Primary Pulmonary Mucinous (Colloid) Adenocarcinoma that Arose in the Cavernomyoplasty Area in a Patient with Tuberculosis: A Rare Case Report.

Primary pulmonary mucinous (colloid) adenocarcinoma is a rare type of lung cancer. Its arising in the cavernomyoplasty area has not been reported before. We here describe a sixty-year-old man with a previous history of multidrug-resistant and surgically-treated tuberculosis who was diagnosed as primary mucinous adenocarcinoma in the cavernomyoplasty site. We discuss the relevant literature on this rare entity.

Concurrent medullary and papillary carcinoma of thyroid.

Simultaneous occurrence of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) and medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) in the same thyroid gland is a rare condition. These tumors derive from different cells; PTC originates from follicular cells whereas MTC originates from parafollicular cells. Because of this, the treatment of these tumors also differs. This article describes two rare cases of the simultaneous occurrence of MTC and PTC in the thyroid gland.

Neurotoxic effects of levobupivacaine and fentanyl on rat spinal cord / Efeitos neurotóxicos de levobupivacaína e fentanil sobre a medula espinhal de ratos / Efectos neurotóxicos de la levobupivacaína y el fentanilo sobre la médula espinal de ratones

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to compare the neurotoxic effects of intrathecally administered levobupivacaine, fentanyl and their mixture on rat spinal cord. METHODS: In experiment, there were four groups with medication and a control group. Rats were injected 15 µL saline or fentanyl 0.0005 µg/15 µL, levobupivacaine 0.25%/15 µL and fentanyl 0.0005 µg + levobupivacaine 0.25%/15 µL intrathecally for four days. Hot plate test was performed to assess neurologic function after each injection at 5th, 30th and 60th min. Five days after last lumbal injection, spinal cord sections between the T5 and T6 vertebral levels were obtained for histologic analysis. A score based on subjective assessment of number of eosinophilic neurons - Red neuron - which means irreversible neuronal degeneration. They reflect the approximate number of degenerating neurons present in the affected neuroanatomic areas as follows: 1, none; 2, 1-20%; 3, 21-40%; 4, 41-60%; and 5, 61-100% dead neurons. An overall neuropathologic score was calculated for each rat by summating the pathologic scores for all spinal cord areas examined. RESULTS: In the results of HPT, comparing the control group, analgesic latency statistically prolonged for all four groups.In neuropathologic investment, the fentanyl and fentanyl + levobupivacaine groups have statistically significant high degenerative neuron counts than control and saline groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, when administered intrathecally in rats, fentanyl and levobupivacaine behave similar for analgesic action, but fentanyl may be neurotoxic for spinal cord. There was no significant degeneration with levobupivacaine, but fentanyl group has had significant degeneration. .

JUSTIFICATIVA: O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os efeitos neurotóxicos da administração por via intratecal de levobupivacaína e fentanil e suas misturas sobre a medula espinhal de ratos. MÉTODOS: O experimento compreendeu quatro grupos que receberam medicamento e um grupo controle. Os ratos foram submetidos a injeção de salina (15 µL) ou fentanil (0,0005 µg/15 mL), levobupivacaína a 0,25% (15 µL) e fentanil (0,0005 µg + levobupivacaína a 0,25%/15 µL) por via intratecal durante quatro dias. O teste de placa quente foi usado para avaliar a função neurológica após cada injeção nos minutos cinco, 30 e 60. Cinco dias após a última injeção lombar, secções da medula espinhal entre os níveis vertebrais T5 e T6 foram obtidas para análise histológica. Usamos um escore com base na avaliação subjetiva do número de neurônios eosinofílicos (neurônios vermelhos), o que significa degeneração neuronal irreversível. Esses neurônios refletem o número aproximado de neurônios em degeneração presentes nas áreas neuroanatômicas afetadas da seguinte forma: 1 = nenhum; 2 = 1-20%; 3 = 21-40%; 4 = 41-60% e 5 = 61-100% neurônios mortos. Um escore neuropatológico global foi calculado para cada rato pela soma dos escores patológicos para todas as áreas examinadas da medula espinhal. RESULTADOS: Nos resultados do TPQ, comparando o grupo controle, a latência analgésica foi estatisticamente prolongada para todos os quatro grupos.Em investimento neuropatológico, os grupos fentanil e fentanil + levobupivacaína apresentaram degeneração neuronal em contagens significativamente mais altas di que os grupos controle e salina. CONCLUSÕES: Esses resultados sugerem que fentanil e levobupivacaína, quando administrados por via intratecal em ratos, se comportam de forma semelhante à ação analgésica, mas fentanil pode ser neurotóxico para a medula espinhal. Não houve degeneração significativa com levobupivacaína, mas o grupo fentanil apresentou degeneração significativa. .

JUSTIFICACIÓN: El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar los efectos neurotóxicos de la administración por vía intratecal de la levobupivacaína y el fentanilo y su mezcla sobre la médula espinal de ratones. MÉTODOS: El experimento abarcó 4 grupos que recibieron medicamento y un grupo control. Los ratones recibieron inyección de solución salina (15 µL) o fentanilo (0,0005 µg/15µL), levobupivacaína al 0,25% (15 µL) y fentanilo (0,0005 µg + levobupivacaína al 0,25%/15 µL) por vía intratecal durante 4 días. Se empleó el test de placa caliente para evaluar la función neurológica tras cada inyección en los minutos 5, 30 y 60. Cinco días después de la última inyección lumbar, se obtuvieron las secciones de la médula espinal entre los niveles vertebrales T5 y T6 para el análisis histológico. Usamos una puntuación basándonos en la evaluación subjetiva del número de neuronas eosinofílicas (neuronas rojas), lo que significa degeneración neuronal irreversible. Esas neuronas reflejan el número aproximado de neuronas en degeneración presentes en las áreas neuroanatómicas afectadas de la siguiente forma: 1 = ninguna; 2 = 1-20%; 3 = 21-40%; 4 = 41-60% y 5 = 61-100% neuronas muertas. Para cada ratón se calculó una puntuación neuropatológica global a través de la suma de las puntuaciones patológicas de todas las áreas examinadas de la médula espinal. RESULTADOS: En los resultados del test de placa caliente, comparando el grupo control, la latencia analgésica fue estadísticamente prolongada para los 4 grupos.En la inversión neuropatológica, los grupos fentanilo y fentanilo + levobupivacaína tuvieron una degeneración neuronal en recuentos significativamente más altos que los grupos control y salina. CONCLUSIONES: Esos resultados nos sugieren que el fentanilo y la levobupivacaína, cuando se administran por vía intratecal en ratones, se comportan de forma similar a la acción analgésica, pero el fentanilo puede ser neurotóxico para la médula espinal. No hubo ...

Vacuum-assisted stereotactic biopsy for isolated BI-RADS 4 microcalcifications: evaluation with histopathology and midterm follow-up results.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the 10-gauge vacuum-assisted stereotactic biopsy (VASB) of isolated Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) 4 microcalcifications, using histology and follow-up results. METHODS: From January 2011 to June 2013, VASB was performed on 132 lesions, and 66 microcalcification-only lesions of BI-RADS 4 were included into our study. VASB was performed using lateral decubitis stereotaxy for all patients. Pathologic results of VASB and further surgical biopsies were reviewed retrospectively. Patients who were diagnosed to have benign lesions by VASB were referred for follow-up. VASB and surgical histopathology results were compared to determine the underestimation ratios. RESULTS: Fifteen out of 66 lesions from 63 patients (median age, 47 years; range, 34-88 years) were identified as malignant by VASB. Pathological results after surgery revealed three cases of invasive ductal carcinoma among the 12 VASB-diagnosed ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) lesions, for a DCIS underestimation rate of 25%. The atypical ductal hyperplasia underestimation rate was 0% for the three lesions. The follow-up period was at least 10 months, with an average of 22.7 months for all patients and 21.2 months for patients with VASB-diagnosed benign lesions. None of the patients had malignancy during the follow-ups. The false-negative rate was 0% in the follow-up of 48 patients. CONCLUSION: VASB should be the standard method of choice for BI-RADS 4 microcalcifications. This method obviates the need for a surgical procedure in 73% of BI-RADS 4 microcalcification-only patients.

[Neurotoxic effects of levobupivacaine and fentanyl on rat spinal cord]. / Efeitos neurotóxicos de levobupivacaína e fentanil sobre a medula espinhal de ratos.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of the study was to compare the neurotoxic effects of intrathecally administered levobupivacaine, fentanyl and their mixture on rat spinal cord. METHODS: In experiment, there were four groups with medication and a control group. Rats were injected 15µL saline or fentanyl 0.0005µg/15µL, levobupivacaine 0.25%/15µL and fentanyl 0.0005µg+levobupivacaine 0.25%/15µL intrathecally for four days. Hot plate test was performed to assess neurologic function after each injection at 5th, 30th and 60th min. Five days after last lumbal injection, spinal cord sections between the T5 and T6 vertebral levels were obtained for histologic analysis. A score based on subjective assessment of number of eosinophilic neurons - Red neuron - which means irreversible neuronal degeneration. They reflect the approximate number of degenerating neurons present in the affected neuroanatomic areas as follows: 1, none; 2, 1-20%; 3, 21-40%; 4, 41-60%; and 5, 61-100% dead neurons. An overall neuropathologic score was calculated for each rat by summating the pathologic scores for all spinal cord areas examined. RESULTS: In the results of HPT, comparing the control group, analgesic latency statistically prolonged for all four groups. In neuropathologic investment, the fentanyl and fentanyl+levobupivacaine groups have statistically significant high degenerative neuron counts than control and saline groups. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that, when administered intrathecally in rats, fentanyl and levobupivacaine behave similar for analgesic action, but fentanyl may be neurotoxic for spinal cord. There was no significant degeneration with levobupivacaine, but fentanyl group has had significant degeneration.

Comparison of the clinicopathological features of flat and polypoid colorectal adenomas that are smaller than or equal to five millimeters.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Colorectal flat adenomas (FAs) may represent a different histogenesis, since their malignant potential is thought to be higher than polypoid adenomas of the same size. In this study, we classified FAs of ≤5 mm into three subgroups-superficially elevated adenomas (SEAs), completely flat adenomas (CFAs), and depressed adenomas (DAs)-based on their low microscopic shapes and compared their clinicopathological features with polypoid tubular adenomas (pTAs) with the same size. MATERIALS AND METHODS: One hundred one pTAs and 46 FAs with tubular morphology with the same size (≤5 mm) were studied. RESULTS: The percentages of high-grade dysplasia in FAs and pTAs were 19.56% and 12.87%, respectively. The percentages of the high-grade dysplasia were 28.57%, 13.63%, and 20.00% in the DA, SEA, and CFA subgroups, respectively. FAs had a significantly higher number of normal epithelium at the basal crypts of the lesion than the pTAs (p=0.001). The presence of pericryptal mesenchymal cells was higher in pTAs than the FAs (78.21% vs 10.86%) (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Flat adenoma represents a distinct type of colorectal adenoma with special histopathological properties-existence of a normal epithelium at the basal crypts, lack of pericryptal mesenchymal cells, and a high percentage of high-grade dysplasia-especially when it has a depressed shape at low magnification.

Is the use of a drain for thyroid surgery realistic? A prospective randomized interventional study.

Background. The use of a suction drain in thyroid surgery is common practice in order to avoid hematomas or seromas. The aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of routine drainage after thyroid surgery. Methods. In this prospective randomized trial, 400 patients who underwent either a total thyroidectomy or lobectomy for thyroid disorders were randomly allocated to either the nondrainage (group 1) or the drainage (group 2) group. The volume of fluid collection in the operative bed, postoperative pain, complications, and length of hospital stay were then recorded. Results. Both groups were homogeneous according to age, gender, thyroid volume, type of procedure performed, and histopathological diagnosis. After assessment by USG, no significant difference was found between the groups in the fluid collection of the thyroid bed (P = 0.117), but the length of hospital stay was significantly reduced in group 1 (P = 0.004). Conclusions. In our experience, the use of drain for thyroid surgery is not a routine procedure. However, it should be used in the presence of extensive dead space, particularly when there is retrosternal or intrathoracic extension, or when the patient is on anticoagulant treatment. This trial was registered with clinical Trials.gov NCT01771523.

Effects of spirulina on cyclophosphamide-induced ovarian toxicity in rats: biochemical and histomorphometric evaluation of the ovary.

Cyclophosphamide (Cyc) is known to cause ovotoxicity and infertility in women. Our aim is to investigate the possible ovotoxic effects of Cyc and possible antioxidant and protective effects of blue-green algae, Spirulina (Sp), in rat ovaries. Eighteen rats were given: group I (n = 6, control); group II (n = 6, CP), a single dose Cyc; group III (n = 6, Sp+Cyc), 7 days Sp+single dose Cyc. Tissue malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT) activities are assessed biochemically. Normal and atretic primordial and primary follicle counts for all sections obtained for each ovary are calculated. Mean number of follicle counts for each group are compared. In Sp+Cyc group, tissue MDA levels were significantly lower than those in the CP and higher than those in the C group (CP > Sp+Cyc > C). Tissue SOD activity was significantly higher in Sp+Cyc group than that in the CP group and lower than that in the C group (C > Sp+Cyc > C). No statistically significant difference was found between the ovarian CAT activities in any group. Histomorphometrically, there was also no significant difference between the mean numbers of normal and atretic small follicle counts. Our results suggest that single dose Cyc has adverse effects on oxidant status of the ovaries and Sp has protective effects in Cyc-induced ovotoxicity.

Gallstones and Concomitant Gastric Helicobacter pylori Infection.

Background. The association of gallstones with Helicobacter pylori has been investigated but not clearly demonstrated. In this study, the presence of H. pylori in the gallbladder mucosa of patients with symptomatic gallstones was investigated. Method. Ninety-four consecutive patients with symptomatic gallstone disease were enrolled for the study. Gastroscopy and gastric H. pylori urease test were done before cholecystectomy to all patients who accepted. After cholecystectomy, the gallbladder tissue was investigated in terms of H. pylori by urease test, Giemsa, and immunohistochemical stain. Results. Overall 35 patients (37%) gallbladder mucosa tested positive for H. pylori with any of the three tests. Correlation of the three tests Giemsa, IHC, and rapid urease test was significant (r s : 0590, P > 0.001). Rapid urease test was positive in the gastric mucosa in 47 (58.7%) patients, and it was positive in the gallbladder mucosa in 21 patients (22%). In 15 patients both gastric and gallbladder tested positive with the urease test. There was significant correlation of rapid urease test in both of gallbladder and gastric mucosa (P = 0.0001). Conclusion. Study demonstrates the presence of H. pylori in the gallbladders of 37% of patients with symptomatic gallstones.

Lung cancer and pregnancy.

Lung cancer in the pregnant woman is a very rare and dramatic coincidence with poor prognosis. Treatment depends on the gestational week of the pregnancy, patient's medical status, social, personal, familial, and even religious beliefs. We present a case of adenocarcinoma of the lung in a 34-year-old pregnant patient whose initial complaints were cough, dyspnea, fever and fatigue. She was diagnosed with pneumonia at another hospital, and antibiotic therapy was administered. Meanwhile, at 28 weeks she delivered a preterm low-birth-weight baby. Chest X-ray and thorax CT revealed a mass lesion in the upper left lung lobe. After admission to our clinic, needle aspiration of left supraclavicular lymph node and bronchoscopic biopsy from upper lobe bronchus showed a non-small lung cancer; adenocarcinoma. Brain MRI was normal. PET CT revealed multiple bone metastases. Multidisciplinary Tumor Committee at our hospital referred her to the Oncology Department as an advanced stage IV disease. Chemotherapy was administered with paclitaxel and carboplatin for a total of 12 weeks. Reassessment of the patient revealed new bone metastases and crizotinib was administered since her tumor was found positive for EML4-ALK mutations. The treatment was well tolerated. During a follow up period of 6 months her clinical condition was stable and no adverse events were encountered.

Palpable lesions as a diagnostic tool in patients with thoracic pathology.

Palpable lesion(s) noticed in a patient with thoracic disease may be a useful diagnostic tool and it often gives a clue for further management. In this study, we searched the diagnostic value of palpable lesions in patients with thoracic pathology suspected clinically and/or radiologically. We prospectively examined the correlations of clinical/radiologic and pathologic findings of 72 palpable lesions from 68 patients who presented with suspect for a thoracic disease from two tertiary medical centers. Thirty-two lesions (44.4%) were diagnosed as malignant either by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) only or FNA with confirmatory biopsy. The most common malignancy was non-small-cell carcinoma (10) followed by adenocarcinoma (6), and small-cell carcinoma (5). The most common localization of the palpable lesions was cervical region (20.8%) followed by left supraclavicular (13.8%) and anterior chest wall (13.8%). FNA was effective in obtaining an accurate diagnosis in 66.6% of the patients. Tissue confirmation of FNA was performed in 54 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value of FNA in distinguishing a malignant lesion from a benign disease for these palpable lesions were 75, 97, 96, and 80, respectively. One false negativity and one false positivity were also found. Abnormal radiologic features were not correlated with having a malignant palpable lesion. Evaluation of the palpable lesions by FNA and tissue biopsy together is effective for initial triage of the patients with suspect for a thoracic pathology. FNA alone is a convenient and easy method for this purpose especially when the material is immediately assessed for specimen adequacy.

Primary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung: report of a rare case and review of the literature.

Primary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung is a rare type of non-small cell lung carcinoma. In this study, we aimed to present a 62-year-old smoker male with a primary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the hilar region of the left lung. The patient underwent left pneumonectomy and no adjuvant therapy was given. There were no other abnormalities on whole body PET/CT scan including the nasopharyngeal region. The patient showed seropositivity for EBV IgG but immunohistochemistry and PCR amplification studied on paraffin-embedded tissue sections of the tumor failed to show any sign of EBV infection within the tumor cells. He is alive and disease-free four months after the operation. Although primary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma of the lung is usually reported in young females with no history of tobacco use and the tumor cells are infected with EBV, it may rarely be seen in elderly males with a history of tobacco use and the tumor cells not infected with EBV.

Melatonin with 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 protects against apoptotic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the rat kidney.

This study was designed to evaluate the preventive role of melatonin (Mel) and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (VD3) in biochemical and apoptotic events leading to tissue injury and renal dysfunction after ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Thirty male Wistar rats were divided into five groups: sham-operated, I/R, Mel + I/R, VD3 + I/R, and Mel + VD3 + I/R. The rats were intraperitoneally administered with Mel (10 mg/kg), VD3 (0.5 µg/kg), or Mel (10 mg/kg) plus VD3 (0.5 µg/kg) each day at 1 week prior to ischemia. Right nephrectomy was initially performed and left renal I/R injury was induced by 45 min of bilateral renal ischemia followed by 45 min of reperfusion. After reperfusion, kidneys and blood were obtained for histopathologic and biochemical evaluation. Mel and VD3 had an ameliorative effect on biochemical parameters such as serum creatinine, blood urea nitrogen, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and apoptosis (caspase-3 and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling staining) in the kidneys against renal I/R injury in rats. Additionally, VD3 combined with Mel significantly reduced apoptotic and histological alterations when compared with Mel or VD3 alone. This preventive effect on renal tubular apoptosis was remarkable when Mel was combined with VD3.

Extrinsic allergic alveolitis as an uncommon diagnostic pitfall in lung cytology.

House paints, the industrial products of toxic chemicals are known to be linked with severe respiratory disturbances especially in inadequately ventilated places. In this study, we aimed to report a biopsy-proven case of extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) who presented with nonspecific respiratory symptoms 1 month after having her whole house interior painted. At CT scanning, we observed the ground glass opacities and the micronodular pattern typical for EAA and also a solid, consolidative lung area, highly suggestive of malignancy. The case initially was misinterpreted as a malignant tumor both radiologically and cytologically at CT-guided transthoracic fine needle aspiration biopsy. The final pathologic diagnosis was given as EAA on frozen section performed during thoracotomy operation. The patient received short-term steroid treatment and has been doing well for the last 7 months after her operation. As a conclusion, when assessing a cytologic material from a patient who has got a solid lung mass and also a history of chemical dye exposure, consolidative mass formation which is a rare form of EAA should always be kept in mind. Another final point is that the appropriate ventilation should be achieved if the exposure with the house paint chemicals is inevitable.

Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis as a rare pathologic aspect of chronic active pelvic inflammatory disease.

Xanthogranulomatous salpingitis (XGS) is a rare form of chronic inflammation of the fallopian tubes. A 41-year old woman with a history of secondary infertility for 2 years is presented. The patient underwent bilateral salpingooopherectomy with presumptive diagnosis of adnexal mass with cystic component. Intraoperative pathology consultation was done. The diagnosis of bilateral XGS associated with chronic active follicular salpingitis was made. XGS is reported to be caused by an unsuccesfully treated pelvic inflammatory disease. Its association with chronic active follicular salpingitis has not been previously reported. Chronic active follicular salpingitis with xanthogranulomatous inflammation might give the impression of a cystic adnexal mass with septations on preoperative pelvic computed tomography. Frozen sections are necessary to rule out malignancy as done in our case.