Palmatine Ameliorates Motor Deficits and Dopaminergic Neuron Loss by Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome through Mitophagy in Parkinson's Disease Model Mice.

NLRP3 inflammasomes-mediated proinflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction play a critical role in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation through mitophagy may be an important strategy to control NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated proinflammatory responses. Palmatine (PAL), an isoquinoline alkaloid found in various of plants, has potent pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation. However, the specific role of PAL in the pathology of Parkinson's disease remains unclear. In this study, we found that treatment with PAL improved motor deficits and reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP mice. Further results showed that PAL promoted mitophagy and inhibited the proinflammatory response mediated by NLRP3 inflammasomes. In addition, chloroquine (CQ, mitophagy inhibitor) attenuated the ameliorative effects of PAL on the motor deficits and dopaminergic neuron damage, as well as the inhibitory effect of PAL on NLRP3 inflammasome. Collectively, these results provide strong evidence that PAL ameliorates motor deficits and dopaminergic neuron death in Parkinson's disease, and the mechanism may be related to its inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation via promoting mitophagy.

SOS2-AFP2 module regulates seed germination by inducing ABI5 degradation in response to salt stress in Arabidopsis.

Soil salinity pose a significant challenge to global agriculture, threatening crop yields and food security. Understanding the salt tolerance mechanisms of plants is crucial for improving their survival under salt stress. AFP2, a negative regulator of ABA signaling, has been shown to play a crucial role in salt stress tolerance during seed germination. Mutations in AFP2 gene lead to increased sensitivity to salt stress. However, the underline mechanisms by which AFP2 regulates seed germination under salt stress remain elusive. In this study, we identified a protein interaction between AFP2 and SOS2, a Ser/Thr protein kinase known to play a critical role in salt stress response. Using a combination of genetic, biochemical, and physiological approaches, we investigated the role of the SOS2-AFP2 module in regulating seed germination under salt stress. Our findings reveal that SOS2 physically interacts with AFP2 and stabilizes it, leading to the degradation of the ABI5 protein, a negative transcription factor in seed germination under salt stress. This study sheds light on previously unknown connections within salt stress and ABA signaling, paving the way for novel strategies to enhance plant resilience against environmental challenges.

Rapid characterization of non-volatile phenolic compounds reveals the reliable chemical markers for authentication of traditional Chinese medicine Xiang-ru among confusing Elsholtzia species.

The aerial parts of Mosla chinensis Maxim. and Mosla chinensis cv. 'Jiangxiangru' (MCJ) are widely utilized in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), known collectively as Xiang-ru. However, due to clinical effectiveness concerns and frequent misidentification, the original plants have increasingly been substituted by various species within the genera Elsholtzia and Mosla. The challenge in distinguishing between these genera arises from their similar morphological and metabolic profiles. To address this issue, our study introduced a rapid method for metabolic characterization, employing high-resolution mass spectrometry-based metabolomics. Through detailed biosynthetic and chemometric analyses, we pinpointed five phenolic compounds-salviaflaside, cynaroside, scutellarein-7-O-D-glucoside, rutin, and vicenin-2-among 203 identified compounds, as reliable chemical markers for distinguishing Xiang-ru from closely related Elsholtzia species. This methodology holds promise for broad application in the analysis of plant aerial parts, especially in verifying the authenticity of aromatic traditional medicinal plants. Our findings underscore the importance of non-volatile compounds as dependable chemical markers in the authentication process of aromatic traditional medicinal plants.

The functionalities and applications of whey/whey protein in fermented foods: a review.

Whey, a major by-product of cheese production, is primarily composed of whey protein (WP). To mitigate environmental pollution, it is crucial to identify effective approaches for fully utilizing the functional components of whey or WP to produce high-value-added products. This review aims to illustrate the active substances with immunomodulatory, metabolic syndrome-regulating, antioxidant, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory activities produced by whey or WP through fermentation processes, and summarizes the application and the effects of whey or WP on nutritional properties and health promotion in fermented foods. All these findings indicate that whey or WP can serve as a preservative, a source of high-protein dietary, and a source of physiologically active substance in the production of fermented foods. Therefore, expanding the use of whey or WP in fermented foods is of great importance for converting whey into value-added products, as well as reducing whey waste and potential contamination.

Characterization of the complete plastid genome of Gaultheria griffithiana (Ericaceae).

Gaultheria griffithiana is an evergreen shrub in the family Ericaceae. It is used as a source of the Chinese traditional medicine, Tougucao, with distribution of the junction of eastern Himalaya and Hengduan Mountain. The chloroplast genome of G. griffithiana is 175,649 bp in length with 135 genes, including eight rRNA genes, 39 tRNA genes, and 85 protein-coding genes. Phylogenetic analysis has converged on the placement of G. griffithiana as sister to G. praticola, G. nummularioides, and G. hookeri within the Leucothoides clade of Gaultheria in this study.