Remarkable flexibility in freestanding single-crystalline antiferroelectric PbZrO3 membranes.

The ultrahigh flexibility and elasticity achieved in freestanding single-crystalline ferroelectric oxide membranes have attracted much attention recently. However, for antiferroelectric oxides, the flexibility limit and fundamental mechanism in their freestanding membranes are still not explored clearly. Here, we successfully fabricate freestanding single-crystalline PbZrO3 membranes by a water-soluble sacrificial layer technique. They exhibit good antiferroelectricity and have a commensurate/incommensurate modulated microstructure. Moreover, they also have good shape recoverability when bending with a small radius of curvature (about 2.4 µm for the thickness of 120 nm), corresponding to a bending strain of 2.5%. They could tolerate a maximum bending strain as large as 3.5%, far beyond their bulk counterpart. Our atomistic simulations reveal that this remarkable flexibility originates from the antiferroelectric-ferroelectric phase transition with the aid of polarization rotation. This study not only suggests the mechanism of antiferroelectric oxides to achieve high flexibility but also paves the way for potential applications in flexible electronics.

Greatly Improved the Tunable Amplitude of Ferromagnetism Based on Interface Effect of Flexible Pt/YIG Heterojunctions.

Flexible quantum spin electronic devices based on ferromagnetic insulators have attracted wide attention due to their outstanding advantages of low-power dissipation and noncontact sensing. However, ferromagnetic insulators, such as monocrystalline yttrium iron garnet (Y3Fe5O12, YIG), hve weak stress effects with a small magnetostrictive coefficient (λ110, 10 ppm), making it difficult to achieve a large magnetic tunable amplitude. In this paper, large-scale (with a diameter of 40 mm), flexible Pt/YIG heterojunctions were obtained by double-cavity magnetron sputtering technology, indicating typical soft magnetism and good bending fatigue characteristics. Here, the 3 nm thickness of the Pt layer triggers an obvious magnetic proximity effect, in which the in-plane ferromagnetic resonance field is decreased by 70 Oe compared to flexible Cu/YIG heterojunctions. Meanwhile, it shows a wide tunable amplitude of 110 Oe under the flexible bending stresses, which is induced by the sensitive interface effect of Pt (3 nm)/YIG heterojunctions. The saturation magnetization of Pt/YIG heterojunctions is negatively correlated with Pt thickness rather than the relative stability of Cu/YIG heterojunctions, depending on the magnetic proximity effect. It brings greater application possibilities for flexible stress-sensitive magnetic oxides in spin logic electronic devices.

Gradient-Pattern Micro-Grooved Wicks Fabricated by the Ultraviolet Nanosecond Laser Method and Their Enhanced Capillary Performance.

Capillary-gradient wicks can achieve fast or directional liquid transport, but they face fabrication challenges by traditional methods in terms of precise patterns. Laser processing is a potential solution due to its high pattern accuracy, but there are a few studies on laser-processed capillary-gradient wicks. In this paper, capillary step-gradient micro-grooved wicks (CSMWs) were fabricated by an ultraviolet nanosecond pulsed laser, and their capillary performance was studied experimentally. The CSMWs could be divided into three regions with a decreasing capillary radius. The equilibrium rising height of the CSMWs was enhanced by 124% compared to the non-gradient parallel wick. Different from the classical Lucas-Washburn model describing a uniform non-gradient wick, secondary capillary acceleration was observed in the negative gradient direction of the CSMWs. With the increase in laser power and the decrease in scanning speed, the capillary performance was promoted, and the optimal laser processing parameters were 4 W-10 mm/s. The laser-enhanced capillary performance was attributed to the improved hydrophilicity and reduced capillary radius, which resulted from the increased surface roughness, protrusion morphology, and deep-narrow V-shaped grooves induced by the high energy density of the laser. Our study demonstrates that ultraviolet pulsed laser processing is a highly efficient and low-cost method for fabricating high-performance capillary gradient wicks.

Twisted Integration of Complex Oxide Magnetoelectric Heterostructures via Water-Etching and Transfer Process.

HIGHLIGHTS: The (001)-oriented ferromagnetic La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 films are stuck onto the (011)-oriented ferroelectric single-crystal 0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 substrate with 0° and 45° twist angle. By applying a 7.2 kV cm-1 electric field, the coexistence of uniaxial and fourfold in-plane magnetic anisotropy is observed in 45° Sample, while a typical uniaxial anisotropy is found in 0° Sample. Manipulating strain mode and degree that can be applied to epitaxial complex oxide thin films have been a cornerstone of strain engineering. In recent years, lift-off and transfer technology of the epitaxial oxide thin films have been developed that enabled the integration of heterostructures without the limitation of material types and crystal orientations. Moreover, twisted integration would provide a more interesting strategy in artificial magnetoelectric heterostructures. A specific twist angle between the ferroelectric and ferromagnetic oxide layers corresponds to the distinct strain regulation modes in the magnetoelectric coupling process, which could provide some insight in to the physical phenomena. In this work, the La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 (001)/0.7Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-0.3PbTiO3 (011) (LSMO/PMN-PT) heterostructures with 45º and 0º twist angles were assembled via water-etching and transfer process. The transferred LSMO films exhibit a fourfold magnetic anisotropy with easy axis along LSMO < 110 >. A coexistence of uniaxial and fourfold magnetic anisotropy with LSMO [110] easy axis is observed for the 45° Sample by applying a 7.2 kV cm-1 electrical field, significantly different from a uniaxial anisotropy with LSMO [100] easy axis for the 0° Sample. The fitting of the ferromagnetic resonance field reveals that the strain coupling generated by the 45° twist angle causes different lattice distortion of LSMO, thereby enhancing both the fourfold and uniaxial anisotropy. This work confirms the twisting degrees of freedom for magnetoelectric coupling and opens opportunities for fabricating artificial magnetoelectric heterostructures.

Synthesis of Imidazole-Compound-Coated Copper Nanoparticles with Promising Antioxidant and Sintering Properties.

In this study, we present a facile method for preparing oxidation-resistant Cu nanoparticles through a liquid-phase reduction with imidazole compounds (imidazole, 2-methylimidazole, 2-phenylimidazole, and benzimidazole) that serve as protective and dispersing agents. Through a complexation reaction between Cu atoms, the imidazole compounds can form a protective film on the Cu nanoparticles to prevent the particles from rapidly oxidizing. We compared the effects of the four kinds of imidazole compounds on the oxidation resistance and sintering properties of Cu particles. The Cu particles prepared with benzimidazole could be stored in the air for 30 days without being oxidized. After sintering at 300 °C and 2 MPa, the joint of the particles could reach a shear strength of 32 MPa, which meets the requirements for microelectronic packaging.

Study on Manufacturing Technology of Ultra-Thin/Narrow Bonding Cu Strip for Electronic Packaging.

The performance of rolling parameters and annealing processes on the microstructure and properties of Cu strip were studied by High Precision Rolling Mill, FIB, SEM, Strength Tester, and Resistivity Tester. The results show that with the increase of the reduction rate, coarse grains in the bonding Cu strip are gradually broken and refined, and the grains are flattened when the reduction rate is 80%. The tensile strength increased from 248.0 MPa to 425.5 MPa, while the elongation decreased from 8.50% to 0.91%. The growth of lattice defects and grain boundary density results in an approximately linear increase in resistivity. With the increase of annealing temperature to 400 °C, the Cu strip recovers, and the strength decreased from 456.66 MPa to 220.36 MPa while the elongation rose from 1.09% to 24.73%. The tensile strength and elongation decreased to 192.2 MPa and 20.68%, respectively, when the annealing temperature was 550 °C. The trend of yield strength of the Cu strip was basically the same as that of tensile strength. The resistivity of the Cu strip decreased rapidly during a 200~300 °C annealing temperature, then the trend slowed, and the minimum resistivity was 3.60 × 10-8 Ω·m. The optimum tension range annealing was 6-8 g; less or more than that will affect the quality of the Cu strip.

IL11 activates the placental inflammasome to drive preeclampsia.

Introduction: Preeclampsia is a life-threatening disorder of pregnancy unique to humans. Interleukin (IL)11 is elevated in serum from pregnancies that subsequently develop early-onset preeclampsia and pharmacological elevation of IL11 in pregnant mice causes the development of early-onset preeclampsia-like features (hypertension, proteinuria, and fetal growth restriction). However, the mechanism by which IL11 drives preeclampsia is unknown. Method: Pregnant mice were administered PEGylated (PEG)IL11 or control (PEG) from embryonic day (E)10-16 and the effect on inflammasome activation, systolic blood pressure (during gestation and at 50/90 days post-natal), placental development, and fetal/post-natal pup growth measured. RNAseq analysis was performed on E13 placenta. Human 1st trimester placental villi were treated with IL11 and the effect on inflammasome activation and pyroptosis identified by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Result: PEGIL11 activated the placental inflammasome causing inflammation, fibrosis, and acute and chronic hypertension in wild-type mice. Global and placental-specific loss of the inflammasome adaptor protein Asc and global loss of the Nlrp3 sensor protein prevented PEGIL11-induced fibrosis and hypertension in mice but did not prevent PEGIL11-induced fetal growth restriction or stillbirths. RNA-sequencing and histology identified that PEGIL11 inhibited trophoblast differentiation towards spongiotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast lineages in mice and extravillous trophoblast lineages in human placental villi. Discussion: Inhibition of ASC/NLRP3 inflammasome activity could prevent IL11-induced inflammation and fibrosis in various disease states including preeclampsia.

A Lightweight AlCrTiV0.5Cux High-Entropy Alloy with Excellent Corrosion Resistance.

Lightweight high-entropy alloys (HEAs) are a new class of low-density, high strength-to-weight ratio metallic structural material. Understanding their corrosion behavior is crucial for designing microstructures for their practical applications. This work investigates the electrochemical corrosion behavior of lightweight HEAs AlCrTiV0.5Cux (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) in a 0.6 M NaCl solution. These HEAs were produced by vacuum arc melting. In contrast to 304L stainless steel, all of the alloys exhibited lower current density levels caused by self-corrosion, with AlCrTiV0.5 demonstrating the highest corrosion resistance (0.131 µA/cm2). Corrosion resistance decreased along with the content of copper because copper segregation accelerated local corrosion throughout the alloy.

miR-23b-3p regulates human endometrial epithelial cell adhesion implying a role in implantation.

In brief: miR-23b-3p expression is increased in fertile endometrium during receptivity. This study investigates the function of miR-23b-3p on endometrial adhesion and its downstream targets. Abstract: The human endometrium undergoes dramatic remodeling throughout the menstrual cycle that is essential for successful blastocyst attachment and implantation in the mid-secretory (receptive) phase. microRNA (miR) plays a role in the preparation of endometrial receptivity. miR-23b-3p expression is increased in fertile endometrium during receptivity. Here, we aimed to investigate miR-23b-3p function during receptivity. qPCR and in situ hybridization were used to investigate the expression and localization of miR-23b-3p in human endometrium, respectively. Ishikawa cells (endometrial epithelial cell line) and endometrial organoid-derived epithelial cells were transfected with miR-23b-3p mimic, and trophoblast progenitor spheroid (blastocyst surrogate) adhesion assay was used to determine effects on blastocyst adhesion to endometrial cells. We demonstrated that miR-23b-3p was significantly upregulated in the fertile endometrium of the receptive phase compared to the non-receptive, proliferative phase. No difference was identified for the expression of miR-23b-3p between fertile and infertile mid-secretory phase endometrium. miR-23b-3p localized to the epithelium and stroma in the mid-secretory phase but was undetectable in the proliferative phase of fertile endometrium. Functionally, miR-23-3p overexpression in Ishikawa cells and fertile endometrial organoid-derived epithelial cells significantly improved their adhesive capacity to trophoblast progenitor spheroids. miR-23b-3p overexpression in infertile endometrial organoid-derived epithelial cells did not improve adhesion. Among 10 miR-predicted gene targets examined, miR-23b-3p overexpression in Ishikawa cells significantly reduced the expression of MET, secreted frizzled-related protein 4 (SFRP4) and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase short/branched chain (ACADSB) compared to control. The reduction of SFRP4 after miR23b-3p overexpression was confirmed by immunoblotting in fertile organoid-derived epithelial cells. SFRP4 expression in fertile endometrium exhibited an inverse expression pattern compared to miR-23b-3p and was higher in the proliferative phase compared to the mid-secretory phase. Overall, miR-23b-3p is likely a critical regulator of endometrial epithelial adhesion and receptivity.

Ultrasoft and Biocompatible Magnetic-Hydrogel-Based Strain Sensors for Wireless Passive Biomechanical Monitoring.

Implantable flexible mechanical sensors have exhibited great potential in health monitoring and disease diagnosis due to continuous and real-time monitoring capability. However, the wires and power supply required in current devices cause inconvenience and potential risks. Magnetic-based devices have demonstrated advantages in wireless and passive sensing, but the mismatched mechanical properties, poor biocompatibility, and insufficient sensitivity have limited their applications in biomechanical monitoring. Here, a wireless and passive flexible magnetic-based strain sensor based on a gelatin methacrylate/Fe3O4 magnetic hydrogel has been fabricated. The sensor exhibits ultrasoft mechanical properties, strong magnetic properties, and long-term stability in saline solution and can monitor strains down to 50 µm. A model of the sensing process is established to identify the optimal detection location and the relation between the relative magnetic permeability and the sensitivity of the sensors. Moreover, an in vitro tissue model is developed to investigate the potential of the sensor in detecting subtle biomechanical signals and avoiding interference with bioactivities. Furthermore, a real-time and high-throughput biomonitoring platform is built and implements passive wireless monitoring of the drug response and cultural status of the cardiomyocytes. This work demonstrates the potential of applying magnetic sensing for biomechanical monitoring and provides ideas for the design of wireless and passive implantable devices.

Comparison of spatial approaches to assess the effect of residing in a 20-minute neighbourhood on body mass index.

Beliefs that neighbourhood environments influence body mass index (BMI) assume people residing proximally have similar outcomes. However, spatial relationships are rarely examined. We considered spatial autocorrelation when estimating associations between neighbourhood environments and BMI in two Australian cities. Using cross-sectional data from 1329 participants (Melbourne = 637, Adelaide = 692), spatial autocorrelation in BMI was examined for different spatial weights definitions. Spatial and ordinary least squares regression were compared to assess how accounting for spatial autocorrelation influenced model findings. Geocoded household addresses were used to generate matrices based on distances between addresses. We found low positive spatial autocorrelation in BMI; magnitudes differed by matrix choice, highlighting the need for careful consideration of appropriate spatial weighting. Results indicated statistical evidence of spatial autocorrelation in Adelaide but not Melbourne. Model findings were comparable, with no residual spatial autocorrelation after adjustment for confounders. Future neighbourhoods and BMI research should examine spatial autocorrelation, accounting for this where necessary.

Strain Modulation of Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy in Wrinkle-Patterned (Co/Pt)5/BaTiO3 Magnetoelectric Heterostructures.

The rapid development of spintronics requires the devices to be flexible, to be used in wearable electronics, and controllable, to be used with magnetoelectric (ME) structures. However, the clamping effect inevitably leads to a decreased ME effect on the rigid substrate, and it remains challenging to directly prepare high-quality ferroelectric (FE) membranes on the widely used flexible substrate such as MICA or polyimide (PI). Here, periodic wrinkle-patterned flexible (Co/Pt)5/BaTiO3 (BTO) perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) heterostructures were prepared using the water-soluble method. The high-quality single-crystal BTO membrane ensures that intricate wrinkles do not fracture and a high ME coefficient is achievable. The transferred sample that is released from the clamping effect shows an enhanced ME effect in both in-plane and out-of-plane directions, with the ME coefficient reaching up to 68 Oe °C-1. The ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) field of the flexible sample can be tuned by tensile strain up to 272 Oe. The finely controlled wrinkle shows periodic strain variations at peak and valley regions that switch the PMA magnetic domain motion as an effective control method. The proposed ultraflexible wrinkle sample shows great potential for combining multiple magnetization tuning approaches, allowing it to potentially serve as a tunable high-density 3D storage prototype.

A Green and Facile Microvia Filling Method via Printing and Sintering of Cu-Ag Core-Shell Nano-Microparticles.

In this work, we developed an eco-friendly and facile microvia filling method by using printing and sintering of Cu-Ag core-shell nano-microparticles (Cu@Ag NMPs). Through a chemical reduction reaction in a modified silver ammonia solution with L-His complexing agent, Cu@Ag NMPs with compact and uniform Ag shells, excellent sphericity and oxidation resistance were synthesized. The as-synthesized Cu@Ag NMPs show superior microvia filling properties to Cu nanoparticles (NPs), Ag NPs, and Cu NMPs. By developing a dense refill method, the porosity of the sintered particles within the microvias was significantly reduced from ~30% to ~10%, and the electrical conductivity is increased about twenty-fold. Combing the Cu@Ag NMPs and the dense refill method, the microvias could obtain resistivities as low as 7.0 and 6.3 µΩ·cm under the sintering temperatures of 220 °C and 260 °C, respectively. The material and method in this study possess great potentials in advanced electronic applications.

Improved Anti-Vulcanization and Bonding Performance of a Silver Alloy Bonding Wire by a Cathodic Passivation Treatment with Palladium.

As a traditional interconnect material, silver alloy bonding wires are widely used in electronic packaging, but their propensity to vulcanize quickly has not been sufficiently addressed. The current surface anti-oxidation and anti-sulfidation treatments are often accompanied by a decline in bonding performance, which hinders the use of silver alloy bonding wires in new applications. In the present paper, we develop a new cathodic passivation treatment in a Pd-containing solution for silver bonding wires, which not only significantly improves their vulcanization resistance, but also maintains their bonding performance. The surface of the treated wires remains unaffected after vulcanization in 0.3 µg/m3 of ammonium sulfide for 60 min. Compared to a Pd-free passivation treatment, the bonding strength of the wire passivated with the Pd-containing solution improves from 0.20 to 0.27 N. XPS analysis confirms the existence of Pd on the surface of the wire. The solder ball formed an obtuse angle instead of a sharp angle on the pad, which is beneficial for bonding strength.

Green synthesis of novelin situmicro/submicron-Cu paste for semiconductor interconnection.

A green method for the synthesis ofin situCu paste is developed. Cu particles are prepared through chemical reduction by selecting a special copper source, reducing agent, and solvent. Then the reaction solution is directly concentrated to obtain anin situCu paste. The synthesis of Cu particles and the preparation of Cu paste are conducted simultaneously, and the process of separation, purification, drying, storage, and re-dispersion of powder are reduced. Particles are not directly exposed to air, thus the oxidation of micro/submicron -Cu is effectively prevented, and the agglomeration of particles caused by drying and dispersion operations is simultaneously reduced. Furthermore, the proposed method has a certain universality, and different types of Cu sources can be used to preparein situpaste with different sizes and morphologies. The entire preparation process is simple, efficient, green, and the yield can reach 99.99%, which breaks through the bottleneck of the application of traditional micro/submicron-Cu materials. Copper acetate-basedin situpaste is sintered for 30 min at 260 °C and 2 MPa in a reducing atmosphere. The shear strength, resistivity, and thermal conductivity reach 55.26 MPa, 4.01 × 10-8Ω·m, and 92.75 W/(m·K), respectively, which could meet the interconnection application of power semiconductor devices.

Infertile human endometrial organoid apical protein secretions are dysregulated and impair trophoblast progenitor cell adhesion.

Introduction: Embryo implantation failure leads to infertility. As an important approach to regulate implantation, endometrial epithelial cells produce and secrete factors apically into the uterine cavity in the receptive phase to prepare the initial blastocyst adhesion and implantation. Organoids were recently developed from human endometrial epithelium with similar apical-basal polarity compared to endometrial gland making it an ideal model to study endometrial epithelial secretions. Methods: Endometrial organoids were established using endometrial biopsies from women with primary infertility and normal fertility. Fertile and infertile organoids were treated with hormones to model receptive phase of the endometrial epithelium and intra-organoid fluid (IOF) was collected to compare the apical protein secretion profile and function on trophoblast cell adhesion. Results: Our data show that infertile organoids were dysregulated in their response to estrogen and progesterone treatment. Proteomic analysis of organoid apical secretions identified 150 dysregulated proteins between fertile and infertile groups (>1.5-fold change). Trophoblast progenitor spheroids (blastocyst surrogates) treated with infertile organoid apical secretions significantly compromised their adhesion to organoid epithelial cell monolayers compared to fertile group (P < 0.0001). Discussion: This study revealed that endometrial organoid apical secretions alter trophoblast cell adhesiveness relative to fertility status of women. It paves the way to determine the molecular mechanisms by which endometrial epithelial apical released factors regulate blastocyst initial attachment and implantation.

A quantitative model to understand the microflow-controlled sintering mechanism of metal particles at nanometer to micron scale.

In this paper, the particle size effect on the sintering behaviors of Cu particles at nanometer to micron scale is explored. The results show that micron-sized particles could form obvious sintering necks at a low temperature of 260 °C, exhibiting a shear strength as high as 64 MPa. A power relation ofx âˆ a0.8between sintering neck radius (x) and particle radius (a) is discovered, and a sintering model with a quantitative relational expression of (x/a)5 = 160γδDt/3akTis proposed by considering the surface tension driven microflow process between adjacent particles to predict the growth of sintering necks. It is concluded that the sintering process of particles at nanometer to micron scale is controlled by microflow mechanism instead of diffusion mechanism. Our proposed model provides a new theoretical basis for understanding the kinetic growth mechanism of sintering necks of metal particles.

Study on Manufacturing Technology of Ag-8.5Au-3.5Pd Fine Alloy Wire.

The performance of Ag-8.5Au-3.5Pd alloy wire after cold deformation and annealing were analyzed by SEM (scanning electron microscope), strength tester and resistivity tester. The processing process and performance change characteristics of Ag-8.5Au-3.5Pd alloy wire were studied. The results show that alloy wire grains gradually form a fibrous structure along with the increase in deformation. The strength of the wire increases with the increase in deformation rate, but the increase trend becomes flat once the deformation rate is higher than 92.78%; the resistivity of Ag-8.5Au-3.5Pd alloy wire decreases with the increase in annealing temperature, reaching minimum (2.395 × 10-8 Ω·m) when the annealing temperature is 500 °C; the strength of Ag-8.5Au-3.5Pd alloy wire decreases with the increase in annealing temperature. When the annealing temperature is 500 °C, the strength and elongation of the φ0.2070 mm Ag-8.5Au-3.5Pd alloy wire are 287 MPa and 25.7%, respectively; the fracture force and elongation of φ0.020 mm Ag-8.5Au-3.5Pd alloy wire are 0.0876 N and 14.8%, respectively. When the annealing temperature is 550 °C, the metal grains begin to grow and the mechanical performance decrease; the φ0.020 mm Ag-8.5Au-3.5Pd alloy wire have good surface quality when the tension range is 2.5-3.0 g.

The effect of Raphanus sativus L. seeds on regulation of intestinal motility in rats consuming a high-calorie diet.

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of a short-term high-calorie diet and the regulation mechanism of Raphanus sativus L. seeds (RSL seeds) on the intestinal motility of young rats. METHODS: We fed 20 Specific Pathogen Free (SPF) 4-week-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats special high-calorie diet for 3 days and then randomized them to a high-calorie diet group (HCG, 10 rats) and an RSL seeds treatment group (TG, 10 rats). Ten rats of the same age served as the control group (CG). HCG and TG rats continued to be fed high-calorie feed. All of the rats were weighed every 2 days. After 3 days of treatment, the effects of RSL seeds on the regulation of intestinal motility in rats consuming a high-calorie diet were examined. RESULTS: After 3 days of consuming a high-calorie diet, body weight was significantly lower in the HCG group than in the control group, and body weight of the HCG group increased slowly with time. Serum substance P (SP) and ghrelin levels were significantly lower, while the nitric oxide (NO) level was significantly higher. There were no differences in hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining of colon sections between the groups. The expression levels of Cx43 and BDNF protein and mRNA in colon tissue were significantly lower in the HCG group. There were no significant differences in body weight between the CG and TG groups. Serum SP and ghrelin indexes in TG group were higher than those in the HCG group, and the NO index was significantly decreased. The expression levels of Cx43 and BDNF proteins and mRNA in the colon tissue were also significantly greater. CONCLUSION: Consumption of a short-term high-calorie diet may result in intestinal motility dysfunction and reduced intestinal motility. RSL seeds may improve the intestinal motility by regulating the secretion of gastrointestinal motility hormones and the expression of intestinal motility-related proteins, such as Cx43 and BDNF.

Understanding the relationship between particle size and ultrasonic treatment during the synthesis of metal nanoparticles.

Ultrasonic treatment is an effective method for size refinement and dispersion of nanomaterials during their synthesis process. However, the quantitative relationship between ultrasonic conditions and particle size in the synthesis of metal nanoparticles has not been fully revealed. In this study, Cu nanoparticles were synthesized via the wet-chemical redox method under ultrasonic treatment, and statistical analysis on the evolution of particle size distribution was carried out. It was found that the particle size decreased exponentially with increasing ultrasonic power. A quantitative model was then proposed to describe the influence of ultrasonic power on the size distribution of metal nanoparticles from the perspective of the competition between the surface energy and the ultrasonic force. A relational expression of Rc∝γ47P-37 was revealed, and it was proved to fit well with the experimental results. Our study provides new experimental basis and theoretical method for understanding the mechanism of ultrasonic-induced size refinement of metal nanoparticles.