The Role of NLRP1 Inflammasome and Interleukin 1ß in Experimental Neuropathic Pain Model in Rat and the Effect of Tramadol Treatment.

AIM: To evaluate the effects of tramadol on inflammation by measuring NLRP1 and IL-1 beta (IL-1ß) levels in an experimental neuropathic pain model. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control, chronic constriction injury (CCI), and CCI + tramadol. Neuropathic pain was assessed using mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and cold allodynia. IL-1ß and NLRP1 levels were evaluated using ELISA on sciatic nerve (SN), dorsal root ganglion (DRG), and serum either on day 3 or days 8 postsurgery. RESULTS: On day 3, paw withdrawal latency (PWL) was lower in the CCI and CCI + tramadol groups than the control group in both mechanical and cold allodynia tests. On day 8, the PWL in the CCI group was also lower than in the control group. In contrast, tramadol increased the PWL on day 8 compared to day 3 in the CCI group. During cold allodynia, PWL decreased in the CCI group, however, tramadol reversed this effect on days 3 and 8. Tramadol, therefore, ameliorated pain hypersensitivity in mechanical/cold allodynia tests. Serum IL-1ß levels were higher in the CCI + tramadol and CCI groups than the control group, although serum IL-1ß levels in the CCI and CCI + tramadol groups were comparable. Tramadol decreased the IL-1ß and NLRP1 in DRG compared with the CCI group. A similar trend was observed in the SN samples. CONCLUSION: Our experiments revealed an increase in IL-1ß and NLRP-1 levels in a neuropathic pain model and found that tramadol had an anti-inflammatory effect on the IL-1ß and NLRP1 inflammasomes.

Copeptin: A potential marker for the prediction of poor ovarian reserve in the infertile women.

Objective: There is actually no evidence regarding the physiological effects of copeptin in infertile women with different ovarian reserve types. This study aimed to investigate the relationship of serum copeptin level with poor ovarian reserve (POR) and to reveal the predictive value of copeptin for POR development in the infertile women. Materials and Methods: All participant women were classified as the control group (n=77) included the women with diagnosis of unexplained infertility and the POR group (n=61) was composed of the women who met the European Society of Human Reproduction and Embryology consensus on POR [serum anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) concentrations below 1.1 ng/mL]. The biochemical tests, including estradiol (E2), follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone, AMH and copeptin were analysed. The analyses of serum copeptin concentrations were measured by the means of competitive enzyme immunoassay. Results: A significant increase in the serum copeptin level existed only in the POR group. There was a significant positive correlation between serum copeptin with E2 and FSH levels in the POR group. Significant negative correlations between copeptin and AMH concentrations (r=-0.310, p=0.015) and between copeptin concentration and antral follicle counts (r=-0.284, p=0.027) were detected only in the POR group. The estimated areas under receiver operating characteristic curves for serum concentration were found to be statistically significant with a cut-off value of 3.52 (95% confidence interval 0.519-0.709), sensitivity 0.90 and specificity 0.72. Conclusion: This study confirmed that there was an elevated serum copeptin concentration in the infertile women with POR and that serum copeptin concentration may have a predictive value for POR diagnosis.

Can pycnogenol prevent cisplatin-induced damage in uterus and ovaries?

Introduction: Cisplatin is an antineoplastic agent, which is thought to act on tissues with increased levels of reactive oxygen species and decreased levels of antioxidants. Pycnogenol is a potent antioxidant that is used in medical conditions caused by oxidative stress. The aim of our study is to demonstrate the effects of pycnogenol on cisplatin-induced uterine and ovarian damage in rats. Material and methods: Wistar albino female rats were randomly divided into 3 groups before the experiment as follows: a 2.5 mg/kg cisplatin group (CG; n = 10), a 40 mg/kg pycnogenol + 2.5 mg/kg cisplatin group (PCG; n = 10), and a healthy control group (HG; n = 10). Then, the ovaries and uteri of the rats were examined to determine malondialdehyde (MDA), total glutathione (tGSH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) biochemical levels and the histopathological findings. Results: Our study demonstrated that, in uterine and ovarian tissues of rats administered with cisplatin, there was a decrease in the levels of tGSH and SOD, while MDA was increased; however, it was observed that these ratios were reversed in the PCG group (p < 0.05). The number of follicles in the ovarian tissues was examined in all 3 groups. When the CG group was compared with the other two groups, the number of primordial, developing and atretic follicles was low, but there was no difference in the corpus luteum count. Conclusions: Pycnogenol pretreatment alleviates cisplatin-induced uterine and ovarian injury in rats because of its antioxidative effect.

Alarin: A new predictive marker in infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome: A case-control study.

AIM: There is scant evidence concerning the relationship of alarin concentrations for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) status in the existing literature. Therefore, we aimed to reveal the relationship about predictive value of serum alarin concentrations for PCOS risk in infertile women. METHODS: This prospective case-control study included a total of 151 infertile women who met eligibility criteria of the study. Infertile women diagnosed with PCOS formed the study group (n = 80). Women with diagnoses of unexplained infertility constituted the control group (n = 71). The biochemical analyses of serum concentrations of lipid profiles, estradiol (E2), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) and alarin were performed. RESULTS: There were no differences for the study parameters, including age, body mass index, fasting glucose, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total triglyceride, E2, and FSH levels in either group. Serum LH, AMH, alarin concentrations, and antral follicle counts had higher values in the PCOS group compared with the controls. Correlation analysis revealed that serum alarin levels were significantly positively correlated with LH and AMH levels, only in the PCOS group. Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis demonstrated that infertile women with high alarin concentrations were significantly more likely to develop PCOS (OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 0.095-0.332, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Higher serum concentrations of alarin and a positive correlation with serum LH levels were found in infertile women with PCOS. This evidence supported that high alarin concentrations might play a role in the development of PCOS.

The effects of galangin in prepulse inhibition test and experimental schizophrenia models.

OBJECTIVE: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors are the focus of interest in the management of schizophrenia. We aimed to investigate the effects of acute galangin administration, a flavonoid compound with acetylcholinesterase inhibiting activity, on schizophrenia-associated cognitive deficits in rats and schizophrenia models in mice. METHODS: Apomorphine-induced prepulse inhibition (PPI) disruption for cognitive functions, nicotinic, muscarinic, and serotonergic mechanism involvement, and brain acetylcholine levels were investigated in Wistar rats. Apomorphine-induced climbing, MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion, and catalepsy tests were used as schizophrenia models in Swiss albino mice. The effects of galangin were compared with acetylcholinesterase inhibitor donepezil, and typical and atypical antipsychotics haloperidol and olanzapine, respectively. RESULTS: Galangin (50,100 mg/kg) enhanced apomorphine-induced PPI disruption similar to donepezil, haloperidol, and olanzapine (p < 0.05). This effect was not altered in the combination of galangin with the nicotinic receptor antagonist mecamylamine (1 mg/kg), the muscarinic receptor antagonist scopolamine (0.05 mg/kg), or the serotonin-1A receptor antagonist WAY-100635 (1 mg/kg) (p > 0.05). Galangin (50,100 mg/kg) alone increased brain acetylcholine concentrations (p < 0.05), but not in apomorphine-injected rats (p > 0.05). Galangin (50 mg/kg) decreased apomorphine-induced climbing and MK-801-induced hyperlocomotion similar to haloperidol and olanzapine (p < 0.05), but did not induce catalepsy, unlike them. CONCLUSION: We suggest that galangin may help enhance schizophrenia-associated cognitive deficits, and nicotinic, muscarinic cholinergic, and serotonin-1A receptors are not involved in this effect. Galangin also exerted an antipsychotic-like effect without inducing catalepsy and may be considered as an advantageous antipsychotic agent.

The relationship between oxidative stress markers and endometrial hyperplasia: A case-control study

Objective: Endometrial hyperplasia (EH) is considered an endometrial cancer precursor. This study aimed to determine the role of oxidative stress and thiol groups with antioxidant properties in EH pathogenesis. Materials and Methods: In our prospective case-control study, participants were washed with 5 mL of saline before the endometrial biopsy. Endometrial washing fluid was taken into microtubules, and thiol and disulfide levels were analyzed using the Ellman reagent. Results: A total of 108 patients were in the EH group and 84 patients in the control group. The total and native thiol levels were higher values in the control group (p<0.001, for both). Disulfide levels were higher in the EH group (p<0.001). Native/total thiol ratio and disulfide/total thiol ratio were higher in the EH group (p<0.001, for both). The analysis performed in the control group revealed a significant positive correlation between estradiol and disulfide levels (r=0.322, p=0.033). No significant correlation was found between estradiol and disulfide in the EH group. Conclusion: Oxidative stress level was higher in the washing fluids of patients with EH and this stress plays a role in the EH etiology.

The circulating alarin level was elevated in infertile women with poor ovarian reserve.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to reveal the association of serum alarin level with POR status of the infertile women in the present study. METHODS: The eligibility criteria for this prospective cross-sectional study included a total of 92 infertile women attending the Hitit University Hospital, and all participant women were categorized into two main groups of ovarian reserve: (i) Poor ovarian reserve (POR) group (n = 40) based on ESHRE consensus and (ii) Control group (NOR) (n = 52). RESULTS: The mean adjusted-ages and BMI values of the NOR and POR groups were statistically comparable (p = .057 and p = .600, respectively). The mean E2, FSH, and LH levels were elevated in the POR group (p < .001, for all). The mean AFC and AMH concentration were significantly reduced in the POR group (p < .001, for both). In addition, there was a significant increase in the serum alarin level in the POR group (p < .001). Pearson's analysis revealed that the mean BMI value of the POR group had a weak and negative correlation (r = 0.318, p = .046). Also, there was no correlation between serum alarin with E2 and FSH levels in both study groups. A weak and positive correlation was found between serum alarin and LH concentration only in the POR group (r = 0.318, p = .045). The mean AMH and AFC values were not significantly correlated with serum alarin levels. CONCLUSION: The circulating alarin level was significantly elevated in infertile women with POR patterns. In addition, the alarin level was significantly correlated with the serum LH concentration in the POR pattern.

Association of eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms with refractive disorders from Eskisehir, Turkey.

AIM: To investigate relationship between refractive errors and eleven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in HGF, GC, MFN1, GNB4, and VDR genes in Turkish population. METHODS: A group of 212 participants with myopia (n=91), hyperopia (n=45), and emmetropia (n=76) were investigated in this study. SNPs in HGF, GC, MFN1, GNB4 and VDR genes were studied by SnapShot technique. RESULTS: The patients in this study consists of 47 female/44 male (age: 23.47±4.30) patients with myopia, 20 female/25 male (age: 31.20±8.02) with hyperopia and 33 female/43 male (age: 25.22±6.60) with emmetropia. The genotype distribution of the rs7618348 polymorphism, which was the only statistically significant one between myopia and emmetropia group. The genotype distribution of the rs3819545, rs3735520, rs7041, and rs2239182 polymorphisms, which were statistically significant between hyperopia and emmetropia groups. CONCLUSION: The importance of genetic predisposition to refractive errors with respect to etiology of the disease is revealed. It is known that polymorphism studies may differ because of genetic diversity among populations so larger cohort studies are required in different populations to enlighten the etiology of the refractive errors.

Protective effects of anandamide against cisplatin-induced peripheral neuropathy in rats

Background/aim: Cisplatin (CIS) is an effective antineoplastic agent used in the treatment of several cancer types. Peripheral neuropathy is a major dose-limiting side-effect in CIS therapy. Cannabinoids may alleviate this painful side effect. This study investigated the analgesic effects of anandamide (AN) on CIS-induced peripheral neuropathy, in vitro effects of AN in CIS neurotoxicity, and the contribution of nitric oxide (NO) in this effect. Materials and methods: This is an experimental animal study. Primary dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures were prepared from one-day-old rats for in vitro investigations. DRG cells were incubated with CIS (100­300 M), and AN (10, 50, 100, and 500 µM) was administered with the submaximal concentration of CIS. Female Sprague Dawley rats were divided into control, CIS, CIS+AN, CIS+AN+L-NG-nitro arginine methyl ester (LNAME). CIS was administered 3 mg/kg i.p once weekly for 5 weeks. AN (1 mg/kg i.p) or in combination with 10 mg/kg i.p LNAME was administrated 30 min before CIS injection. Mechanical allodynia, thermal hyperalgesia, and tail clip tests were performed. After intracardiac perfusion, sciatic nerves (SN), and DRGs were isolated and semi-thin sections were stained with toluidine blue and investigated histologically. SPSS v. 21.0 and Sigma STAT 3.5 were used for statistical analysis. One/two way ANOVA, Kruskal­Wallis, and Wilcoxon signed ranks tests were used. A p-value of 0.05 was accepted as significant. Results: CIS caused significant mechanical allodynia. AN and AN+LNAME significantly increased hind paw withdrawal latency in mechanical allodynia test. The degenerated axons significantly increased in CIS group, while decreased in AN group. The frequency of larger neurons seemed to be higher in CIS+AN group. Conclusion: AN may be a therapeutic alternative for the treatment of CIS-induced peripheral neuropathy. However, its central adverse effects must be considered.

Effects of Oxygen Therapies in Experimental Acute Acoustic Trauma.

BACKGROUND: Acute acoustic trauma is defined as a sudden sensorineural hearing loss that occurs after an exposure to acoustic overstimulation. Increasing the oxygen in perilymph can be a treatment modality. Our study aims to investigate the influence of normobaric oxygen therapy on the recovery of acute acoustic trauma and to compare it with the hyperbaric oxygen therapy. METHODS: Three groups of rats (5 rats each) were exposed to white noise for 1 hour. Sensorineural hearing loss was identified using distortion product otoacoustic emission. Subsequently, the first group was treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy, the second group was treated with normobaric oxygen therapy, and the third group did not receive any treatment and was used as a control group. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant difference within time for frequencies of 1, 1.5, and 2 kHz, but there was no statistically significant difference between groups. For frequencies of 3, 4, 5, and 6 kHz, there was a statistically significant difference within time and between groups. Between groups, recovery of distortion product otoacoustic emission values in all frequencies was better in the control group by the third, fifth, and seventh days. Comparing the values of hyperbaric oxygen therapy and normobaric oxygen therapy groups, it was observed that by the third day, the hyperbaric oxygen therapy values were better than those of the normobaric oxygen therapy values. However, by the fifth and seventh days, the normobaric oxygen therapy values were better (except at a frequency of 1 kHz). CONCLUSION: Because there is a high rate of spontaneous recovery, physicians should be more selective to treat patients with oxygen therapies.

Zinc and Magnesium Levels of Pregnant Women with Restless Leg Syndrome and Their Relationship with Anxiety: A Case-Control Study.

Restless leg syndrome (RLS) is a multifactorial movement disorder, and pregnancy is seen as a risk factor. This study aims to determine the clinical and psychiatric causes of RLS with a case-control study. The hemogram, biochemistry data, thyroid function tests, and serum element levels of healthy pregnant women (n = 134) and pregnant women diagnosed with RLS (n = 119) were compared. Total Ca, Mg, K, and Na concentrations were measured with an inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and an atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to measure total concentrations of Zn in all samples. The Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores were also compared in both groups. Sonographic measurements showed that the fetal biparietal diameter and femur lengths were higher in the RLS group (p = 0.001, p = 0.048, respectively), and abortion history was higher in the RLS group (p = 0.016). Magnesium and zinc levels were lower (p < 0.001 for both) and BAI and PSQI scores were higher (p < 0.001 for both) in the RLS group, and there was no difference between the BDI (p = 0.269) scores. A statistically significant relationship was detected between the BAI and RLS scores in the control and RLS groups (p < 0.001 for both). This is the first study to show that magnesium and zinc deficiency may play a role in the etiology of RLS during pregnancy; the results also showed adverse perinatal outcomes such as high miscarriage.

An experimental study on the use of lycopene to prevent infertility due to acute oxidative ovarian damage caused by a single high dose of methotrexate.

BACKGROUND: Methotrexate (MTX) is an antineoplastic agent, which increases the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreases the level of antioxidants. Lycopene, is a potent antioxidant, which is used because of its protective effect against tissue damage. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of lycopene on ovarian MTX-induced injury in rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Rats (n = 36) were randomly divided into 3 equal groups: a group with MTX only (MG, n = 12), a group with lycopene and MTX (LMG, n = 12), and a healthy control group (HCG, n = 12). Then, malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO) and total glutathione (tGSH) levels and histopathological findings were examined in the ovaries of rats. Apart from the histopathological and biochemical evaluation, the reproductive performance of the experimental groups was also examined. RESULTS: Our study demonstrated that, in ovarian tissues of rats administered MTX, there was a decrease in the levels of tGSH, while MDA and MPO were increased, but it is observed that these ratios are reversed in the LMG (p < 0.05). It also has been proven that a single, high-dose use of MTX causes infertility in female rats, prolongs the gestation period and reduces the number of offspring. CONCLUSIONS: Lycopene pretreatment ameliorates the MTX induced ovarian injury and infertility in rats through its antioxidative activities.

The evolution of the field of legal medicine: A holistic investigation of global outputs with bibliometric analysis.

The purpose of this study is to make a holistic summary of the articles published in the field of Legal Medicine/Forensic Science through bibliometric methods, determine the top cited publications in the field, and to determine the most active journals and especially trend topics. The articles published in the field of Legal Medicine between the years 1975 and 2018 were downloaded from the Web of Science index and were analyzed using bibliometric methods. The correlations between the number of publications of the countries and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), and the Gross Domestic Product per capita (GDP PPP) values was analyzed using the Spearman's correlation coefficient. The number of articles to be published in the field of Legal Medicine between the years 2019 and 2022 was estimated with linear regression analysis. The results showed that there were totally 38845 articles published in the field of Legal Medicine. Regression analysis results indicate that it will exceed 2500 publications after 2022. The most productive countries in the field of Legal Medicine were the USA (12.448, 32.045%). A high correlation was found between legal medicine publication productivity and GDP and GDP PPP (r = 0.726, p < 0.001; r = 0.703, p < 0.001). As for the collaboration between countries, analysis results showed that the network web indicated the most important factor as the geographical location. This study will provide important information to a forensic scientist (a doctor, academic, and practitioner).

Compulsory Vaccination and the Turkish Constitutional Court.

As vaccine hesitancy is on the rise around the world, apex courts in some countries have confronted the difficult task of striking a fair balance between individual rights and the common good. Against this background, the article discusses the compulsory vaccination cases heard by the Turkish Constitutional Court (TCC). The TCC's case law illustrates that any interference with bodily integrity must first comply with the principle of lawfulness and its rulings addressed an important shortage of the current Turkish compulsory childhood vaccination policy. The article suggests that the principle of lawfulness in compulsory vaccination cases should not be taken lightly, even if it serves compelling public interests.

Effect of CYP3A5 and ABCB1 Gene Polymorphisms on Tacrolimus Blood Concentration in Renal Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Tacrolimus (Tac) is a calcineurin inhibitor (CNI). Its therapeutic range is narrow and pharmacokinetic properties vary among patients. CYP3A5 and MDR1 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are the most effective polymorphisms that play an significant role in the pharmacokinetics of Tac. METHODS: We investigated the influence of CYP3A5 (A6986G) and MDR1 (C3435T) gene polymorphisms on Tac trough concentration (C0), dose requirements (mg/kg), and dose-adjusted concentrations (ng/mL per mg/kg/d). CYP3A5 [*1/*1 (expresser), *1/*3 (expresser); *3/*3 (non-expresser)] and MDR1 (CC, CT, TT) gene polymorphisms were determined by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction in 67 adult Turkish renal transplant patients. The Tac dose (mg/kg/d) and C0 of each patient was acquired from the patient's file and dose-adjusted concentrations (ng/mL per mg/kg/d) were calculated at the 1st, 3rd, 6th, and 12th months after transplantation. The correlated serum hematocrit, platelet, urea, creatinine, and albumin were also determined. RESULTS: The CYP3A5*1/*3 and CYP3A5*3/*3 allelic frequencies were 5.97% and 94.03%, respectively. There were no patients with the CYP3A5*1/*1 genotype. Tac dose was significantly lower in *3/*3 genotype than in *1/*1 genotype (3rd and 6th months: p ≤ 0.001; 12th month: p ≤ 0.05). Dose-adjusted Tac concentration was statistically higher in the *3/*3 genotype than in *1/*1 genotype at the 3rd and 6th months (p ≤ 0.05). The allelic frequencies of MDR1 CC, CT, and TT were 26.87%, 49.25%, and 23.88%, respectively. No statistically significant differences were detected between MDR1 genotypes and in all analyzed laboratory parameters. CONCLUSIONS: CYP3A5 but not MDR1 genetic polymorphisms affected the Tac pharmacokinetics and dose requirements in renal transplant recipients. Pharmacogenetic methods can be used for selecting the initial dose to individualize immunosuppressive therapy.

Spontaneous triplet pregnancy and trap sequence, case report.

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous multiple pregnancies are rare, and the incidence of spontaneous triplet pregnancy is about 1/4000. TRAP (Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion) sequence has acardiac foetus with non-viable multiple anomalies, and there is a pump foetus which feeds this foetus with placental anastomoses. TRAP sequence phenomena is quite rare in triplet pregnancies. CASE PRESENTATION: The patient who applied to our clinic was 30 years old. Monochorionic diamniotic triplet pregnancy was detected by ultrasonographic examination. First amniotic sac had one foetus (Foetus A). Ultrasonographic evaluation of Foetus A revealed gestational age of 31 weeks, adequate amniotic fluid and no fetal structural anomalies. The second amniotic sac contained 2 foetuses and polyhydromnios. Ultrasonic measurements of Foetus B were consistent with 32 weeks gestational age. Color flow doppler indicated Foetus B was the pump foetus. Foetus C was an acardiac foetus with no sonographic visualization of cranium, thoracic organs or extremities, but abdominal circumference consistent with 28 weeks. Pregnancy was followed conservatively and evaluated regularly by ultrasonography twice a week. When prolonged bradycardia was detected in fetus B at 35 4/7 weeks, emergency cesarean section was performed. Two healthy fetuses weighing 2 kg were delivered each with an 8/10 APGAR score (Appearance, Pulse, Eye Insertion, Activity, Respiration). CONCLUSION: This case was managed without any invasive procedures and demonstrates that treatment of TRAP sequence cases can be individualized considering clinical conditions, the size of the acardia twin and extent of placental venous anastomoses.

Can the negative effects of ketamine abuse on female genital organs be prevented by nimesulide? An experimental study.

The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of nimesulide on ketamine-induced ovarian and uterine toxicity by biochemical and histopathological examinations. Ketamine is an anesthetic agent whose use leads to overproduction of catecholamines. Nimesulide is a cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor, which has also been reported to exert a significant antioxidant effect. Wistar albino female rats were randomly divided into three groups as follows: ketamine group (60 mg/kg), ketamine (60 mg/kg) + nimesulide (50 mg/kg) group, and a healthy control group. Then, the biochemical levels and histopathological findings in the ovaries and uteri of the rats were examined for malondialdehyde, myeloperoxidase, total glutathione and superoxide dismutase. The study demonstrated that, in the uterine and ovarian tissues of rats that have been administered ketamine, there was a decrease in the levels of total glutathione and superoxide dismutase, while malondialdehyde and myeloperoxidase was increased: however it was observed that these ratios were reversed in the ketamine+nimesulide group. It was also proved that the negative effects of ketamine can be corrected with nimesulide when the myometrial and endometrial thicknesses are compared. Antioxidants such as nimesulide may protect against the damage caused by ketamine to the genital organs in young women.

Investigation of the Anthropometric Changes in Breast Volume and Measurements After Breast Reduction.

Objective This study aims to compare breast volume changes and other anthropometric measurements by using before and after breast reduction pictures of women who underwent breast reduction operation in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery clinic and by performing measurements from the anatomic points indicated in the literature. Background Landmarks (previously identified as anatomic points) that show the success of breast reduction operation are not sufficient. Anthropometric points and their identification are of great importance for choosing the landmarks and identifying the statistical approaches to be used. Methods A total of 40 women were measured breast anthropometric measurements in pre- and post-operative breast reduction surgery changes by a photographic technique using Image J programme from the anatomical points determined in the literature. Comparison of right and left breast anthropometric measurements before and after the operation was performed using the paired t test or Wilcoxon signed rank test. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Bland-Altman plots were used to determine the agreement between each pair of measurements. Results There was a statistically significant agreement between all the measurements (p<0.001). According to the Bland-Altman graphics, right and left breast measurements after the operation were within the limits of agreement according to all measurement points. Conclusion This study presented anthropometric measurements to show and guide patient satisfaction and aesthetic success of the operations performed by plastic surgeons.