events, were measured in T2, after the event occurred. Two expected impacts had a significant positive association with viewing behavior, while three experienced social impacts had a significant positive association with event support intention. The main contribution of this article is extending the understanding of the role of social impact as a predictor variable for residents' behavior and intention to support events by using panel data, which enabled the authors to obtain more robust results. The current study extends the knowledge on consumer expectancy role and social exchange theory in the context of the social impacts of sporting events.

Calculating the Social Return on Investment of a Japanese Professional Soccer Team's Corporate Social Responsibility Activities.

In response to the lack of evidence for visualizing the monetary value of professional sport teams' CSR-related social impact, this study aimed to calculate the social impact of a Japanese professional soccer team's corporate social responsibility (CSR) activity (i.e., community soccer/physical activity program) by using a social return on investment (SROI) framework. Specifically, Matsumoto Yamaga Football Club was used for the estimation. This professional soccer team was ranked in the top division of the league (J1) during the estimation period and engaged in CSR activities at 129 community soccer schools in a year (2019-2020). The SROI calculation involved five stages: (1) identifying key stakeholders, (2) mapping inputs, outputs, and outcomes, (3) measuring and valuing outcomes, (4) establishing impact, and (5) calculating SROI. For the first step, we specified seven major stakeholders (soccer team, nursery school children, parents, coaches, teachers, local governments, and local football associations) and conducted interview investigations with each stakeholder. Our result showed that the social value of the teams' targeted community soccer school was USD 54,160, and the total financial and non-financial inputs to the school were USD 10,134, meaning an SROI ratio of 5.3. This means that for every USD invested in a community soccer school, social benefit worth USD 5.3 was generated. This study contributes to advancing social impact research in sport by shedding light on the monetary value of the social impact of professional sport teams' CSR activities. In addition, it also has practical implications for team managers looking to utilize CSR activities as a management strategy, through cost-effective investment and optimization of resources.

Prognostic value of pre-treatment risk stratification and post-treatment neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio change for pembrolizumab in patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma.

BACKGROUND: Pembrolizumab is effective in a limited number of patients with advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC). Therefore, we evaluated the prognostic value of clinical biomarkers following pembrolizumab treatment in patients with advanced UC. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 121 patients with platinum-refractory advanced UC who received pembrolizumab. Inflammation-based prognostic scores before and 6 weeks after the treatment were recorded. The categorical variables influencing overall survival (OS) and objective response rate (ORR) were analyzed. RESULTS: Multivariate analyses showed that pretreatment Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance score (PS), presence of only lymph node metastasis (only LN mets), C-reactive protein (CRP), and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were independent prognostic factors for OS (P = 0.0077; RR = 2.42, P = 0.0049; RR = 0.36, P = 0.0047; RR = 2.53, and P = 0.0079; RR = 2.33, respectively). The pretreatment risk stratification using ECOG PS, only LN mets, CRP, and NLR was used for estimating the OS (P < 0.0001) and ORR (P < 0.0001). Furthermore, changes in NLR in response to pembrolizumab were significantly associated with the OS (P = 0.0002) and ORR (P = 0.0023). This change was also significantly correlated with OS even in the high-risk group stratified by this pretreatment risk stratification (P = 0.0069). CONCLUSIONS: This pretreatment risk stratification may be used for estimating the OS and ORR of patients with advanced UC treated with pembrolizumab. If changes in NLR in response to pembrolizumab treatment improve, pembrolizumab should be continued.

Identification of curable high-risk prostate cancer using radical prostatectomy alone: who are the good candidates for undergoing radical prostatectomy among patients with high-risk prostate cancer?

BACKGROUND: Currently, there is no consensus regarding which patients with high-risk prostate cancer (PCa) would benefit the most by radical prostatectomy (RP). We aimed to identify patients with high-risk PCa who are treatable by RP alone. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed data on 315 patients with D'Amico high-risk PCa who were treated using RP without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy at the institutions of the Yamaguchi Uro-Oncology Group between 2009 and 2013. The primary endpoint was biochemical progression-free survival (bPFS) after RP. Risk factors for biochemical progression were extracted using the Cox proportional hazard model. We stratified the patients with high-risk PCa into 3 subgroups based on bPFS after RP using the risk factors. RESULTS: At a median follow-up of 49.9 months, biochemical progression was observed in 20.5% of the patients. The 2- and 5-year bPFS after RP were 89.4 and 70.0%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, Gleason score (GS) at biopsy (≥ 8, HR 1.92, p < 0.05) and % positive core (≥ 30%, HR 2.85, p < 0.005) were independent predictors of biochemical progression. Patients were stratified into favorable- (0 risk factor; 117 patients), intermediate- (1 risk factor; 127 patients), and poor- (2 risk factors; 57 patients) risk groups, based on the number of predictive factors. On the Cox proportional hazard model, this risk classification model could significantly predict biochemical progression after RP (favorable-risk, HR 1.0; intermediate-risk, HR 2.26; high-risk, HR 5.03; p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: The risk of biochemical progression of high-risk PCa after RP could be stratified by GS at biopsy (≥ 8) and % positive core (≥ 30%).

Use of preoperative performance status and hemoglobin concentration to predict overall survival for patients aged ≥ 75 years after radical cystectomy for treatment of bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: The standard of care for treatment of localized muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) is radical cystectomy (RC). The patient's condition may affect management of MIBC, especially for elderly patients with more comorbid conditions and lower performance status. We retrospectively evaluated the association between clinicopathological data and outcomes for patients with bladder cancer (BCa) treated by RC. We particularly focused on elderly patients (age ≥75 years) with BCa. METHODS: We enrolled 254 patients with BCa who underwent RC and urinary diversion with or without pelvic lymph node dissection. We assessed perioperative complications and clinicopathological data affecting overall survival (OS) after RC. RESULTS: The incidence of complications was 34.3 %, and that of severe complications (Grade 3-5) was 16.5 %. The elderly group experienced more severe complications (P = 0.042). Median follow-up was 43.0 months (range 1.0-155.6). Five-year OS after RC was 62.7 %. OS after RC was no different for patients aged ≥75 and <75 years (P = 0.983). Multivariate analysis revealed that Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (ECOG PS) and hemoglobin (Hb) concentration were associated with all-cause mortality. Hb concentration of <12.6 g/dl was an independent predictor of a poor prognosis among elderly patients after RC for BCa. ECOG PS >1 tended to affect OS after RC in this group. CONCLUSION: ECOG PS and preoperative Hb concentration were useful for prediction of clinical outcome after RC for elderly patients. This information may aid decision-making in the treatment of elderly patients with MIBC.

[A case of transverse colon cancer mimicking urachal cancer].

A 55-year-old man was admitted to our hospital because of abdominal distension. Computed tomography revealed an abscess in the anterior abdominal wall and invasion of the large intestine. Biopsy of the large intestine revealed adenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the antigen expression profile of the tumor was positive for cytokeratin 7, cytokeratin 903 (34ßE12), and cytokeratin 20. We diagnosed the tumor as urachal cancer and performed surgery. Examination of the resected specimen showed that the tumor was located in the transverse colon. Finally, the patient was diagnosed as having transverse colon cancer with urachal abscess.

Allelic loss of 3p25 associated with alterations of 5q22.3 approximately q23.2 may affect the prognosis of conventional renal cell carcinoma.

Little is known about the clinical significance at the frequent association of 3p loss with 5q gain/loss in conventional renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We analyzed the clinical significance of copy number gain and loss at 5q21 approximately q23 combined with allelic loss of 3p25 (including the VHL gene). Fifty RCCs were examined by dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization with DNA probes for D3Z1 (3cen), cCI3-865 (3p25.1 approximately p25.3), D5S23 (5p15.2), cCI5-243 (5q21.2 approximately q21.3), and cCI5-215 (5q22.3 approximately q23.2). In patients who had 3p loss, there was a significant association of loss at 5q22.3 approximately q23.2 with large tumors (>7 cm) and high-grade tumors (both P < 0.05), whereas gain at 5q22.3 approximately q23.2 was associated with low-grade tumors (P < 0.05). There was also a significant association loss at 5q21.2 approximately q21.3 high-grade tumors in patients with 3p loss (P < 0.05). Patients with 3p loss and gain at 5q22.3 approximately q23.2 had a significantly better disease-specific survival than those who had 3p loss without such gain (P < 0.05). Allelic loss of 3p25 including the VHL gene is thought to be an immediate event in the development of conventional RCC. Copy number gains or losses of 5q21 approximately q23 are thought to be events that lead to tumor progression although the clinical significance of either gains or losses is not well known.

Clinical significance of lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the role of lymph node dissection in renal cell carcinoma (RCC). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 100 patients (66 males, 34 females) were enrolled in the study. The mean age and tumor size were 61.4 years and 5.8 cm, respectively. A total of 41 patients (41%) had tumors <4 cm in diameter. The pathological status was pT1, pT2 and pT3 in 60, 11 and 29 patients, respectively. RESULTS: In total, lymph node metastases were found in seven cases (7%). Of 40 patients with pT1a tumors (tumor size <4 cm), one (2.5%) had lymph node metastasis. Patients with lymph node metastases had significantly larger tumors than those without (8.9 vs 5.5 cm; p<0.05). Regarding patient outcome, 33 (33%) had tumor progression (alive with disease, n=14; disease-specific death, n=19) after a median follow-up period of 54.0 months. In univariate analysis, 15/18 prognostic markers [tumor size, tumor grade, pT, pN and M categories, stage, microscopic venous invasion (V category), microscopic lymphatic invasion (Ly category), pathological tumor infiltration pattern (INF category), plasma fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, immunosuppressive acidic protein, alpha-2 globulin and erythrocyte sedimentation rates at 1 and 2 h] were common significant predictors of tumor progression. A Cox hazard model revealed tumor size, tumor grade and pathological stage to be independent prognostic factors. CONCLUSIONS: Tumor size is a crucial prognostic factor for tumor progression, and lymph node dissection may be omitted in T1a tumors.

[A case of malignant lymphoma originating from paraureteral tissue].

A 53-year-old man was admitted with epigastric discomfort. Excretory pyelography demonstrated left non visualizing kidney. Computed tomography showed the dilatation of left renal pelvis and a mass along with a left lower ureter. Retrograde pyelography showed the stenosis of left lower ureter. Urine cytologies from both voided and upper urinary tract showed class I. Ureteroscopy revealed the normal ureteral mucosa, suggesting extrinsic obstruction of the ureter. The operation was performed under the diagnosis of retropelvic tumor. The tumor could be easily resected from the left ureter. The pathological diagnosis was follicular lymphoma. There was no prolificative accumulation on Gallium scintigraphy after the operation. The tumor was considered to have originated from paraureteral tissue.

[Idiopathic adrenal hematoma: a case report].

We report a rare case of idiopathic adrenal hematoma. Including our case, 13 such cases have been described in Japan. A 63-year-old [correction of 65] woman was admitted to our hospital for further examination of a right adrenal mass on ultrasonography. Laboratory tests including hormonal assay were within the normal ranges. Computed tomography showed a tumor with calcification measuring 3.0 x 2.0 cm in the right adrenal gland. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a mass with heterogeneous low to iso signal intensity on T1-weighted images and high signal intensity on T2-weighted images. A peripheral rim of the mass was slightly enhanced on dynamic MRI. The patient underwent laparoscopic adrenalectomy. Histopathological examination revealed an old hematoma without neoplastic cells or vascular lesions and these findings were evidence of idiopathic adrenal hematoma.

Clinical significance of allelic loss of chromosome region 5q22.3 approximately q23.2 in nonpapillary renal cell carcinoma.

To analyze the clinical significance of copy number gain and loss at chromosome region 5q21 approximately q23, 105 nonpapillary renal cell carcinomas (RCC) were examined by interphase cytogenetic analysis using the dual-color fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) technique. DNA probes for D5S23 (5p15.2), cCI5-243 (5q21.2 approximately q21.3), and cCI5-215 (5q22.3 approximately q23.2) were used, and the signals for cCI5-243 and cCI5-215 were compared with those for D5S23 as the numerical control. Aneusomy (three or more copies) of chromosome 5 was found in 22 tumors (21.0%). Aneusomy was significantly correlated with loss at 5q21 approximately q23, while disomy with gain at 5q21 approximately q23 (P<0.05). Aneusomy was also significantly related to poor disease-specific survival (P<0.01). Gain and loss at cCI5-243 were seen in 34 (32.4%) and 59 (56.2%) tumors, respectively, while gain and loss at cCI5-215 occurred in 55 (52.4%) and 45 (42.9%) cases, respectively. The frequency of gain at cCI5-215 was significantly correlated with a smaller tumor diameter (7 cm or less, P<0.05), while loss with a larger one (>7 cm, P<0.05). Both loss at cCI5-215 and aneusomy of chromosome 5 were significantly related to poor disease-specific survival (P<0.05). In conclusion, alterations of chromosome 5 (including allelic loss of 5q22.3 approximately q23.2) could be a useful genetic marker for predicting the patient prognosis of RCC.