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The electrochemical reduction of CO or CO2 into C2+ products has mostly been focused on Cu-based catalysts. Although Ag has also been predicted as a possible catalyst for the CO-to-C2+ conversion from the thermodynamic point of view, however, due to its weak CO binding strength, CO rapidly desorbs from the Ag surface rather than participates in deep reduction. In this work, we demonstrate that single-atomic Pd sites doped in Ag lattice can tune the CO adsorption behavior and promote the deep reduction of CO toward C2 products. The monodispersed Pd-Agn sites enable the CO adsorption with both Pd-atop (PdL) and Pd-Ag bridge (PdAgB) configurations, which can increase the CO coverage and reduce the C-C coupling energy barrier. Under room temperature and ambient pressure, the Pd1Ag10 alloy catalyst exhibited a total CO-to-C2 Faradaic efficiency of ~37% at â0.83 V, with appreciable current densities and electrochemical stability, thus featuring unconventional non-Cu electrocatalytic CO-to-C2 conversion capability.
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The electrocatalytic CO2 or CO reduction reaction is a complex proton-coupled electron transfer reaction, in which protons in the electrolyte have a critical effect on the surface adsorbed *H species and the multi-carbon oxygenate products such as ethanol. However, the coupling of *H and carbon-containing intermediates into C2+ oxygenates can be severely hampered by the inappropriate distributions of those species in the catalytic interfaces. In this work, the controlled distribution of highly dispersed CeOx nanoclusters is demonstrated on Cu nanosheets as an efficient CO electroreduction catalyst, with Faradaic efficiencies of ethanol and total oxygenates of 35% and 58%, respectively. The CeOx nanoclusters (2-5 nm) enabled efficient water dissociation and appropriate distribution of adsorbed *H species on the Cu surface with carbon-containing species, thus facilitating the generation of C2+ oxygenate products. In contrast, pristine Cu without CeOx tended to form ethylene, while the aggregated CeOx nanoparticles promoted the surface density of *H and subsequent H2 evolution.
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Seed dormancy is a life adaptation trait exhibited by plants in response to environmental changes during their growth and development. The dormancy of commercial seeds is the key factor affecting seed quality. Eggplant seed dormancy is controlled by quantitative trait loci (QTLs), but reliable QTLs related to eggplant dormancy are still lacking. In this study, F2 populations obtained through the hybridization of paternally inbred lines with significant differences in dormancy were used to detect regulatory sites of dormancy in eggplant seeds. Three QTLs (dr1.1, dr2.1, and dr6.1) related to seed dormancy were detected on three chromosomes of eggplant using the QTL-Seq technique. By combining nonsynonymous sites within the candidate regions and gene functional annotation analysis, nine candidate genes were selected from three QTL candidate regions. According to the germination results on the eighth day, the male parent was not dormant, but the female parent was dormant. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to verify the expression of nine candidate genes, and the Smechr0201082 gene showed roughly the same trend as that in the phenotypic data. We proposed Smechr0201082 as the potential key gene involved in regulating the dormancy of eggplant seeds. The results of seed experiments with different concentrations of gibberellin A3 (GA3) showed that, within a certain range, the higher the gibberellin concentration, the earlier the emergence and the higher the germination rate. However, higher concentrations of GA3 may have potential effects on eggplant seedlings. We suggest the use of GA3 at a concentration of 200-250 mg·L-1 to treat dormant seeds. This study provides a foundation for the further exploration of genes related to the regulation of seed dormancy and the elucidation of the molecular mechanism of eggplant seed dormancy and germination.
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Germinação , Dormência de Plantas , Locos de Características Quantitativas , Sementes , Solanum melongena , Solanum melongena/genética , Solanum melongena/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genética , Dormência de Plantas/genética , Sementes/genética , Sementes/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Germinação/genética , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismo , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Fenótipo , Genes de Plantas/genéticaRESUMO
Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is a vegetable crop with economic value and ecological significance in the genus Radish, family Brassicaceae. In recent years, developed countries have attached great importance to the collection and conservation of radish germplasm resources and their research and utilization, but the lack of population genetic information and molecular markers has hindered the development of the genetic breeding of radish. In this study, we integrated the radish genomic data published in databases for the development of single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, and obtained a dataset of 308 high-quality SNPs under strict selection criteria. With the support of Kompetitive Allele-Specific PCR (KASP) technology, we screened a set of 32 candidate core SNP marker sets to analyse the genetic diversity of the collected 356 radish varieties. The results showed that the mean values of polymorphism information content (PIC), minor allele frequency (MAF), gene diversity and heterozygosity of the 32 candidate core SNP markers were 0.32, 0.30, 0.40 and 0.25, respectively. Population structural analysis, principal component analysis and genetic evolutionary tree analysis indicated that the 356 radish materials were best classified into two taxa, and that the two taxa of the material were closely genetically exchanged. Finally, on the basis of 32 candidate core SNP markers we calculated 15 core markers using a computer algorithm to construct a fingerprint map of 356 radish varieties. Furthermore, we constructed a core germplasm population consisting of 71 radish materials using 32 candidate core markers. In this study, we developed SNP markers for radish cultivar identification and genetic diversity analysis, and constructed DNA fingerprints, providing a basis for the identification of radish germplasm resources and molecular marker-assisted breeding as well as genetic research.
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INTRODUCTION: Tricho-rhino-phalangeal syndrome (TRPS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by craniofacial and skeletal abnormalities, which is caused by variants in the TRPS1 gene. METHODS: Clinical information and follow-up data were collected. Whole-exome sequencing (WES) was performed for variants and validated by Sanger sequencing. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to predict the pathogenicity of the identified variant. Moreover, wild-type and mutated TRPS1 vectors were constructed and transfected into human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293T cells. Immunofluorescence experiments were performed to assess the localization and expression of the mutated protein. Western blot analysis and RT-qPCR were used to detect the expression of downstream genes. RESULTS: The affected family members had typical craniofacial phenotype including sparse lateral eyebrows, pear-shaped nasal tip, and large prominent ears, plus skeletal abnormalities including short stature and brachydactyly. WES and Sanger sequencing identified the TRPS1 c.880_882delAAG variant in affected family members. In vitro functional studies showed that the TRPS1 variant did not affect the cellular localization and the expression of TRPS1, but the transcriptional repression effect of the TRPS1 on the RUNX2 and STAT3 was disturbed. The proband and his brother have been treated with growth hormone (GH) for 2 years until now, and we have observed the improvement of the linear growth in both. CONCLUSIONS: The variant of c.880_882delAAG in TRPS1 was responsible for the pathogenesis of the Chinese family with TRPS I. The treatment of GH could be beneficial for the height outcome in TRPS I patients, and earlier initiation and longer duration of the therapy in prepubertal or early pubertal stage could be associated with better height outcomes.
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Proteínas de Ligação a DNA , Dedos/anormalidades , Doenças do Cabelo , Síndrome de Langer-Giedion , Nariz/anormalidades , Masculino , Humanos , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Proteínas Repressoras/genética , Síndrome de Langer-Giedion/tratamento farmacológico , Síndrome de Langer-Giedion/genética , Síndrome de Langer-Giedion/patologia , Síndrome , Hormônio do Crescimento , Biologia Molecular , ChinaRESUMO
Pak choi is one of the most important leafy vegetables planted in East Asia and provides essential nutrients for the human body. Purple pak choi differs mainly in leaf colour but exhibits distinct nutritional profiles from green pak choi. In this study, we performed metabolic and transcriptomic analyses to uncover the mechanisms underlying the differences in metabolite biosynthesis profiles between the two pak choi varieties. Metabolite profiling revealed significant differences in the levels of metabolites, mainly amino acids and their derivatives and flavonoids. Furthermore, 34 flavonoids significantly differed between green and purple pak choi leaves, and cyanidin and its derivative anthocyanins were abundant in purple pak choi. In addition, we found that the structural genes CHS, DFR, ANS, and UGT75C1, as well as the transcription factor MYB2, play a major role in anthocyanin synthesis. These results provide insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying leaf pigmentation in pak choi and offer a platform for assessing related varieties.
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Antocianinas , Transcriptoma , Humanos , Antocianinas/metabolismo , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica/métodos , Flavonoides , Verduras/metabolismo , Regulação da Expressão Gênica de Plantas , Proteínas de Plantas/genética , Proteínas de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
Grafting has a significant impact on the botany properties, commercial character, disease resistance, and productivity of eggplants. However, the mechanism of phenotypic modulation on grafted eggplants is rarely reported. In this study, a widely cultivated eggplant (Solanum. melongena cv. 'Zheqie No.10') was selected as the scion and grafted, respectively, onto four rootstocks of TOR (S. torvum), Sa (S. aculeatissimum), SS (S. sisymbriifolium), and Sm64R (S. melongena cv. 'Qiezhen No. 64R') for phenotypic screening. Physiological and biochemical analysis showed the rootstock Sm64R could improve the fruit quality with the increasing of fruit size, yield, and the contents of total soluble solid, phenolic acid, total amino acid, total sugar, and vitamin C. To further investigate the improvement of fruit quality on Sm64R, a transcriptome and a metabolome between the Sm64R-grafted eggplant and self-grafted eggplant were performed. Significant differences in metabolites, such as phenolic acids, lipids, nucleotides and derivatives, alkaloids, terpenoids, and amino acids, were observed. Differential metabolites and differentially expressed genes were found to be abundant in three core pathways of nutritional qualities, including biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, phospholipids, and nucleotide metabolism. Thus, this study may provide a novel insight into the effects of grafting on the fruit quality in eggplant.
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Introduction: The impairment of blood-brain barrier (BBB) is one of the key contributors to maternal inflammation induced brain damage in offspring. Our previous studies showed Fibrinogen-like protein 2 (FGL2) deficiency alleviated maternal inflammation induced perinatal brain damage. However, its role in BBB remains undefined. Methods: Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was intraperitoneally injected to dams at Embryonic day 17 to establish maternal inflammation model. FGL2 knockout mice and primary brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) were used for the in-vivo and in-vitro experiments. BBB integrity was assessed by sodium fluorescein extravasation and tight junction (TJ) protein expression. Oxidative stress and the activation of PI3K/NF-κB pathway were evaluated to explore the mechanisms underlying. Results: Upon maternal inflammation, BBB integrity was remarkedly reduced in neonatal mice. Meanwhile, FGL2 expression was consistently increased in BBB-impaired brain as well as in LPS-treated BMECs. Moreover, FGL2 deficiency attenuated the hyperpermeability of BBB, prevented the decline of TJ proteins, and reduced the cytokine expressions in LPS-exposed pups. Mechanistically, the indicators of oxidative stress, as well as the activation of PI3K/NF-κB pathway, were upregulated after LPS exposure in vivo and in vitro. FGL2 deletion decreased the generation of ROS and NO, reduced the endothelial iNOS and NOX2 expressions, and suppressed the PI3K/NF-κB pathway activation. Besides, inhibition of PI3K by LY294002 decreased the oxidative stress in LPS-treated wild-type BMECs. While, overexpression of PI3K by lentivirus reemerged the induction of NOX2 and iNOS as well as NF-κB activation in FGL2-deleted BMECs. Conclusion: Our findings indicate that FGL2 deficiency alleviates the maternal inflammation-induced BBB disruption by inhibiting PI3K/NF-κB mediated oxidative stress in BMECs. Targeting FGL2 may provide a new therapy for prenatal brain damage of offspring.
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Barreira Hematoencefálica , NF-kappa B , Animais , Feminino , Camundongos , Gravidez , Barreira Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Inflamação/metabolismo , Lipopolissacarídeos/farmacologia , NF-kappa B/metabolismo , Estresse Oxidativo , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinases/metabolismo , Proteínas de Junções Íntimas/metabolismoRESUMO
The electrocatalytic carbon dioxide (CO2 ) reduction is a promising approach for converting this greenhouse gas into value-added chemicals, while the capability of producing products with longer carbon chains (Cn >3) is limited. Herein, we demonstrate the Br-assisted electrocatalytic oxidation of ethylene (C2 H4 ), a major CO2 electroreduction product, into 2-bromoethanol by electro-generated bromine on metal phthalocyanine catalysts. Due to the preferential formation of Br2 over *O or Cl2 to activate the C=C bond, a high partial current density of producing 2-bromoethanol (46.6â mAâ cm-2 ) was obtained with 87.2 % Faradaic efficiency. Further coupling with the electrocatalytic nitrite reduction to ammonia at the cathode allowed the production of triethanolamine with six carbon atoms. Moreover, by coupling a CO2 electrolysis cell for in situ C2 H4 generation and a C2 H4 oxidation/nitrite reduction cell, the capability of upgrading of CO2 and nitrite into triethanolamine was demonstrated.
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Radishes are root vegetables that are rich in bioactive compounds and provide numerous health benefits, but the overall metabolic profiles of radish taproots and the metabolic differences among different edible types are not fully understood. In this research, we used UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS to identify the metabolites in cooked, processed and fruit radishes of ten varieties. In total, 264 metabolites belonging to 18 categories were detected. A multivariate analysis revealed that the metabolite composition differed among the three radish groups, and a comparative analysis showed that the significantly differentially accumulated metabolites were mainly amino acids and derivatives, lipids, flavonoids, hydroxycinnamate derivatives and carbohydrates. The accumulation of metabolites, particularly flavonoids, was greater in fruit radishes than in cooked and processed radishes. This work provides novel insights into the radish metabolomic profiles for assessment of the nutritional value of different edible radish types for humans.
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Raphanus , Humanos , Raphanus/química , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Metaboloma , Flavonoides/análise , Metabolômica , Suplementos NutricionaisRESUMO
Although many catalysts have been reported for the CO2 electroreduction to C1 or C2 chemicals, the insufficient understanding of fundamental correlations among different products still hinders the development of universal catalyst design strategies. Herein, we first discover that the surface *CO coverage is stable over a wide potential range and reveal a linear correlation between the partial current densities of CH4 and C2 products in this potential range, also supported by the theoretical kinetic analysis. Based on the mechanism that *CHO is the common intermediate in the formation of both CH4 (*CHO â CH4) and C2 (*CHO + *CO â C2), we then unravel that this linear correlation is universal and the slope can be varied by tuning the surface *H or *CO coverage to promote the selectivity of CH4 or C2 products, respectively. As proofs-of-concept, using carbon-coated Cu particles, the surface *H coverage can be increased to enhance CH4 production, presenting a high CO2-to-CH4 Faradaic efficiency ( [Formula: see text] â¼52%) and an outstanding CH4 partial current density of -337 mA cm-2. On the other hand, using an Ag-doped Cu catalyst, the CO2RR selectivity is switched to the C2 pathway, with a substantially promoted [Formula: see text] of 79% and a high partial current density of -421 mA cm-2. Our discovery of tuning intermediate coverages suggests a powerful catalyst design strategy for different CO2 electroreduction pathways.
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BACKGROUND: Previous work has indicated that a negative parenting style is associated with antisocial personality disorder features in Chinese college students, yet few studies have explored the unique role of negative mothering in children's antisocial personality disorder. METHODS: The current study mainly examined the sequential mediation effect of parental antipathy and neglect (PAN) and mother negative loving (a form of insecure attachment) in the association between mother control and adulthood antisocial personality disorder features (ASPD features) in the framework of attachment theory and cognitive-behavioral theory. A community sample of 1547 Chinese college students filled in the Parental Bonding Instrument, the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse Questionnaire, the Adult Attachment Questionnaire and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-4+. RESULTS: A sequential mediation model analysis showed that maternal control significantly predicted PAN, mother negative loving, as well as ASPD features. CONCLUSIONS: Mother control and mother negative loving appear to advance on the development and exacerbation of ASPD features in college students.
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Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial , Apego ao Objeto , Adulto , Transtorno da Personalidade Antissocial/epidemiologia , Criança , China , Feminino , Humanos , Poder Familiar , EstudantesRESUMO
Prohibitins are highly conserved eukaryotic proteins in mitochondria that function in various cellular processes. The roles of prohibitins in fungal virulence and their regulatory mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we identified the prohibitins ChPhb1 and ChPhb2 in a plant pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum higginsianum and investigated their roles in the virulence of this anthracnose fungus attacking crucifers. We demonstrate that ChPhb1 and ChPhb2 are required for the proper functioning of mitochondria, mitophagy and virulence. ChPhb1 and ChPhb2 interact with the autophagy-related protein ChATG24 in mitochondria, and ChATG24 shares similar functions with these proteins in mitophagy and virulence, suggesting that ChATG24 is involved in prohibitin-dependent mitophagy. ChPhb1 and ChPhb2 modulate the translocation of ChATG24 into mitochondria during mitophagy. The role of ChATG24 in mitophagy is further confirmed to be conserved in plant pathogenic fungi. Our study presents that prohibitins regulate fungal virulence by mediating ATG24-assisted mitophagy.
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Mitofagia , Proibitinas , Mitocôndrias/metabolismo , Membranas Mitocondriais/metabolismo , VirulênciaRESUMO
Flowering time is an important agronomic trait in Brassica rapa and has a wide range of variation. The change from vegetative to reproductive development is a major transition period, especially in flowering vegetable crops. In this study, two non-heading Chinese cabbage varieties with significantly different flowering times, Pak-choi (B. rapa var. communis Tesn et Lee) and Caitai (B. rapa var. tsaitai Hort.), were used to construct segregated F2 populations. The bulk-segregant approach coupled with whole genome re-sequencing was used for QTL sequencing (QTL-seq) analysis to map flowering time traits. The candidate genes controlling flowering time in B. rapa were predicted by homologous gene alignment and function annotation. The major-effect QTL ft7.1 was detected on chromosome A07 of B. rapa, and the FT family gene BrFT was predicted as the candidate gene. Moreover, a new promoter regional difference of 1577 bp was revealed by analyzing the sequence of the BrFT gene. The promoter region activity analysis and divergent gene expression levels indicated that the difference in the promoter region may contribute to different flowering times. These findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying the flowering time in Brassica and the candidate genes regulating flowering in production.
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Brassica rapa , Brassica , Brassica/genética , Mapeamento Cromossômico , Fenótipo , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Locos de Características Quantitativas/genéticaRESUMO
Background: To explore whether maternal obesity inhibits placental angiogenesis through down-regulation of Sirtuin 1/Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α (SIRT1/PGC-1α) signaling pathway. Methods: In a rat model of pre-pregnancy obesity, rats were sacrificed at embryonic day (E)18.5. Maternal characteristics were measured. Placentas were collected to observe the pathological changes and angiogenesis using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining and platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1 [PECAM-1/CD31 (CD31)] immunohistochemical (IHC) staining, and the expression of the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway was also analyzed using western blotting and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In in vitro experiments, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were incubated under high fat conditions. We activated and inhibited the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway to determine the proliferation, angiogenic tube formation, and migration capacity of endothelial cells. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assays, tubule formation assays, and scratch wound-healing migration assays were also performed. Results: In vivo results showed that compared with the control group, the high-fat diet (HFD) group were heavier and their plasma triglyceride and total cholesterol contents were higher. The ratio of fetal weight to placental weight was reduced in the HFD group compared to the control group. In the HFD group, placental angiogenesis was decreased, and the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway was down-regulated compared with that in the control group. The results of in vitro experiments showed that SRT1720 reduced SIRT1/PGC-1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) expression inhibition induced by high fat stress, while EX-527 increased SIRT1/PGC-1α and VEGFA expression inhibition. Compared with the control group, maternal obesity impaired placental angiogenesis and reduced the proliferation and migration of HUVECs. Conclusions: The results suggest that maternal obesity impairs placental angiogenesis. They also provide experimental evidence that activation of the SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway improves angiogenesis in vitro.
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BACKGROUND: Previous work has indicated that pubertal timing and parenting styles are associated with adolescents' drinking behavior, but studies on the relationship between the above three variables are lacking. METHODS: Participants were 1408 Chinese adolescents aged 11-16 years old (46.52% girls). The data emphasized pubertal timing, parenting styles, drinking behavior, and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics of the adolescent and his or her family. RESULTS: Early pubertal timing was related to drinking behavior; however, parenting styles played a moderating role. For male adolescents, father emotional warmth, mother rejection, and mother emotional warmth moderated the relationship between early pubertal timing and drinking behavior. For female adolescents, mother rejection, mother emotional warmth, and mother over-protection moderated the relationship between pubertal timing and drinking behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Parenting styles that include emotional warmth, rejection, and over-protection appear to influence the negative outcomes associated with early pubertal timing, and may be useful in reducing adolescents' drinking behavior.
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Comportamento do Adolescente , Poder Familiar , Adolescente , Comportamento do Adolescente/psicologia , Criança , China , Comportamento de Ingestão de Líquido , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mães/psicologia , Poder Familiar/psicologiaRESUMO
Plasmodiophora brassicae is a protozoan pathogen that causes clubroot disease, which is one of the most destructive diseases for Brassica crops, including radish. However, little is known about the molecular mechanism of clubroot resistance in radish. In this study, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis between resistant and susceptible radish inoculated with P. brassicae. More differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified at 28 days after inoculation (DAI) compared to 7 DAI in both genotypes. Gene ontology (GO) and KEGG enrichment indicated that stress/defense response, secondary metabolic biosynthesis, hormone metabolic process, and cell periphery are directly involved in the defense response process. Further analysis of the transcriptome revealed that effector-triggered immunity (ETI) plays key roles in the defense response. The plant hormones jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), and abscisic acid (ABA) related genes are activated in clubroot defense in the resistant line. Auxin (AUX) hormone related genes are activated in the developing galls of susceptible radish. Our study provides a global transcriptional overview for clubroot development for insights into the P. brassicae defense mechanisms in radish.
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Doenças das Plantas/parasitologia , Plasmodioforídeos/fisiologia , Raphanus/genética , Raphanus/parasitologia , Resistência à Doença/genética , Perfilação da Expressão Gênica , Genótipo , Doenças das Plantas/genética , Reguladores de Crescimento de Plantas/metabolismoRESUMO
Colletotrichum higginsianum is an important fungal pathogen causing anthracnose disease of cruciferous plants. In this study, we characterized a putative orthologue of yeast SPE1 in C. higginsianum, named ChODC. Deletion mutants of ChODC were defective in hyphal and conidial development. Importantly, deletion of ChODC significantly affected appressorium-mediated penetration in C. higginsianum. However, polyamines partially restore appressorium function and virulence indicating that loss of ChODC caused significantly decreased virulence by the crosstalk between polyamines and other metabolic pathways. Subsequently, transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses demonstrated that ChODC played an important role in metabolism of various carbon and nitrogen compounds including amino acids, carbohydrates and lipids. Along with these clues, we found deletion of ChODC affected glycogen and lipid metabolism, which were important for conidial storage utilization and functional appressorium formation. Loss of ChODC affected the mTOR signalling pathway via modulation of autophagy. Interestingly, cAMP treatment restored functional appressoria to the ΔChODC mutant, and rapamycin treatment also stimulated formation of functional appressoria in the ΔChODC mutant. Overall, ChODC was associated with the polyamine biosynthesis pathway, as a mediator of cAMP and mTOR signalling pathways to regulate appressorium function. Our study provides evidence of a link between ChODC and the cAMP signalling pathway and defines a novel mechanism by which ChODC regulates infection-associated autophagy and plant infection by fungi.
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Ornitina Descarboxilase , Doenças das Plantas , Colletotrichum , Proteínas Fúngicas/metabolismo , Redes e Vias Metabólicas/genética , Ornitina Descarboxilase/metabolismo , Doenças das Plantas/microbiologia , Poliaminas , Esporos Fúngicos/metabolismo , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Virulência/genéticaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pubertal timing refers to the timing of an individual regarding pubertal sexual maturation, both physiologically and psychologically. Existing research shows that pubertal timing is associated with behavioral problems. This study investigated the role of parenting style in the relationship between pubertal timing and Chinese adolescents' smoking behavior. METHODS: The study examined the association of pubertal timing, parenting style and adolescents' smoking behavior, using the Pubertal Development Scale (Chinese version), Simplified Parenting Style Scale-Chinese version, and three items related to adolescents' smoking situation. Participants were 1391 Chinese adolescents aged 11-16 years old (53.41% boys). Hierarchical linear regression analyses assessed the moderating role of parenting style on the association between pubertal timing and adolescent smoking behavior. RESULTS: The results indicated that parenting style moderates the relationship between pubertal timing and adolescent smoking behavior. For male adolescents, father rejection moderated the relationship between early pubertal timing and smoking behavior. For female adolescents, father rejection, father emotional warmth, and mother emotional warmth moderated the relationship between pubertal timing and smoking behavior. CONCLUSIONS: Findings from the study highlight the importance of parenting style, which may influence the negative outcomes associated with early pubertal timing and can help improve interventions aimed at reducing these negative outcomes.
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Comportamento do Adolescente , Poder Familiar , Adolescente , Criança , China , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Mães , FumarRESUMO
Colletotrichum higginsianum is an important hemibiotrophic plant pathogen that causes crucifer anthracnose worldwide. To date, some hexose transporters have been identified in fungi. However, the functions of hexose transporters in virulence are not clear in hemibiotrophic phytopathogens. In this study, we identified and characterized a new hexose transporter gene named ChHxt6 from a T-DNA insertion pathogenicity-deficient mutant G256 in C. higginsianum. Expression profiling analysis revealed that six ChHxt genes, ChHxt1 to ChHxt6, exhibited specific expression patterns in different infection phases of C. higginsianum. The ChHxt1 to ChHxt6 were separately deleted using the principle of homologous recombination. ChHxt1 to ChHxt6 deletion mutants grew normally on PDA plates, but only the virulence of ChHxt4 and ChHxt6 deletion mutants was reduced. ChHxt4 was required for fungal infection in both biotrophic and necrotrophic stages, while ChHxt6 was important for formation of necrotrophic hyphae during infection. In addition, ChHxts were functional in uptake of different hexoses, but only ChHxt6-expressing cells could grow on all five hexoses, indicating that the ChHxt6 was a central hexose transporter and crucial for hexose uptake. Site-directed mutation of T169S and P221L positions revealed that these two positions were necessary for hexose transport, whereas only the mutation Thr169 caused reduced virulence and defect in formation of necrotrophic hyphae. Taken together, ChHxt6 might regulate fungal virulence by modulating the utilization of hexose.