Three-Dimensional Optothermal Manipulation of Light-Absorbing Particles in Phase-Change Gel Media.

Rational manipulation and assembly of discrete colloidal particles into architected superstructures have enabled several applications in materials science and nanotechnology. Optical manipulation techniques, typically operated in fluid media, facilitate the precise arrangement of colloidal particles into superstructures by using focused laser beams. However, as the optical energy is turned off, the inherent Brownian motion of the particles in fluid media impedes the retention and reconfiguration of such superstructures. Overcoming this fundamental limitation, we present on-demand, three-dimensional (3D) optical manipulation of colloidal particles in a phase-change solid medium made of surfactant bilayers. Unlike liquid crystal media, the lack of fluid flow within the bilayer media enables the assembly and retention of colloids for diverse spatial configurations. By utilizing the optically controlled temperature-dependent interactions between the particles and their surrounding media, we experimentally exhibit the holonomic microscale control of diverse particles for repeatable, reconfigurable, and controlled colloidal arrangements in 3D. Finally, we demonstrate tunable light-matter interactions between the particles and 2D materials by successfully manipulating and retaining these particles at fixed distances from the 2D material layers. Our experimental results demonstrate that the particles can be retained for over 120 days without any change in their relative positions or degradation in the bilayers. With the capability of arranging particles in 3D configurations with long-term stability, our platform pushes the frontiers of optical manipulation for distinct applications such as metamaterial fabrication, information storage, and security.

Concurrent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in the treatment of morbid obesity comorbid with severe obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective cohort study.

STUDY OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the safety and short-term effect of contemporaneous surgeries (bariatric surgery plus uvulopalatopharyngoplasty [UPPP]) in the treatment of morbid obesity comorbid with severe obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed to identify patients with obesity and severe OSA who underwent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) with or without UPPP surgeries between December 2019 and December 2021 in our center. Patients were divided into 2 groups according to different surgical methods (contemporaneous group [LSG with UPPP] vs LSG-only group). Data about surgical safety, OSA remission, and effectiveness of weight loss were collected and analyzed between the 2 groups before and 12 months after surgery. RESULTS: A total of 101 patients were included in this study (contemporaneous group [LSG with UPPP], n = 42 vs LSG only group, n = 59). There was no significant difference in surgical safety between the 2 groups, and both OSA and obesity were significantly improved at 12.5 ± 2.1 months postoperative follow-up. The apnea-hypopnea index decreased from 68.7 ± 30.4 events/h to 10.2 ± 7.0 events/h in the contemporaneous group (P < .001) and from 64.7 ± 26.2 events/h to 18.9 ± 9.8 events/h in the LSG group (P < .001). Moreover, the apnea-hypopnea index decreased to below 5 events/h in 50% of patients (21/42) in the contemporaneous group but only in 13.5% of patients in the LSG group (P < .001). In the LSG group 20 (34%) patients achieved a reduction in apnea-hypopnea index < 15 events/h and resolution of daytime sleepiness. CONCLUSIONS: Contemporaneous surgery (concurrent bariatric and UPPP surgeries) is feasible and an effective option for patients with obesity and severe OSA. However, our finding suggests that approximately a third of patients undergoing LSG with UPPP may not derive significant benefit from the UPPP portion of the contemporaneous surgical approach. CITATION: Yang C, Yu W, Yao K, et al. Concurrent laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy with uvulopalatopharyngoplasty in the treatment of morbid obesity comorbid with severe obstructive sleep apnea: a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Sleep Med. 2024;20(4):555-564.

Observation of Room-Temperature Exciton-Polariton Emission from Wide-Ranging 2D Semiconductors Coupled with a Broadband Mie Resonator.

Two-dimensional exciton-polaritons in monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) exhibit practical advantages in valley coherence, optical nonlinearities, and even bosonic condensation owing to their light-emission capability. To achieve robust exciton-polariton emission, strong photon-exciton couplings are required at the TMD monolayer, which is challenging due to its atomic thickness. High-quality (Q) factor optical cavities with narrowband resonances are an effective approach but typically limited to a specific excitonic state of a certain TMD material. Herein, we achieve on-demand exciton-polariton emission from a wide range of TMDs at room temperature by hybridizing excitons with broadband Mie resonances spanning the whole visible spectrum. By confining broadband light at the TMD monolayer, our one type of Mie resonator on different TMDs enables enhanced light-matter interactions with multiple excitonic states simultaneously. We demonstrate multi-Rabi splittings and robust polaritonic photoluminescence in monolayer WSe2, WS2, and MoS2. The hybrid system also shows the potential to approach the ultrastrong coupling regime.

The Reliability of Three-Dimensional Landmark-Based Craniomaxillofacial and Airway Cephalometric Analysis.

Cephalometric analysis is a standard diagnostic tool in orthodontics and craniofacial surgery. Today, as conventional 2D cephalometry is limited and susceptible to analysis bias, a more reliable and user-friendly three-dimensional system that includes hard tissue, soft tissue, and airways is demanded in clinical practice. We launched our study to develop such a system based on CT data and landmarks. This study aims to determine whether the data labeled through our process is highly qualified and whether the soft tissue and airway data derived from CT scans are reliable. We enrolled 15 patients (seven males, eight females, 26.47 ± 3.44 years old) diagnosed with either non-syndromic dento-maxillofacial deformities or OSDB in this study to evaluate the intra- and inter-examiner reliability of our system. A total of 126 landmarks were adopted and divided into five sets by region: 28 cranial points, 25 mandibular points, 20 teeth points, 48 soft tissue points, and 6 airway points. All the landmarks were labeled by two experienced clinical practitioners, either of whom had labeled all the data twice at least one month apart. Furthermore, 78 parameters of three sets were calculated in this study: 42 skeletal parameters (23 angular and 19 linear), 27 soft tissue parameters (9 angular and 18 linear), and 9 upper airway parameters (2 linear, 4 areal, and 3 voluminal). Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to evaluate the inter-examiner and intra-examiner reliability of landmark coordinate values and measurement parameters. The overwhelming majority of the landmarks showed excellent intra- and inter-examiner reliability. For skeletal parameters, angular parameters indicated better reliability, while linear parameters performed better for soft tissue parameters. The intra- and inter-examiner ICCs of airway parameters referred to excellent reliability. In summary, the data labeled through our process are qualified, and the soft tissue and airway data derived from CT scans are reliable. Landmarks that are not commonly used in clinical practice may require additional attention while labeling as they are prone to poor reliability. Measurement parameters with values close to 0 tend to have low reliability. We believe this three-dimensional cephalometric system would reach clinical application.

Multimodal Optothermal Manipulations along Various Surfaces.

Optical tweezers have provided tremendous opportunities for fundamental studies and applications in the life sciences, chemistry, and physics by offering contact-free manipulation of small objects. However, it requires sophisticated real-time imaging and feedback systems for conventional optical tweezers to achieve controlled motion of micro/nanoparticles along textured surfaces, which are required for such applications as high-resolution near-field characterizations of cell membranes with nanoparticles as probes. In addition, most optical tweezers systems are limited to single manipulation modes, restricting their broader applications. Herein, we develop an optothermal platform that enables the multimodal manipulation of micro/nanoparticles along various surfaces. Specifically, we achieve the manipulation of micro/nanoparticles through the synergy between the optical and thermal forces, which arise due to the temperature gradient self-generated by the particles absorbing the light. With a simple control of the laser beam, we achieve five switchable working modes [i.e., tweezing, rotating, rolling (toward), rolling (away), and shooting] for the versatile manipulation of both synthesized particles and biological cells along various substrates. More interestingly, we realize the manipulation of micro/nanoparticles on rough surfaces of live worms and their embryos for localized control of biological functions. By enabling the three-dimensional control of micro/nano-objects along various surfaces, including topologically uneven biological tissues, our multimodal optothermal platform will become a powerful tool in life sciences, nanotechnology, and colloidal sciences.

Effect of Sleep Position on Sleep-Disordered Breathing in Young Children With Unrepaired Incomplete Cleft Palates.

Children with cleft lip/palate are usually faced with upper airway problems after surgical repair. The severity of upper airway obstruction is more likely associated with the age and preoperative diagnosis of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). This study aimed to investigate the severity of OSA in toddlers before palatoplasty from the perspective of polysomnography. In this retrospective cohort study, 97 children with unrepaired cleft palate and habitual prone sleeping were identified with a mean age of 1.6 years (SD 0.6) and divided into 2 age groups (1.5 year or younger and older than 1.5 year). Detailed information was collected including demographics, sleep parameters, and respiratory disturbances. Polysomnography results showed these children were at high risks of OSA with averagely moderate severity at night during their early childhood [apnea-hypopnea index 7.2±3.2 events/hour; obstructive apnea index (OAI) 6.5±2.8 events/hour]. Positional OAI was greatly lower in prone than that in laterals or in supine. Far more sleep time was spent in prone than in supine (42.9%±42.2% versus 8.5%±15.7%), which were consistent with parental reporting of prone sleeping habits. There were no significant differences found between the 2 age groups in respiratory disturbances such as apnea-hypopnea index, OAI, mean oxygen saturation, and nadir oxygen saturation ( P =0.097-0.988). Thus, prone sleeping with a history of snoring might be indicators for early screening for OSA in the cleft population. Adequate attention should be paid to their upper airway and, if available, overnight polysomnography should be performed to ascertain their potential respiratory problems before repair surgery.

Evaluation of treatment with unilateral mandibular sagittal split ramus osteotomy and maxillary osteotomy in patients with condylar osteochondroma and mandibular asymmetry: A retrospective case series.

The aim of the study was to describe an approach where condylar resection with condylar neck preservation was combined with Le Fort I osteotomy and unilateral mandibular sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). Patients with a unilateral condylar osteochondroma combined with dentofacial deformity and facial asymmetry who underwent surgery between January 2020 and December 2020 were enrolled. The operation included condylar resection, Le Fort I osteotomy and contralateral mandibular sagittal split ramus osteotomy (SSRO). Simplant Pro 11.04 software was used to reconstruct and measure the preoperative and postoperative craniomaxillofacial CT images. The deviation and rotation of the mandible, change in the occlusal plane, position of the "new condyle" and facial symmetry were compared and evaluated during follow-up. Three patients were included in the present study. The patients were followed up for 9.6 months on average (range, 8-12). Immediate postoperative CT images showed that the mandible deviation and rotation and occlusion plane canting decreased significantly postoperatively; facial symmetry was improved but still compromised. During the follow-up, the mandible gradually rotated to the affected side, the position of the "new condyle" moved further inside toward the fossa, and both the mandible rotation and facial symmetry were more significantly improved. Within the limitations of the study it seems that for some patients a combination of condylectomy with condylar neck preservation and unilateral mandibular SSRO can be effective in achieving facial symmetry.

Tunable Strong Coupling in Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Nanowires.

Subwavelength optical resonators with spatiotemporal control of light are essential to the miniaturization of optical devices. In this work, chemically synthesized transition metal dichalcogenide (TMDC) nanowires are exploited as a new type of dielectric nanoresonators to simultaneously support pronounced excitonic and Mie resonances. Strong light-matter couplings and tunable exciton polaritons in individual nanowires are demonstrated. In addition, the excitonic responses can be reversibly modulated with excellent reproducibility, offering the potential for developing tunable optical nanodevices. Being in the mobile colloidal state with highly tunable optical properties, the TMDC nanoresonators will find promising applications in integrated active optical devices, including all-optical switches and sensors.

Opto-Thermocapillary Nanomotors on Solid Substrates.

Motors that can convert different forms of energy into mechanical work are of profound importance to the development of human societies. The evolution of micromotors has stimulated many advances in drug delivery and microrobotics for futuristic applications in biomedical engineering and nanotechnology. However, further miniaturization of motors toward the nanoscale is still challenging because of the strong Brownian motion of nanomotors in liquid environments. Here, we develop light-driven opto-thermocapillary nanomotors (OTNM) operated on solid substrates where the interference of Brownian motion is effectively suppressed. Specifically, by optically controlling particle-substrate interactions and thermocapillary actuation, we demonstrate the robust orbital rotation of 80 nm gold nanoparticles around a laser beam on a solid substrate. With on-chip operation capability in an ambient environment, our OTNM can serve as light-driven engines to power functional devices at the nanoscale.

Room-Temperature Observation of Near-Intrinsic Exciton Linewidth in Monolayer WS2.

The homogeneous exciton linewidth, which captures the coherent quantum dynamics of an excitonic state, is a vital parameter in exploring light-matter interactions in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs). An efficient control of the exciton linewidth is of great significance, and in particular of its intrinsic linewidth, which determines the minimum timescale for the coherent manipulation of excitons. However, such a control is rarely achieved in TMDs at room temperature (RT). While the intrinsic A exciton linewidth is down to 7 meV in monolayer WS2 , the reported RT linewidth is typically a few tens of meV due to inevitable homogeneous and inhomogeneous broadening effects. Here, it is shown that a 7.18 meV near-intrinsic linewidth can be observed at RT when monolayer WS2 is coupled with a moderate-refractive-index hydrogenated silicon nanosphere in water. By boosting the dynamic competition between exciton and trion decay channels in WS2 through the nanosphere-supported Mie resonances, the coherent linewidth can be tuned from 35 down to 7.18 meV. Such modulation of exciton linewidth and its associated mechanism are robust even in presence of defects, easing the sample quality requirement and providing new opportunities for TMD-based nanophotonics and optoelectronics.

Controlling the polarization of chiral dipolar emission with a spherical dielectric nanoantenna.

Circularly polarized light (CPL) carrying spin angular momentum is crucial to many applications, such as quantum computing, optical communication, novel displays, and biosensing. Nonetheless, the emission from chiral molecules contains comparable CPL components with opposite handedness, resulting in low levels of CPL overall with a small dissymmetry factor and fixed handedness consistent with the handedness of the molecules. Nanoantennas have proved to be useful tools for controlling the emission properties of quantum emitters. In particular, dielectric resonators support electric and magnetic modes, which implies unparalleled opportunities to interact with chiral molecules whose emission originates from both electric and magnetic dipole transitions. In this work, we theoretically study the effects of a spherical dielectric nanoantenna on the directionality and polarization of emission from a chiral molecule. With exact analytical solutions based on generalized Mie theory, we show that directional chiral light emission and nontrivial polarization modulation, such as handedness reversal or chirality enhancement, can be achieved simultaneously for a chiral dipole tangentially coupled with a silicon nanosphere. The influence of the relative strength and orientation between the electric and magnetic dipole moments is also discussed. Our results suggest a new approach to controlling chiral dipolar emission and could benefit the development of chiral light sources.

Plasmonic Nanotweezers and Nanosensors for Point-of-Care Applications.

The capabilities of manipulating and analyzing biological cells, bacteria, viruses, DNAs, and proteins at high resolution are significant in understanding biology and enabling early disease diagnosis. We discuss progress in developments and applications of plasmonic nanotweezers and nanosensors where the plasmon-enhanced light-matter interactions at the nanoscale improve the optical manipulation and analysis of biological objects. Selected examples are presented to illustrate their design and working principles. In the context of plasmofluidics, which merges plasmonics and fluidics, the integration of plasmonic nanotweezers and nanosensors with microfluidic systems for point-of-care (POC) applications is envisioned. We provide our perspectives on the challenges and opportunities in further developing and applying the plasmofluidic POC devices.

Directional Modulation of Exciton Emission Using Single Dielectric Nanospheres.

Coupling emitters with nanoresonators is an effective strategy to control light emission at the subwavelength scale with high efficiency. Low-loss dielectric nanoantennas hold particular promise for this purpose, owing to their strong Mie resonances. Herein, a highly miniaturized platform is explored for the control of emission based on individual subwavelength Si nanospheres (SiNSs) to modulate the directional excitation and exciton emission of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides (2D TMDs). A modified Mie theory for dipole-sphere hybrid systems is derived to instruct the optimal design for desirable modulation performance. Controllable forward-to-backward intensity ratios are experimentally validated in 532 nm laser excitation and 635 nm exciton emission from a monolayer WS2 . Versatile light emission control is achieved for different emitters and excitation wavelengths, benefiting from the facile size control and isotropic shape of SiNSs. Simultaneous modulation of excitation and emission via a single SiNS at visible wavelengths significantly improves the efficiency and directionality of TMD exciton emission and leads to the potential of multifunctional integrated photonics. Overall, the work opens promising opportunities for nanophotonics and polaritonic systems, enabling efficient manipulation, enhancement, and reconfigurability of light-matter interactions.

Self-Assembly of Silica-Gold Core-Shell Microparticles by Electric Fields Toward Dynamically Tunable Metamaterials.

Metamaterials, rationally engineered composite materials with exotic properties, have provided unprecedented opportunities to manipulate the propagation of electromagnetic waves and control light-matter interactions in a prescribed manner. At present, most metamaterials are in solid states, and their functions are fixed once fabricated. Applying external electric fields to assemble metallic and metallodielectric particles into distinct configurations is an approach to realize dynamically tunable or reconfigurable metamaterials. In this paper, we show that core-shell microparticles can be self-assembled into chain structures under an alternating current (AC) electric field at different oscillation frequencies. We have conducted optical characterizations of silica-gold core-shell particles by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, which show distinct optical responses at mid-infrared wavelengths before and after the chain formation. Full-wave simulations unveil that the spectral features arise from the coupling between the sophisticated plasmonic resonant modes of individual core-shell particles. The reconfigurable metamaterials based on the manipulation and assembly of metallic and metallodielectric particles have potential applications in optofluidic devices, liquid-borne microcircuits, and optical sensing.

Directional light emission by electric and magnetic dipoles near a nanosphere: an analytical approach based on the generalized Mie theory.

We present a theoretical study of directional light emission by dipole emitters near a spherical nanoparticle. Our analysis is extended from an exact electrodynamical approach for solving the coupling between a dipole and a sphere, providing a full picture of the directional emission for a complete set of combinations of variable emitters, particles, and their orientations. In particular, we show that the Mie resonances of a dielectric sphere are strongly influenced by the coupled dipole emitter, leading to the scattering properties that are different from the prediction by the standard Mie theory. Moreover, we demonstrate that the dielectric spheres have opposite effects on the emission direction and a decay rate of electric and magnetic dipoles. Our approach enriches the analytical toolbox for designing optical antennas and understanding dipole-sphere coupling.

Tunable Chiral Optics in All-Solid-Phase Reconfigurable Dielectric Nanostructures.

Subwavelength nanostructures with tunable compositions and geometries show favorable optical functionalities for the implementation of nanophotonic systems. Precise and versatile control of structural configurations on solid substrates is essential for their applications in on-chip devices. Here, we report all-solid-phase reconfigurable chiral nanostructures with silicon nanoparticles and nanowires as the building blocks in which the configuration and chiroptical response can be tailored on-demand by dynamic manipulation of the silicon nanoparticle. We reveal that the optical chirality originates from the handedness-dependent coupling between optical resonances of the silicon nanoparticle and the silicon nanowire via numerical simulations and coupled-mode theory analysis. Furthermore, the coexisting electric and magnetic resonances support strong enhancement of optical near-field chirality, which enables label-free enantiodiscrimination of biomolecules in single nanostructures. Our results not only provide insight into the design of functional high-index materials but also bring new strategies to develop adaptive devices for photonic and electronic applications.

A mixture-density-based tandem optimization network for on-demand inverse design of thin-film high reflectors.

Deep learning (DL) has emerged as a promising tool for photonic inverse design. Nevertheless, despite the initial success in retrieving spectra of modest complexity with nearly instantaneous readout, DL-assisted design methods often underperform in accuracy compared with advanced optimization techniques and have not proven competitive in handling spectra of practical usefulness. Here, we introduce a tandem optimization model that combines a mixture density network (MDN) and a fully connected (FC) network to inversely design practical thin-film high reflectors. The multimodal nature of the MDN gives access to infinite candidate designs described by probability distributions, which are iteratively sampled and evaluated by the FC network to allow for rapid optimization. We show that the proposed model can retrieve the reflectance spectra of 20-layer thin-film structures. More interestingly, it reproduces with high precision the periodic structures of high reflectors derived from physical principles, even though no such information is included in the training data. Improved designs with extended high-reflectance zones are also demonstrated. Our approach combines the high-efficiency advantage of DL with the optimization-enabled performance improvement, enabling efficient and on-demand inverse design for practical applications.

Prognostic Value of Hyponatremia During Acute Painful Episodes in Sickle Cell Disease.

BACKGROUND: Low plasma sodium concentration has been recognized as a prognostic factor in several disorders but never evaluated in sickle cell disease. The present study evaluates its value at admission to predict a complication in adult patients with sickle cell disease hospitalized for an initially uncomplicated acute painful episode. METHODS: The primary outcome of this retrospective study, performed between 2010 and 2015 in a French referral center for sickle cell disease, was a composite criterion including acute chest syndrome, intensive care unit transfer, red blood cell transfusion or inpatient death. Analyses were adjusted for age, sex, hemoglobin genotype and concentration, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) concentration, and white blood cell count. RESULTS: We included 1218 stays (406 patients). No inpatient death occurred during the study period. Hyponatremia (plasma sodium ≤135 mmol/L) at admission in the center was associated with the primary outcome (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.95, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3-2.91, P = 0.001), with acute chest syndrome (OR 1.95 [95% CI 1.2-3.17, P = 0.008]), and red blood cell transfusion (OR 2.71 [95% CI 1.58-4.65, P <0.001]) but not significantly with intensive care unit transfer (OR 1.83 [95% CI 0.94-3.79, P = 0.074]). Adjusted mean length of stay was longer by 1.1 days (95% CI 0.5-1.6, P <0.001) in patients with hyponatremia at admission. CONCLUSIONS: Hyponatremia at admission in the medical department for an acute painful episode is a strong and independent prognostic factor of unfavorable outcome and, notably, acute chest syndrome. It could help targeting patients who may benefit from closer monitoring.

Deep Convolutional Mixture Density Network for Inverse Design of Layered Photonic Structures.

Machine learning (ML) techniques, such as neural networks, have emerged as powerful tools for the inverse design of nanophotonic structures. However, this innovative approach suffers some limitations. A primary one is the nonuniqueness problem, which can prevent ML algorithms from properly converging because vastly different designs produce nearly identical spectra. Here, we introduce a mixture density network (MDN) approach, which models the design parameters as multimodal probability distributions instead of discrete values, allowing the algorithms to converge in cases of nonuniqueness without sacrificing degenerate solutions. We apply our MDN technique to inversely design two types of multilayer photonic structures consisting of thin films of oxides, which present a significant challenge for conventional ML algorithms due to a high degree of nonuniqueness in their optical properties. In the 10-layer case, the MDN can handle transmission spectra with high complexity and under varying illumination conditions. The 4-layer case tends to show a stronger multimodal character, with secondary modes indicating alternative solutions for a target spectrum. The shape of the distributions gives valuable information for postprocessing and about the uncertainty in the predictions, which is not available with deterministic networks. Our approach provides an effective solution to the inverse design of photonic structures and yields more optimal searches for the structures with high degeneracy and spectral complexity.

Precisely Tuning LSPR Property via "Peptide-Encoded" Morphological Evolution of Gold Nanorods for Quantitative Visualization of Enzyme Activity.

Longitudinal surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based optical signals possess unique advantages in biomolecular sensing and detection which can be attributed to their ultrahigh sensitivity and signal-to-noise ratio. However, the lack of effective strategies for morphological control of gold nanorods (GNRs) complicates the precise tuning of their LSPR property. Herein, a "peptide-encoded" strategy was first developed to precisely control the morphologies of GNRs via overgrowth of GNR seeds in the presence of thiol-containing peptides. Significantly, the "peptide-encoded" GNRs exhibit a tunable LSPR peak ranging from 685 to 877 nm by altering the amount of peptide. A few obvious colorimetric changes were accompanied from pink to purple and even to blue. Other parameters, e.g., pH, temperature, and Ag+ concentration, could also be utilized to regulate the morphologies of the "peptide-encoded" GNRs. The ultrasensitive detection of tumor-related protease activities based on LSPR peak shifts was further successfully performed without the need for labeling or instrumental aid, achieving a limit of detection of 60 fM. It is much lower than traditional absorption-based analysis (1 nM) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method (1 pM), indicating the great potential of this peptide-encoded strategy in the application of ultrasensitive biomarker assay and clinical diagnosis.