Infant Formulas With Partially or Extensively Hydrolyzed Milk Proteins for the Prevention of Allergic Diseases: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials.

Despite the widely recommended usage of partially hydrolyzed formula (PHF) or extensively hydrolyzed formula (EHF) of milk protein for preventing allergic diseases (ADs), clinical studies have been inconclusive regarding their efficacy compared with that of cow's milk formula (CMF) or breast milk (BM). We aimed to systematically evaluate the effects of PHF or EHF compared with those of CMF or BM on risk of ADs (cow's milk allergy, allergic rhinitis, eczema, asthma, wheeze, food allergy, and sensitization) in children. We searched PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science for clinical trials published from inception to 21 October, 2022. We used the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach to grade the strength of evidence. Overall, 24 trials (10,950 infants) were included, 17 of which specifically included high-risk infants. GRADE was low for the evidence that, compared with CMF, infants early fed with EHF had lower risk of cow's milk allergy at age 0-2 y [relative risk (RR): 0.62; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.99]. Moderate evidence supported that PHF and EHF reduced risk of eczema in children aged younger or older than 2 y, respectively (RR: 0.71; 95% CI: 0.52, 0.96; and RR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67, 0.94, respectively). We also identified moderate systematic evidence indicating that PHF reduced risk of wheeze at age 0-2 y compared with CMF (RR: 0.50; 95% CI: 0.29, 0.85), but PHF and EHF increased the risk compared with BM (RR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.31; and RR: 1.64; 95% CI: 1.26, 2.14). Neither PHF nor EHF had significant effects on other ADs in children of any age. In conclusion, compared with CMF, PHF, or EHF had different preventive effect on cow's milk allergy, eczema, and wheeze. Compared with BM, both PHF and EHF may increase risk of wheeze but not other ADs. Given that most trials included only high-risk infants, more research on non-high-risk infants is warranted before any generalization is attempted. This protocol was registered at PROSPERO as CRD42022320787.

A cisplatin and disulphiram co-loaded inclusion complex overcomes drug resistance by inhibiting cancer cell stemness in non-small cell lung cancer.

Introduction: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounting for about 80-85% of all lung cancer cases is one of the fastest-growing malignancies in terms of incidence and mortality worldwide and is commonly treated with cisplatin (DDP). Although treatment may initially be effective, the DDP therapy often leads to the development of chemoresistance and treatment failure. Disulphiram (DSF), an old alcohol-aversion drug, has been revealed to help reverse drug resistance in several cancers. In addition, several studies have shown a close relationship between drug resistance and cancer cell stemness.Methods: In this study, DDP and DSF were embedded in hydroxypropyl-ß-cyclodextrin (CD) to prepare a co-loaded inclusion complex of DDP and DSF (DDP-DSF/CD) with enhanced solubility and therapeutic effects. The effects and mechanism of DSF on the DDP resistance from the perspective of cancer cell stemness were determined.Results: Our data show that DDP-DSF/CD increased cytotoxicity and apoptosis of DDP-resistant A549 (A549/DDP) cells, inhibited stem cell transcriptional regulatory genes and drug resistance-associated proteins and reversed the DDP resistance in vitro and in vivo.Discussion: Overall, DDP-DSF/CD could be a promising formulation for the reversal of DDP resistance in NSCLC by inhibiting cancer cell stemness.

Differences in fat digestion from milk of different Species: In vitro gastrointestinal digestion model for infants.

The differences in the milk fat digestion from goat milk (GM), camel milk (CM), bovine milk (BM), sheep milk (SM), mare milk (MM) and human milk (HM) using an in vitro gastrointestinal digestion model for simulated infants were investigated. The particle size distributions in goat and mare milk were similar to that of HM after digestion in the small intestine. During in vitro digestion, the zeta-potential change of MM was more consistent with that of HM. After 60 min of gastric digestion, the lipolysis degree (LD) of different milks were<2%, of which the highest LD was MM (1.84%), followed by HM (1.45%). At the end of intestinal digestion, the LD of HM was the highest, reaching 88.47%, and the LD of SM was similar to that of HM, reaching 83.92%, followed by GM (57.00%), BM (40.98%) and MM (39.37%), respectively, the LD of CM was only 29.99%, which was much lower than HM. The results of the glyceride composition hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that MM and HM were clustered into one category at the end of gastric and intestinal digestion. This study provides a scientific basis for the development of lipid ingredients in infant formula.

Formula Milk Supplementation and Bone Acquisition in 4-6 Years Chinese Children: A 12-Month Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial.

Dairy foods are crucial for adequate calcium intake in young children, but scarce data are available on the effects of formula milk on bone acquisition. This cluster-randomized controlled trial investigated the effects of the supplementation of formula milk on bone health in rural children accustomed to a low-calcium diet between September 2021 and September 2022. We recruited 196 healthy children aged 4-6 years from two kindergartens in Huining County, Northwest China. A class-based randomization was used to assign them to receive 60 g of formula milk powder containing 720 mg calcium and 4.5 µg vitamin D or 20-30 g of bread per day for 12 months, respectively. Bone mineral density (BMD) and bone mineral content (BMC) at the left forearm and calcaneus, bone biomarkers, bone-related hormones/growth factors, and body measures were determined at baseline, 6, and 12 months. A total of 174 children completed the trial and were included in the analysis. Compared with the control group, formula milk intervention showed significant extra increments in BMD (3.77% and 6.66%) and BMC (4.55% and 5.76%) at the left forearm at 6th and 12th months post-intervention (all p < 0.001), respectively. Similar trends were observed in BMD (2.83%) and BMC (2.38%) in the left calcaneus at 6 months (p < 0.05). The milk intervention (vs. control) also showed significant changes in the serum concentrations of osteocalcin level (-7.59%, p = 0.012), 25-hydroxy-vitamin-D (+5.54%, p = 0.001), parathyroid hormone concentration (-15.22%, p = 0.003), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (+8.36%, p = 0.014). The percentage increases in height were 0.34%, 0.45%, and 0.42% higher in the milk group than in the control group after 3-, 6-, and 9-month intervention, respectively (p < 0.05). In summary, formula milk supplementation enhances bone acquisition at the left forearm in young Chinese children.

S-allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine ameliorates pulmonary fibrosis in mice via Nrf2 pathway activation and NF-κB, TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 pathway suppression.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic lung disease characterised by alveolar inflammatory injury, alveolar septal thickening, and eventually fibrosis. Patients with severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) may have left a certain degree of pulmonary fibrosis. PF is commonly caused by oxidative imbalance and inflammatory damage. S-allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine (ASSNAC) exhibits anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory effects in other diseases. However, the pharmacodynamics of ASSNAC remain unclear for PF. This investigation aimed to evaluate the efficacy and mechanism of ASSNAC against PF. The PF model was established by TGF-ß1 stimulating HFL-1 cells in vitro. ASSNAC exhibited the potential to inhibit fibroblast transformation into myofibroblasts. Also, in the PF mice model with bleomycin (BLM), the sodium salt of ASSNAC (ASSNAC-Na) inhalation was treated. ASSNAC remarkably improved mice's lung tissue structure and collagen deposition. The important indicator proteins of PF, collagen Ⅰ, collagen Ⅲ, and α-SMA significantly decreased in the ASSNAC treated groups. Besides, ASSNAC attenuated oxidative stress by reversing glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels and interfering with Nrf2/NOX4 signaling pathways. ASSNAC showed an anti-inflammatory effect by reducing the number of inflammatory cells and inflammatory cytokines, such as TNF-α and IL-6, and blocking the NF-κB signaling pathway. ASSNAC inhibited fibroblast differentiation by blocking the TGF-ß1/Smad2/3 signaling pathway. This study implicates that ASSNAC alleviates pulmonary fibrosis through fighting against oxidative stress, reducing inflammation and inhibiting fibroblast differentiation.

Configurations for positive public behaviors in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 crisis poses considerable threats to public health, and exploring the key configuration conditions of the public behavior response is very important for emergency risk management. OBJECTIVE: This study attempts to reveal differences in the conditional configuration and mechanism of public behavior based on the proposed framework, further make up for the deficiencies of existing research in explaining such issues as "How to promote the public's protective behavior or reduce the public's excessive behavior?" and finally provide new evidence and ideas for the government to improve the emergency management system. METHODS: A total of 735 valid cases were obtained using an online survey and revealed the conditional configuration and mechanism of public behavior differences through a fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis based on the proposed public behavioral framework. RESULTS: The results show that critical factors including risk communication, trust, risk perception, and negative emotions alone did not constitute a necessary condition for public protective or excessive behavior. The different configurations of influencing factors reveal the complexity of public behavioral risk management, and taking adequate measures to increase public trust and reduce negative public emotions constitute the core path of risk management to enhance positive public behavior. CONCLUSIONS: The configurations of various influencing factors reveal the complexity of public behavioral risk management. For behavioral risk management, governments should focus on adapting to multiple conditions according to their situations and, under the "overall perspective," formulate policies based on local conditions and further form a differentiated risk management path. Practically speaking, for the government, taking adequate measures to increase public trust and reduce negative public emotions is the core path of risk management to enhance positive public behavior.

Analyzing Risk Communication, Trust, Risk Perception, Negative Emotions, and Behavioral Coping Strategies During the COVID-19 Pandemic in China Using a Structural Equation Model.

Objective: Risk communication and the degree of trust are major factors that affect the public's behavioral coping strategies and play an important role in emergency risk management. However, the internal formation mechanism involved in the public's psychological behavior remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the association among risk communication, trust, risk perception, negative emotions, and behavioral coping strategies during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and to identify and quantify the factors that influence public behavior. Methods: We launched an online survey through social media from April to July 2020 in China. Relevant data were elicited using a self-designed questionnaire that mainly examined respondent characteristics, risk communication, trust, risk perception, negative emotions, protective coping behavior, and excessive coping behavior in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. A total of 735 valid responses were obtained. A structural equation model was then used to explore relationship pathways among the components. Results: The higher the degree of risk communication (ß = -0.10, p < 0.05) and trust (ß = -0.22, p < 0.001), the lower the public risk perception. Risk communication and trust had a direct effect on public behavioral coping strategies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The higher the level of risk communication (ß = 0.14, p < 0.001) or trust (ß = 0.48, p < 0.001), the more likely it was that this would encourage the public to adopt protective coping behaviors, while the public was less likely to engage in excessive coping behaviors as the degree of trust increased (ß = -0.12, p < 0.01). Risk perception influenced by poor risk communication and trust generated negative emotions (ß = 0.31, p < 0.001), and such negative emotions further positively influenced public behavioral coping strategies (whether protective [ß = 0.09, p < 0.05] or excessive [ß = 0.24, p < 0.001] behaviors). Conclusion: Risk communication, trust, risk perception, and negative emotions were significantly directly or indirectly related to public behavior. The findings provide useful information for emergency risk management and a theoretical basis for follow-up research on public coping behavior during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Nucleotides: an updated review of their concentration in breast milk.

Our knowledge about the complexity of human milk, in particular fatty acid, protein, and oligosaccharide profiles, has increased considerably in recent years. However, little attention has been paid to nucleotides, which account for ∼2% to 5% of the nonprotein nitrogen fraction of breast milk and provide important cellular and metabolism functions for the infant. We examined literature published in the past 25 years to provide an updated review of concentrations of nucleotides in breast milk across lactational stages in mothers around the world. The free mononucleotides found in highest concentrations in breast milk are, from highest to lowest in the order of cytidine 5'-monophosphate, uridine 5'-monophosphate, and adenosine 5'-monophosphate, guanosine 5'-monophosphate, and inosine 5'-monophosphate. Levels of nucleotides varied considerably amongst individual mothers and with stage of lactation. They could be further influenced by time of day and season and the mother's diet. Levels of free nucleotides varied between studies undertaken in different regions; however, in studies that measured total potentially available nucleotides levels, regional differences were not apparent. Some studies report higher amounts in colostrum and transition milk compared with mature milk, whereas other studies report the converse. Recently, clinical studies showed that there are benefits to supplement nucleotides in infant formula. Although comparing data in the literature remains a challenge because of different milk collection methodologies and measurement protocols used by different studies, the information may provide insights for designing of formula products for infant at different stages of development.

S-Allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine ameliorates elastase-induced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in mice via regulating autophagy.

Autophagy-impairment is involved in the pathological process of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and relates to inflammation and emphysema in lung injury. This study aimed to elucidate the protective effect of S-Allylmercapto-N-acetylcysteine (ASSNAC) against COPD via regulating the autophagy. Firstly, porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE)-induced COPD model in A549 cells was established, and ASSNAC was verified to alleviate the autophagy-impairment from the results of western blotting analysis of LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ and monodansylcadaverine (MDC) staining of autophagosome. Secondly, Balb/c mice were stimulated by PPE to induce the COPD model in vivo. The histological analysis of lung tissues presented that ASSNAC could alleviate the lung injury induced by PPE. Thirdly, the secretions of NO, TNF-α and IL-1ß in serum and BALF were reduced by ASSNAC compared with the PPE group. Finally, the mechanism of therapeutic effects of ASSNAC against COPD through regulating the autophagy-impairment was clarified. That is, ASSNAC inhibits the phosphorylation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathways. In a word, this research provides a reference for ASSNAC to be an effective drug for pulmonary diseases.

Neurodevelopmental Outcomes and Gut Bifidobacteria in Term Infants Fed an Infant Formula Containing High sn-2 Palmitate: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial.

A few studies suggested high stereo-specifically numbered (sn)-2 palmitate in a formula might favor the gut Bifidobacteria of infants. The initial colonization and subsequent development of gut microbiota in early life might be associated with development and later life functions of the central nervous system via the microbiota-gut-brain axis, such as children with autism. This study aims to assess the hypothesized effect of increasing the amount of palmitic acid esterified in the sn-2 position in infant formula on neurodevelopment in healthy full-term infants and to explore the association of this effect with the altered gut Bifidobacteria. One hundred and ninety-nine infants were enrolled in this cluster randomized clinical trial: 66 breast-fed (BF group) and 133 formula-fed infants who were clustered and randomly assigned to receive formula containing high sn-2 palmitate (sn-2 group, n = 66) or low sn-2 palmitate (control group, n = 67), where 46.3% and 10.3% of the palmitic acid (PA) was sn-2-palmitate, respectively. Infants' neurodevelopmental outcomes were measured by the Ages and Stages Questionnaire, third edition (ASQ-3). Stool samples were collected for the analysis of Bifidobacteria (Trial registration number: ChiCTR1800014479). At week 16, the risk of scoring close to the threshold for fine motor skills (reference: scoring above the typical development threshold) was significantly lower in the sn-2 group than the control group after adjustment for the maternal education level (p = 0.036) but did not differ significantly versus the BF group (p = 0.513). At week 16 and week 24, the sn-2 group (week 16: 15.7% and week 24: 15.6%) had a significantly higher relative abundance of fecal Bifidobacteria than the control group (week 16: 6.6%, p = 0.001 and week 24:11.2%, p = 0.028) and did not differ from the BF group (week 16: 14.4%, p = 0.674 and week 24: 14.9%, p = 0.749). At week 16, a higher relative abundance of Bifidobacteria was associated with the decreased odds of only one domain scoring close to the threshold in the formula-fed infants group (odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.947 (0.901-0.996)). Elevating the sn-2 palmitate level in the formula improved infants' development of fine motor skills, and the beneficial effects of high sn-2 palmitate on infant neurodevelopment was associated with the increased gut Bifidobacteria level.

Investigation of amino acids and minerals in Chinese breast milk.

BACKGROUND: The nutrients in human milk, particularly amino acids and minerals, are important for infant growth and development. Since there are few reports of amino acids and minerals in Chinese breast milk, we conducted this study to establish a representative preliminary database of breast milk nutrients in Chinese breast milk. In this study, we collected breast milk from healthy mothers in seven cities in western, southern and central China. The composition, content and proportion of total amino acids and ten elements (potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, selenium and phosphorus) in human milk in different lactation stages were investigated. RESULTS: In this study, it was found that the content of total essential amino acids (671.47 mg 100 mL-1 ) in Chinese breast milk was higher compared with the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology Hepatology and Nutrition (ESPGHAN) (574 mg 100 mL-1 ), but the content of leucine (LEU) (129.01 mg 100 mL-1 ) and cysteine (CYS) (20.31 mg 100 mL-1 ) was much lower than that recommended by ESPGHAN. Moreover, it was found that the content of most of these ten elements decreased during lactation, and the content of calcium in Chinese breast milk was lower compared with ESPGHAN. In addition, the content of selenium (7.23-20.55 mg 1000 mL-1 ) in breast milk from the three cities Nanchang, Shanghai and Guangzhou in China was much higher than that recommended by ESPGHAN. CONCLUSIONS: In a word, amino acids and minerals in Chinese human milk showed a significant difference from other countries. Human milk meal or infant food should be regulated to meet the requirements of the infant and to maintain the balance of the amino acids and minerals. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Colostral and mature breast milk protein compositional determinants in Qingdao, Wuhan and Hohhot: maternal food culture, vaginal delivery and neonatal gender.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Breast milk proteins are essential to infants as they provide nutrition and protection. This study evaluated multiple factors that might influence breast milk proteins to identify the determinants that lead to inter-individual and longitudinal differences. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: Five major breast milk proteins (ß-casein, α-lactalbumin, lactoferrin, serum albumin and κ-casein) from breast milk samples collected from 55 mothers in three cities (Hohhot, Wuhan and Qingdao) in China were analyzed using a validated ultraperformance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method. Various factors were statistically evaluated for their associations with breast milk proteins: mother's age, parity, delivery mode, infant gender and infant birthweight. RESULTS: Although decreased in concentrations, the proportions of ß-casein and α-lactalbumin increased from colostrum (33.8% and 26.8%) to mature milk (40.3% and 31.6%), respectively. Mothers of older age were found to produce a lower concentration of total protein. Compared with vaginal delivery, caesarean section was associated with lower concentrations of κ-casein, lactoferrin and ß-casein in mature milk. Infant gender influenced breast milk proteins in colostrum: mothers who delivered a girl tended to produce more κ-casein, lactoferrin and total protein. Furthermore, regional differences were found, and mothers from Hohhot produced significantly higher concentrations of α-lactalbumin and lactoferrin than those from Qingdao and Wuhan. This regional difference might be linked to the different dietary patterns of these mothers among cities. CONCLUSIONS: Our study deepens the understanding of breast milk protein dynamics in Chinese population and provides evidence on potential determinants, which can serve as guidance for infant nutrition optimization.

Characterization and comparison of milk fat globule membrane N-glycoproteomes from human and bovine colostrum and mature milk.

Human and bovine milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins have been identified and characterized; however, their glycosylation during lactation remains unclear. We adopted a glycoproteomics approach to profile and compare MFGM N-glycoproteomes in human and bovine milk during lactation. A total of 843, 718, 614, and 273 N-glycosite peptides corresponding to 465, 423, 334, and 176 glycoproteins were identified in human colostrum, human mature milk, bovine colostrum, and bovine mature milk, respectively. The biological functions of these MFGM N-glycoproteins were revealed through bioinformatics. Substantial differences were observed between human and bovine milk, and immune-related MFGM N-glycoproteins varied between colostrum and mature milk from both species. Our results expand current knowledge of MFGM N-glycoproteomes, and further demonstrate the complexity and biological functions of MFGM N-glycosylation. These data can provide references for the application of bovine MFGM N-glycoproteins in infant formula to resemble human milk and in functional foods.

Fatty acid positional distribution in colostrum and mature milk of women living in Inner Mongolia, North Jiangsu and Guangxi of China.

In order to investigate the fatty acid composition and distribution in colostrum and mature milk, breast milk samples and 24 h food records were obtained from 65 lactating women across three regions in China (Inner Mongolia, North Jiangsu and Guangxi). Fatty acid methyl esters were prepared by standard methods and separated and identified by gas chromatography. Compared with the Chinese breast milk fatty acid data 10 years ago, SFA and trans fatty acids (TFA) in breast milk decreased, while PUFA increased in the present study. Most SFA (C16:0, C15:0, C14:0), cis-C16:1 and several LC-PUFA (C22:5n-3 and C22:6n-3) were predominantly acylated at the sn-2 position. The cis-C17:1 and C22:6n-3 were distributed equally in three positions of triacylglycerol (TAG). Whereas, TFA, conjugated linoleic acids (CLA), cis-C18:1, C18:2n-6, C18:3n-3 and C20:5n-3 were acylated at the sn-1, 3 positions of TAG in human milk. The composition of fatty acids in breast milk was closely related to the diet of lactating mothers. PUFA in breast milk was negatively correlated with the intake of protein, fat and meat, but positively correlated with the intake of carbohydrates. MUFA of human milk was negatively correlated with the intake of dairy products, eggs, fish and shrimp. SFA in breast milk was positively correlated with the maternal intake of meat. In addition, the present results showed that the composition of total fatty acids and sn-2 fatty acids in breast milk varied with the lactation period and the geographical regions in China; however, the regiospecific fatty acid profile seemed not to be affected by the lactation time and regions, although the quantities at each position could be changed.

Comparative proteomic exploration of whey proteins in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk using iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS.

Whey, an essential source of dietary nutrients, is widely used in dairy foods for infants. A total of 584 whey proteins in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk were identified and quantified by the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) proteomic method. The 424 differentially expressed whey proteins were identified and analyzed according to gene ontology (GO) annotation, Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway, and multivariate statistical analysis. Biological processes principally involved biological regulation and response to stimulus. Major cellular components were extracellular region part and extracellular space. The most prevalent molecular function was protein binding. Twenty immune-related proteins and 13 proteins related to enzyme regulatory activity were differentially expressed in human and bovine milk. Differentially expressed whey proteins participated in many KEGG pathways, including major complement and coagulation cascades and in phagosomes. Whey proteins show obvious differences in expression in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk, with consequences for biological function. The results here increase our understanding of different whey proteomes, which could provide useful information for the development and manufacture of dairy products and nutrient food for infants. The advanced iTRAQ proteomic approach was used to analyze differentially expressed whey proteins in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk.

Comparative proteomic analysis of milk-derived exosomes in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk samples by iTRAQ-coupled LC-MS/MS.

Exosomes are membranous vesicles found in biological fluids with important functions. However, milk-derived exosome proteins from humans and bovines have not been studied in detail. The advanced iTRAQ proteomic approach was used to analyze milk-derived exosomes in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk samples. A total of 920 milk exosome proteins were identified and quantified. Among these, 575 differentially expressed exosome proteins (P<0.05) were found. Multivariate analysis, gene ontology (GO) annotation and the KEGG pathway were used to interpret the identified proteins. The major biological processes involved were: response to stimulus (22%), localization (16%), establishment of localization (14%), and cellular component organization (14%). Cellular components engaged in intracellular (31%) and intracellular part (31%). The most prevalent molecular function mainly touched upon binding (52%). Milk exosome proteins participated in several KEGG pathways containing ribosome, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, leukocyte transendothelial migration, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, galactose metabolism and fatty acid biosynthesis. These results provide important information on human and bovine milk exosomes, and increase knowledge on the proteomes of these exosomes across different lactation stages, which could provide potential directions for newborn milk powder, biological markers and functional foods.

Comparison of macronutrient contents in human milk measured using mid-infrared human milk analyser in a field study vs. chemical reference methods.

Macronutrient contents in human milk are the common basis for estimating these nutrient requirements for both infants and lactating women. A mid-infrared human milk analyser (HMA, Miris, Sweden) was recently developed for determining macronutrient levels. The purpose of the study is to compare the accuracy and precision of HMA method with fresh milk samples in the field studies with chemical methods with frozen samples in the lab. Full breast milk was collected using electric pumps and fresh milk was analyzed in the field studies using HMA. All human milk samples were thawed and analyzed with chemical reference methods in the lab. The protein, fat and total solid levels were significantly correlated between the two methods and the correlation coefficient was 0.88, 0.93 and 0.78, respectively (p < 0.001). The mean protein content was significantly lower and the mean fat level was significantly greater when measured using HMA method (1.0 g 100 mL-1 vs 1.2 g 100 mL-1 and 3. 7 g 100 mL-1 vs 3.2 g 100 mL-1 , respectively, p < 0.001). Thus, linear recalibration could be used to improve mean estimation for both protein and fat. There was no significant correlation for lactose between the two methods (p > 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in the mean total solid concentration (12.2 g 100 mL-1 vs 12.3 g 100 mL-1 , p > 0.05). Overall, HMA might be used to analyze macronutrients in fresh human milk with acceptable accuracy and precision after recalibrating fat and protein levels of field samples.

Quantitative proteomic analysis of milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins in human and bovine colostrum and mature milk samples through iTRAQ labeling.

Milk fat globule membrane (MFGM) proteins have many functions. To explore the different proteomics of human and bovine MFGM, MFGM proteins were separated from human and bovine colostrum and mature milk, and analyzed by the iTRAQ proteomic approach. A total of 411 proteins were recognized and quantified. Among these, 232 kinds of differentially expressed proteins were identified. These differentially expressed proteins were analyzed based on multivariate analysis, gene ontology (GO) annotation and KEGG pathway. Biological processes involved were response to stimulus, localization, establishment of localization, and the immune system process. Cellular components engaged were the extracellular space, extracellular region parts, cell fractions, and vesicles. Molecular functions touched upon were protein binding, nucleotide binding, and enzyme inhibitor activity. The KEGG pathway analysis showed several pathways, including regulation of the actin cytoskeleton, focal adhesion, neurotrophin signaling pathway, leukocyte transendothelial migration, tight junction, complement and coagulation cascades, vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway, and adherens junction. These results enhance our understanding of different proteomes of human and bovine MFGM across different lactation phases, which could provide important information and potential directions for the infant milk powder and functional food industries.

Long-term clinical efficacy and safety of adding cilostazol to dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stent implantation in coronary arteries: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term clinical efficacy and safety of adding cilostazol (TAT) to conventional dual antiplatelet therapy (DAT) for patients undergoing drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in coronary arteries. METHODS: We performed PUBMED, MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL searches for randomized clinical trials of TAT versus DAT in patients after DES implantation with criteria to include trials with a follow-up of more than 6 months. RESULTS: Seven RCTs with a total of 3487 patients were included in this review. The meta-analysis showed that TAT was associated with a significant reduction in major adverse cardiac events (MACEs) (relative risk (RR)=0.66; 95% CI=0.50-0.88), target lesion revascularization (TLR) (RR=0.61, 95% CI=0.43-0.84), target vessel revascularization (TVR) (RR=0.53, 95% CI=0.37-0.75), in-stent restenosis (RR=0.64, 95% CI=0.44-0.85), in-segment restenosis (RR=0.58, 95% CI=0.43-0.79, P<.01), in-stent late loss (LL) (standardized mean difference (SMD)=-0.21, 95% CI=0.32-0.17), and in-segment LL (SMD=-0.27, 95% CI=-0.38-0.16). TAT also did not appear to significantly alter any of the other meta-analysis secondary efficacy outcomes and had similar rates of bleeding, but TAT had significantly higher rates of rash, gastrointestinal side-effects, headache and drug discontinuation. CONCLUSIONS: Compared with standard DAT, the long-term use of TAT in patients after DES implantation gave more benefits in reducing the incidence of MACEs, TLR, TVR, in-stent and in-segment LL and restenosis without increasing bleeding but was associated with an increase in minor adverse events.