Epidemiologic Correlation and Drug Resistance Analysis of Pathogenic Bacteria in Different Open Limb Injury External Conditions.

OBJECTIVE: To study the epidemiological correlation and drug resistance of external factors of infection caused by open injury of limbs to pathogens. METHODS: This experiment is a retrospective study. We took the geographical location and climate of Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China as the background, analyzed 2017 strains of pathogens from 1589 patients with limb trauma infection in a University Affiliated Hospital from 2012 to 2017. Patients were divided into three groups according to the type of incision: I, In-hospital infection of clean limb incision, II, In-hospital infection with open injury, III, Community infection with open injury of the limb. Groups II and Groups III were divided into six subgroups according to the causes of trauma, including: accidents from non-motor vehicles, machinery, cutting/piercing, pedestrian injuries, struck by/against, pedal cycles, and other injuries. We found eight common pathogens of orthopedic infection, which were mainly divided into Gram-positive bacteria (G+, mainly including Staphylococcus) and Gram-negative bacteria (G-, mainly Enterobacteriaceae). The relationship between main pathogens and damage mechanism, apparent temperature and relative humidity was discussed in this study. SPSS v22.0 was used for statistical analysis of the data. Friedman's two-way ANOVA was used to analyze the difference between the injury mechanism and incidence of pathogenic bacteria. Linear regression was used to determine the trend between the incidence of major pathogens and seasonal temperature and humidity. The level of significance was set as P < 0.05. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the distribution of pathogens between Groups II and Groups III (P>0.05). The drug resistance of Groups III was significantly higher than that of Groups II and Groups I. G+ bacteria were resistant to cephalosporin, ceftriaxone and other cephalosporins and erythromycin and other macrolides. They were sensitive to vancomycin and linezolid. G- were resistant to the first- and the second-generation cephalosporins, including cefotetan and cefazolin, and ampicillin and other penicillins, while they were sensitive to third-generation cephalosporins, such as ceftazidime, as well as to levofloxacin and other quinolones, meropenem, and other beta-lactamases. The correlation between the injury mechanism and infection of pathogenic bacteria was not significant. The monthly average apparent temperature and relative humidity were correlated with the infection rate of pathogenic bacteria. CONCLUSION: In open injury of extremities, apparent temperature and relative humidity is an important risk factor for infection by pathogenic bacteria and the drug resistance of pathogenic bacteria in out-of-hospital infection was lower than that of hospital infection.

Validation of the Reference Genes for the Gene Expression Studies in Different Cell Lines of Pig.

Reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction is one of the important methods to investigate gene expression in cells and tissues. However, if the data cannot be normalized with appropriate reference genes, the results may be unreliable. In this study, we detected the expression of 15 reference genes in three pig cell lines. The results showed that SDHA and ALDOA were the most stable reference genes in 3D4/21 cells. TOP2B, TBP, and PPIA were the most stable reference genes in PK-15 cells. SDHA and ALDOA were the most stable reference genes in IPEC-J2 cells. In addition, each cell line only needs to use two reference genes to standardize the expression of target genes. Taken together, this study provides a reference for different pig cell lines to select reference genes and also provides a theoretical basis for the use of these cell lines in related functional researches.

The Meishan pig genome reveals structural variation-mediated gene expression and phenotypic divergence underlying Asian pig domestication.

There are wide genomic and phenotypic differences between Asian and European pig breeds, yet the current reference genome is the European Duroc pig genome. A high-quality pig genome is lacking for genetic analysis of agricultural traits in Asian pigs. Here, using a hybrid approach, a high-quality reference genome (MSCAAS v1) for the Asian Meishan breed is assembled with a contig N50 size of 48.05 Mb. MSCAAS v1 outperforms the Duroc genome as a reference genome for Asian breeds. Genomic comparison reveals 49,103 structural variations (SVs) between Meishan and Duroc, 4.02% of which are Asian-specific SVs (AP-SVs). Notably, a 30-Mb hotspot for AP-SVs on chromosome X enriched for genes associated with Asian-pig-specific phenotypes is present in Asian domestic pig breeds, but absent in Asian wild boars, suggesting that Asian domestic breeds share a common ancestor. Interbreed transcriptomics reveals transcriptional suppression roles of AP-SVs in multiple tissues. Finally, transcriptional regulation in the intron of IGF2R is reported, as genomic SV (274-bp deletion) in Tibetan pig limits its growth compared to domestic pig breeds. In summary, this study provides insights regarding the genetic changes underlying pig domestication and presents a benchmark-setting resource for the utilization of agricultural valuable loci in Asian pigs.

Epidemiology and Drug Resistance Analysis of Mixed Infection in Orthopedic Surgical Sites.

Background: Infection, including mixed infection, is not uncommon in orthopedic surgical incision. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology and drug resistance of mixed infections after orthopedic surgical procedures. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 533 orthopedic surgical site infections (SSIs) in a university hospital from 2012 to 2017. Eighty-six patients (218 strains) with bacterial culture results showing more than one strain were screened to explore their epidemiology and drug resistance. Results: Of 218 bacterial strains, 2-7 bacterial infections were noted in each wound. Most infections were caused by two kinds of bacteria (65.1%). The number of infections decreased with increased number of strains. The combinations of pathogenic micro-organisms were all gram-negative, 55.81%; gram-positive and gram-negative, 30.23%; all gram-positive, 12.79%; and gram-positive and fungi, 1.16%. Their resistance is consistent with the bacterial resistance of 447 cases of single bacterial SSI during the same period. Hospitalization duration was longer (9.8-20.6 d). Conclusion: Our study shows no significant changes in epidemiology and drug resistance caused by mixed infections in the orthopedic surgical site because of coordination and competition among micro-organisms. These bacteria are difficult to control, leading to extended hospitalization. Antibiotic agents should be chosen strictly according to drug sensitivity, and ineffective antibiotic agents must be avoided.