Infecciones en cirugía bariátrica / Bariatric surgery infections

Las infecciones de sitio operatorio son eventos adversos frecuentes en cirugía, su presencia determina una mayor morbimortalidad, además de estancia hospitalaria y costos económicos para los afectados. La obesidad constituye un factor de riesgo para dicha enfermedad por aspectos multifactoriales. Considerando la epidemia occidental del sobrepeso y la obesidad, así como la masificación de la cirugía bariátrica, es importante mantener conceptos actualizados. La obesidad determina un estado de respuesta inflamatorio sistémico basal, el cual puede ser descompensado por segundas injurias, dicha descompensación puede determinar en una mayor tasa de infecciones asociadas a la intervención quirúrgica. Existe evidencia que no logra demostrar significación estadística con relación a la presencia de diabetes o H. pylori como factor de riesgo. De forma complementaria, algunos paradigmas como la mayor tasa de infecciones pulmonares o la necesidad de uso de antibiótico-profilaxis en cirugía bariátrica se mantiene.

Surgical site infections are frequent adverse events in surgery, its presence determines increased morbidity and mortality plus hospital stay and economic costs for those affected. Obesity is a risk factor for this disease by multifactorial aspects. Considering the Western epidemic overweight and obesity, as well as the massification of bariatric surgery, it is important to keep updated concepts. Obesity determines a state of basal systemic inflammatory response, which can be decompensated by a second hit, this decompensation can determine a higher rate of infections associated to surgery. There is evidence that fails to demonstrate statistical significance in relation to the presence of diabetes or H. pylori infection as a risk factor. As a complement, some paradigms as the highest rate of lung infections or the need for antibiotic prophylaxis use in bariatric surgery remains.

Gastric leak after laparoscopic-sleeve gastrectomy for obesity.

BACKGROUND: One of the most serious complications after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is gastric leak. Few publications exist concerning the treatment of gastric leak. We sought to determine by way of a prospective study the clinical presentation, postoperative course, and treatment of gastric leak after LSG for obesity. METHODS: From October 2005 to August 2008, 214 patients with different degrees of obesity underwent LSG. During surgery, each patient received saline with methylene blue by way of nasogastric tube and had a drain placed. All patients underwent radiologic study with liquid barium sulphate on postoperative day 3. RESULTS: Seven patients developed gastric leak. Leak in two patients (28.6%) was diagnosed by upper gastrointestinal tract (UGI) study. Two patients had type I leak (28.6%), and five patients had type II leak (71.4%). Four patients underwent reoperation. Three patients were managed medically with enteral or parenteral feeding; the drain was maintained in situ; and collections were drained by percutaneous punctions guided by computed axial tomography. Mean hospital length of stay was 28.8 days, and time to leakage closure was 43 days after surgery. CONCLUSION: Different ways exist to manage gastric leak, depending on the magnitude of the collection and the clinical repercussions. When treatment necessitates reintervention and is performed early, suture repair is more likely to be successful. Leakage closure time will vary.

Lesiones de vía biliar en 10791 colecistectomías laparoscópicas / Bile duct injuries in laparoscopic cholecystectomy study of 10791 cases

Con el objetivo de saber si existe aumento de lesiones de la vía biliar en la colecistectomía laparoscópica con respecto a la colecistectomía tradicional, se analiza la experiencia del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile en un período de 12 años, comparándola con una experiencia anterior en cirugía abierta. Fueron operados 10791 pacientes por laparoscopia. Encontramos 29 lesiones de la vía biliar, de las que 12 son consideradas graves: sección, clipaje o resección. Los 17 casos restantes corresponden a lesiones puntiformes o desgarros de la unión cístico-coledociana. Al analizarlas según estado anatomopatológico de la vesícula biliar al momento de la extirpación encontramos una incidencia de 0,13 por ciento en la colecistitis crónica simple, 0,36 por ciento en la colecistitis aguda y 1,06 por ciento en la vesícula escleroatrófica. Se concluye que hay un aumento real de la lesión en la colecistectomía laparoscópica y que ello está directamente relacionado con el estado evolutivo de la enfermedad litiásica.

Management of common bile duct stones: the state of the art in 2000.

Biliary lithiasis is a widespread disease all over the world; one-third of the white population presents with stones in the biliary ducts. In Chile, it is present in 47% of adult females. The most common complications of this pathology are acute cholecystitis, choledocholithiasis, acute pancreatitis, retained common bile duct (CBD) stones, and gallbladder cancer; these constitute a serious health problem in Chile. The aim of this study was to update the information related to choledocholithiasis after 10 years of laparoscopic biliary surgery. To achieve this objective, we retrospectively analyzed the last 100 cases of choledocholithiasis admitted to the University of Chile Clinical Hospital in 2000. Prevalence by sex and age was determined. Clinical diagnosis was demonstrated to be effective in 92.3% of the cases; laboratory tests and ultrasound were effective in 81% and 90% of the cases, respectively. Diagnosis of cholelithiasis and choledocholithiasis as one unique entity corresponded to 53% of the sample; 47% of the remaining choledocholithiasis cases corresponded to retained CBD stones in patients previously cholecystectomized. Time of appearance of symptoms of this residual pathology was reviewed. All methods or procedures employed to treat this pathology were studied, and it was found that endoscopic cholangiography (ERCP) was the most frequently used procedure. Also, results of other alternative procedures, such as open surgery or ERCP combined with laparoscopic cholecystectomy, were considered. Finally, this study was complemented with a thorough bibliographic review of more than 100 publications on the subject that were published in high-impact surgical reviews, emphasizing the course of treatment followed during the last 7 years.