RESUMO
Nanobubbles, which have the potential for ultrasonic targeted imaging and treatment in tumors, have been a research focus in recent years. With the current methods, however, the prepared uniformly sized nanobubbles either undergo post-formulation manipulation, such as centrifugation, after the mixture of microbubbles and nanobubbles, or require the addition of amphiphilic surfactants. These processes influence the nanobubble stability, possibly create material waste, and complicate the preparation process. In the present work, we directly prepared uniformly sized nanobubbles by modulating the thickness of a phospholipid film without the purification processes or the addition of amphiphilic surfactants. The fabricated nanobubbles from the optimal phospholipid film thickness exhibited optimal physical characteristics, such as uniform bubble size, good stability, and low toxicity. We also evaluated the enhanced imaging ability of the nanobubbles both in vitro and in vivo. The in vivo enhancement intensity in the tumor was stronger than that of SonoVue after injection (UCA; 2 min: 162.47 ± 8.94 dB vs. 132.11 ± 5.16 dB, P < 0.01; 5 min: 128.38.47 ± 5.06 dB vs. 68.24 ± 2.07 dB, P < 0.01). Thus, the optimal phospholipid film thickness can lead to nanobubbles that are effective for tumor imaging.
Assuntos
Neoplasias da Mama/diagnóstico por imagem , Meios de Contraste/síntese química , Aumento da Imagem/métodos , Microbolhas , Nanopartículas/química , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Composição de Medicamentos/métodos , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Nus , Nanopartículas/ultraestrutura , Tamanho da Partícula , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Computer games are considered an emerging media and are even regarded as an advertising channel. By a three-phase experiment, this study investigated the advertising effectiveness of computer games for different product placement forms, product types, and their combinations. As the statistical results revealed, computer games are appropriate for placement advertising. Additionally, different product types and placement forms produced different advertising effectiveness. Optimum combinations of product types and placement forms existed. An advertisement design model is proposed for use in game design environments. Some suggestions are given for advertisers and game companies respectively.
Assuntos
Publicidade/métodos , Atenção , Jogos Experimentais , Rememoração Mental , Interface Usuário-Computador , Adulto , Análise de Variância , Objetivos , Humanos , Internet , Jogos e Brinquedos , Valores de Referência , Estimulação Subliminar , Jogos de VídeoRESUMO
AIM: To investigate the role of bacterial Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in inducing TLR7 protein expression in DC2.4 cells. METHODS: DC2.4 cells were cultured in RPMI1640 medium supplemented with 100 mL/L FBS. Optical microscope was used to observe the cells morphology before and after LPS induction. RT-PCR and Western blot were employed to analyze the expression of TLR7 at mRNA and protein lever, respectively. RESULTS: Without LPS induction, DC2.4 cells were small and shine with a few dendrites, didn't express TLR7 protein. However, DC2.4 cells become bigger and the dendrites of them become more robust with LPS induction. DC2.4 cells start to express TLR7 protein after 12 hours LPS induction, and there is no much difference on TLR7 protein expression after 12 h, 24 h, 48 h LPS stimulation. CONCLUSION: LPS can induce TLR7 protein expression in DC2.4 cells.