ATM-Mediated translocation of RanBPM regulates DNA damage response by stabilizing p21 in non-small cell lung cancer cells.

PURPOSE: Platinum-based chemotherapy remains a standard-of-care for most patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). DNA damage response (DDR) induced by platinum or Etoposide activated a panel of cell cycle-regulatory proteins including p21 through p53 pathway. Previous studies have reported that RanBPM has been involved in various cellular processes such as DDR by interacting with multiple proteins. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. METHODS: NSCLC tissue microarrays were used for assessing the expression of RanBPM by immunohistochemical staining. The roles of RanBPM in the DDR of NSCLC progression was examined in in vitro cell lines and in vivo animal models. The regulation of RanBPM on protein stability and ubiquitination levels were investigated by immunoblots and in vivo ubiquitylation assay. RESULTS: The level of p21 or RanBPM is lower in NSCLC than non-malignant tissues and has a highly positive correlation. Mechanistically, RanBPM protein physically interacts with p21, and RanBPM deubiquitinates p21 by recruiting a deubiquitinase USP11 to maintain protein stability of p21. RanBPM silencing significantly decreased p21 protein level. Conversely, RanBPM overexpression led to the accumulation of endogenous p21 protein regardless of p53 status. Functionally, RanBPM regulates DDR in a p21-dependent manner. Furthermore, DNA damage significantly promoted the nuclear translocation of RanBPM protein through ATM signaling pathways. CONCLUSION: RanBPM is a novel regulator of P21 protein stability, and plays a critical role in the regulation of DDR.

PLK1 maintains DNA methylation and cell viability by regulating phosphorylation-dependent UHRF1 protein stability.

PLK1 is a key serine/threonine kinase as well as a master mitotic regulator, but it has never been reported that PLK1 regulates DNA methylation. In the present study, we for the first time found that PLK1 inhibition disrupted global DNA methylation and elevated the expression level of tumor suppressor genes. Mechanistically, we found that PLK1 interacts UHRF1 protein to induce its phosphorylation at serine 265. Phosphorylation is required for the maintenance of UHRF1 protein stability by recruiting a deubiquitinase USP7. Conversely, PLK1 inhibition decreases UHRF1 protein interaction with USP7 and activates the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, thereby accelerating UHRF1 protein degradation. UHRF1 degradation decreases the recruitment of DNMT1 to chromatin, and decreases the level of genome-wide DNA methylation, thereby elevating the expression of tumor suppressor genes and decreasing cell viability. We here presented the first report on the novel role of PLK1 in DNA methylation maintenance through UHRF1-DNMT1 pathway, and revealed a novel anticancer mechanism of PLK1 inhibitors.

UHRF1 promotes spindle assembly and chromosome congression by catalyzing EG5 polyubiquitination.

UHRF1 is an epigenetic coordinator bridging DNA methylation and histone modifications. Additionally, UHRF1 regulates DNA replication and cell cycle, and its deletion induces G1/S or G2/M cell cycle arrest. The roles of UHRF1 in the regulation of G2/M transition remain poorly understood. UHRF1 depletion caused chromosome misalignment, thereby inducing cell cycle arrest at mitotic metaphase, and these cells exhibited the defects of spindle geometry, prominently manifested as shorter spindles. Mechanistically, UHRF1 protein directly interacts with EG5, a kinesin motor protein, during mitosis. Furthermore, UHRF1 induced EG5 polyubiquitination at the site of K1034 and further promoted the interaction of EG5 with spindle assembly factor TPX2, thereby ensuring accurate EG5 distribution to the spindles during metaphase. Our study clarifies a novel UHRF1 function as a nuclear protein catalyzing EG5 polyubiquitination for proper spindle architecture and faithful genomic transmission, which is independent of its roles in epigenetic regulation and DNA damage repair inside the nucleus. These findings revealed a previously unknown mechanism of UHRF1 in controlling mitotic spindle architecture and chromosome behavior and provided mechanistic evidence for UHRF1 deletion-mediated G2/M arrest.

AR antagonists develop drug resistance through TOMM20 autophagic degradation-promoted transformation to neuroendocrine prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer(PCa) is the most commonly occurring male cancer in the USA. Abiraterone or Enzalutamide have been approved for the treatment of metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). However, the treatment-emergent neuroendocrine PCa (t-NEPC) may develop, resulting in drug resistance in about 10-17% CRPC patients. The detailed mechanisms remain unclear.. METHODS: The expression correlation of TOMM20 and AR in PCa was determined by analyzing publicly available datasets, or by IHC staining in tumor specimens. The protein interaction of TOMM20 and AR was validated by co-immunoprecipitation or GST pull-down assay. The impact of TOMM20 depletion on drug sensitivity were elucidated by assays of cell proliferation, invasion, sphere formation, xenograft growth and intravenous metastasis. The intracellular ROS level was measured by flow cytometry, and the NEPC transdifferentiation and characteristics of cancer stem-like cells were validated by RNA-seq, RT-PCR and western blotting. RESULTS: The protein level of TOMM20 is positively correlated with AR in PCa cells and specimens. TOMM20 protein physically interacts with AR. AR antagonists induced the protein degradation of TOMM20 through autophagy-lysosomal pathway, thereby elevating the intracellular ROS level and activating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. When TOMM20 was depleted, PCa cells underwent EMT, acquired the characteristics of cancer stem-like cells, and developed resistance to AR antagonists. The stable depletion of TOMM20 promoted the transdifferentiation of PCa adenocarcinoma into NEPC and metastasis. Conversely, the rescue of TOMM20 re-sensitized the resistant PCa cells to AR antagonists. CONCLUSIONS: TOMM20 protein degradation induced by AR antagonists promoted the transdifferentiation of PCa to NEPC, thereby revealing a novel molecular mechanism by which AR antagonists develop drug resistance through mitochondrial outer membrane-mediated signaling pathway. These findings suggested that the decreasing or loss of TOMM20 expression in PCa tissues might become a useful predictor of PCa resistance to AR antagonists.

AKT1 regulates UHRF1 protein stability and promotes the resistance to abiraterone in prostate cancer.

Oncogenic activation of PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, together with epigenetic aberrations are the characters of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). UHRF1 as a key epigenetic regulator, plays a critical role in prostate cancer (PCa) development, and its expression is positively correlated with the degree of malignancy. In this present study we investigated the potential regulatory mechanism of AKT1 on UHRF1, and further validated the in vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy of AKT phosphorylation inhibitor MK2206 in combination with abiraterone. Both UHRF1 and p-AKT aberrantly overexpressed in the abiraterone-resistant PCa cells. Further studies revealed that AKT1 protein interacts with UHRF1, and AKT1 directly phosphorylates UHRF1 via the site Thr-210. MK2206 induced UHRF1 protein degradation by inhibiting AKT1-induced UHRF1 phosphorylation, and then reduced the interaction between UHRF1 and deubiquitinase USP7, while promoted the interaction between UHRF1 and E3 ubiquitin protein ligase BTRC. MK2206 significantly promoted the sensitivity of abiraterone-refractory PCa cells and xenografts to abiraterone by decreasing UHRF1 protein level, and reversed the phenotype of NEPC, evently induced cellular senescence and cell apoptosis. Altogether, our present study for the first time revealed a novel molecular mechanism of abiraterone resistance through PI3K/AKT-UHRF1 pathway, and provided a novel therapeutic modality by targeting PI3K/AKT1 to promote the drug sensitivity of abiraterone in PCa patients.

Diosgenin inhibits prostate cancer progression by inducing UHRF1 protein degradation.

Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the second cause of cancer death in adult men. Aberrant overexpression of UHRF1 has been reported in several cancer types, and is regarded as a novel drug target for cancer therapy. Nevertheless, no UHRF1-targeted small molecule inhibitor has been testing in clinical trials. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) prescriptions have a long history for the treatment of PCa in China, and Chinese herbal extracts are important resources for new drug discovery. In the present study, we first screened the potentially effective components from the commonly used TCMs for PCa treatment in clinic by using network pharmacology together with molecular docking. We identified diosgenin (DSG) as a small molecule natural compound specifically targeting UHRF1 protein. Furthermore, we validated the results by using the wet lab experiments. DSG, by directly binding UHRF1 protein, induced UHRF1 protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Importantly, DSG induced UHRF1 protein degradation by reducing the protein interaction with a deubiquitinase USP7. DSG reduced the level of genomic DNA methylation, and elevated the expression of such tumor suppressor genes as p21, p16 and LXN, thereby resulting in cell cycle arrest, cellular senescence and the inhibition of xenograft tumor growth. We here presented the first report that DSG specifically induced UHRF1 protein degradation, thereby revealing a novel anticancer mechanism of DSG. Altogether, this present study provided a promising strategy to discover new molecule-targeted drugs from small-molecule natural products.

Norcantharidin promotes cancer radiosensitization through Cullin1 neddylation-mediated CDC6 protein degradation.

Radiotherapy (RT) is a conventional cancer therapeutic modality. However, cancer cells tend to develop radioresistance after a period of treatment. Diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets for radiosensitivity are severely lacking. Our recently published studies demonstrated that the cell division cycle (CDC6) is a critical molecule contributing to radioresistance, and maybe a potential therapeutic target to overcome radioresistance. In the present study, we for the first time reported that Norcantharidin (NCTD), a demethylated form of cantharidin, re-sensitized radioresistant cancer cells to overcome radioresistance, and synergistically promoted irradiation (IR)-induced cell killing and apoptosis by inducing CDC6 protein degradation. Mechanistically, NCTD induced CDC6 protein degradation through the ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. By using small interfering RNA (siRNA) interference or small compound inhibitors, we further determined that NCTD induced CDC6 protein degradation through a neddylation-dependent pathway, but not through Huwe1, Cyclin F, and APC/C-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathways. We screened the six most relevant Cullin subunits (CUL1, 2, 3, 4A, 4B, and 5) using siRNAs. The knockdown of Cullin1 but not the other five cullins remarkably elevated CDC6 protein levels. NCTD promoted the binding of Cullin1 to CDC6, thereby promoting CDC6 protein degradation through a Cullin1 neddylation-mediated ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. NCTD can be used in combination with radiotherapy to achieve better anticancer efficacy, or work as a radiosensitizer to overcome cancer radioresistance.

FOXM1 Promotes Drug Resistance in Cervical Cancer Cells by Regulating ABCC5 Gene Transcription.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of forkhead box M1 (FOXM1) to paclitaxel resistance in cervical cancer cells, to determine the underlying mechanism, and to identify novel targets for the treatment of paclitaxel-resistant cervical cancer. METHODS: Paclitaxel-resistant Caski cells (Caski/Taxol cells) were established by intermittently exposing the Caski cells to gradually increasing concentrations of paclitaxel. The association between FOXM1, ATP-binding cassette subfamily C member 5 (ABCC5), and cervical cancer cell drug resistance was assessed by overexpressing or knocking down the expression of FOXM1 in Caski or Caski/Taxol cells. The protein and mRNA expression levels, the ratio of cellular apoptosis, and cell migration as well as intracellular drug concentrations were measured in cells following the different treatments. RESULTS: After the successful establishment of resistant Caski/Taxol cells, cell cycle distribution analysis showed that a significantly larger percentage of Caski/Taxol cells was in the G0/G1 stage compared with the Caski cells (P < 0.01), whereas a significantly larger percentage of Caski cells was in the S and G2/M stage compared with the Caski/Taxol cells following treatment with paclitaxel (P < 0.01). Both the protein and mRNA expression levels of FOXM1 and ABCC5 transporters were significantly higher in the paclitaxel-resistant Caski/Taxol cells compared with Caski cells (P < 0.05). Knockdown of FOXM1 significantly lowered the protein expression levels of FOXM1 and ABCC5. Intracellular paclitaxel concentrations were significantly higher amongst the Caski/Taxol cells following the knockdown of FOXM1 by shRNA or Siomycin A (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: FOXM1 promotes drug resistance in cervical cancer cells by regulating ABCC5 gene transcription. The knockdown of FOXM1 with shRNA or Siomycin A promotes paclitaxel-induced cell death by regulating ABCC5 gene transcription.

UHRF1 promotes androgen receptor-regulated CDC6 transcription and anti-androgen receptor drug resistance in prostate cancer through KDM4C-Mediated chromatin modifications.

The UHRF1 and CDC6, oncogenes play critical roles in therapeutic resistance. In the present study, we found that UHRF1 mediates androgen receptor (AR)-regulated CDC6 transcription in prostate cancer cells. In prostate cancer tissues and cell lines, levels of UHRF1 and CDC6 were simultaneously upregulated, and this was associated with worse survival. UHRF1 silencing significantly promoted the cytotoxicity and anti-prostate cancer efficacy of bicalutamide in mouse xenografts by inhibiting CDC6 gene expression. UHRF1 promoted AR-regulated CDC6 transcription by binding to the CCAAT motif near the androgen response element (ARE) in the CDC6 promoter. We further found that UHRF1 promoted androgen-dependent chromatin occupancy of AR protein by recruiting the H3K9me2/3-specific demethyltransferase KDM4C and modifying the intense heterochromatin status. Altogether, we found for the first time that UHRF1 promotes AR-regulated CDC6 transcription through a novel chromatin modification mechanism and contributes to anti-AR drug resistance in prostate cancer. Targeting AR and UHRF1 simultaneously may be a novel and promising therapeutic modality for prostate cancer.

USP7 is a novel Deubiquitinase sustaining PLK1 protein stability and regulating chromosome alignment in mitosis.

BACKGROUND: The deubiquitinase USP7 has been identified as an oncogene with key roles in tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance for a series of cancer types. Recently small molecular inhibitors have been developed to target USP7. However, the anticancer mechanism of USP7 inhibitors is still elusive. METHODS: Cell viability or clonogenicity was tested by violet crystal assay. Cell apoptosis or cell cycle was analyzed by flow cytometry, and chromosome misalignment was observed by a fluorescent microscopy. The protein interaction of PLK1 and USP7 was detected by tandem affinity purification and high throughput proteomics, and further confirmed by co-immunoprecipitation, GST pull-down and protein co-localization. The correlation between USP7 level of tumor tissues and taxane-resistance was evaluated. RESULTS: Pharmacological USP7 inhibition by P5091 retarded cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. Further studies showed that P5091 induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase, and particularly induced chromosome misalignment, indicating the key roles of USP7 in mitosis. USP7 protein was detected in the PLK1-interacted protein complex. USP7 interacts with PLK1 protein through its PBD domain by catalytic activity. USP7 as a deubiquitinase sustained PLK1 protein stability via the C223 site, and inversely, USP7 inhibition by P5091 promoted the protein degradation of PLK1 through the ubiquitination-proteasome pathway. By overexpressing PLK1, USP7 that had been depleted by RNAi ceased to induce chromosome misalignment in mitosis and again supported cell proliferation and cell survival. Both USP7 and PLK1 were overexpressed in taxane-resistant cancer cells, and negatively correlated with the MP scores in tumor tissues. Either USP7 or PLK1 knockdown by RNAi significantly sensitized taxane-resistant cells to taxane cell killing. CONCLUSION: This is the first report that PLK1 is a novel substrate of USP7 deubiquitinase, and that USP7 sustained the protein stability of PLK1. USP7 inhibition induces cell apoptosis and cell cycle G2/M arrest, and overcomes taxane resistance by inducing the protein degradation of PLK1, resulting in chromosome misalignment in mitosis.

Radiation-promoted CDC6 protein stability contributes to radioresistance by regulating senescence and epithelial to mesenchymal transition.

Ionizing radiation (IR) is a conventional cancer therapeutic, to which cancer cells develop radioresistance with exposure. The residual cancer cells after radiation treatment also have increased metastatic potential. The mechanisms by which cancer cells develop radioresistance and gain metastatic potential are still unknown. In this study acute IR exposure induced cancer cell senescence and apoptosis, but after long-term IR exposure, cancer cells exhibited radioresistance. The proliferation of radioresistant cells was retarded, and most cells were arrested in G0/G1 phase. The radioresistant cells simultaneously showed resistance to further IR-induced apoptosis, premature senescence, and epithelial to mesenchymal transformation (EMT). Acute IR exposure steadily elevated CDC6 protein levels due to the attenuation of ubiquitination, while CDC6 overexpression was observed in the radioresistant cells because the insufficiency of CDC6 phosphorylation blocked protein translocation from nucleus to cytoplasm, resulting in subcellular protein accumulation when the cells were arrested in G0/G1 phase. CDC6 ectopic overexpression in CNE2 cells resulted in apoptosis resistance, G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, premature senescence, and EMT, similar to the characteristics of radioresistant CNE2-R cells. Targeting CDC6 with siRNA promoted IR-induced senescence, sensitized cancer cells to IR-induced apoptosis, and reversed EMT. Furthermore, CDC6 depletion synergistically repressed the growth of CNE2-R xenografts when combined with IR. The study describes for the first time cell models for IR-induced senescence, apoptosis resistance, and EMT, three major mechanisms by which radioresistance develops. CDC6 is a novel radioresistance switch regulating senescence, apoptosis, and EMT. These studies suggest that CDC6highKI67low represents a new diagnostic marker of radiosensitivity, and CDC6 represents a new therapeutic target for cancer radiosensitization.

PARP inhibitor veliparib and HDAC inhibitor SAHA synergistically co-target the UHRF1/BRCA1 DNA damage repair complex in prostate cancer cells.

BACKGROUND: The poly ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) inhibitor olaparib has been approved for treating prostate cancer (PCa) with BRCA mutations, and veliparib, another PARP inhibitor, is being tested in clinical trials. However, veliparib only showed a moderate anticancer effect, and combination therapy is required for PCa patients. Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have been tested to improve the anticancer efficacy of PARP inhibitors for PCa cells, but the exact mechanisms are still elusive. METHODS: Several types of PCa cells and prostate epithelial cell line RWPE-1 were treated with veliparib or SAHA alone or in combination. Cell viability or clonogenicity was tested with violet crystal assay; cell apoptosis was detected with Annexin V-FITC/PI staining and flow cytometry, and the cleaved PARP was tested with western blot; DNA damage was evaluated by staining the cells with γH2AX antibody, and the DNA damage foci were observed with a fluorescent microscopy, and the level of γH2AX was tested with western blot; the protein levels of UHRF1 and BRCA1 were measured with western blot or cell immunofluorescent staining, and the interaction of UHRF1 and BRCA1 proteins was detected with co-immunoprecipitation when cells were treated with drugs. The antitumor effect of combinational therapy was validated in DU145 xenograft models. RESULTS: PCa cells showed different sensitivity to veliparib or SAHA. Co-administration of both drugs synergistically decreased cell viability and clonogenicity, and synergistically induced cell apoptosis and DNA damage, while had no detectable toxicity to normal prostate epithelial cells. Mechanistically, veliparib or SAHA alone reduced BRCA1 or UHRF1 protein levels, co-treatment with veliparib and SAHA synergistically reduced BRCA1 protein levels by targeting the UHRF1/BRCA1 protein complex, the depletion of UHRF1 resulted in the degradation of BRCA1 protein, while the elevation of UHRF1 impaired co-treatment-reduced BRCA1 protein levels. Co-administration of both drugs synergistically decreased the growth of xenografts. CONCLUSIONS: Our studies revealed that the synergistic lethality of HDAC and PARP inhibitors resulted from promoting DNA damage and inhibiting HR DNA damage repair pathways, in particular targeting the UHRF1/BRCA1 protein complex. The synergistic lethality of veliparib and SAHA shows great potential for future PCa clinical trials.

FOXM1 contributes to taxane resistance by regulating UHRF1-controlled cancer cell stemness.

Therapy-induced expansion of cancer stem cells (CSCs) has been identified as one of the most critical factors contributing to therapeutic resistance, but the mechanisms of this adaptation are not fully understood. UHRF1 is a key epigenetic regulator responsible for therapeutic resistance, and controls the self-renewal of stem cells. In the present study, taxane-resistant cancer cells were established and stem-like cancer cells were expanded. UHRF1 was overexpressed in the taxane-resistant cancer cells, which maintained CSC characteristics. UHRF1 depletion overcame taxane resistance in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, FOXM1 has been reported to play a role in therapeutic resistance and the self-renewal of CSCs. FOXM1 and UHRF1 are highly correlated in prostate cancer tissues and cells, FOXM1 regulates CSCs by regulating uhrf1 gene transcription in an E2F-independent manner, and FOXM1 protein directly binds to the FKH motifs at the uhrf1 gene promoter. This present study clarified a novel mechanism by which FOXM1 controls CSCs and taxane resistance through a UHRF1-mediated signaling pathway, and validated FOXM1 and UHRF1 as two potential therapeutic targets to overcome taxane resistance.

The FOXM1-ABCC5 axis contributes to paclitaxel resistance in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells.

Paclitaxel is clinically used as a first-line chemotherapeutic regimen for several cancer types, including head and neck cancers. However, acquired drug resistance results in the failure of therapy, metastasis and relapse. The drug efflux mediated by ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters and the survival signals activated by forkhead box (FOX) molecules are critical in the development of paclitaxel drug resistance. Whether FOX molecules promote paclitaxel resistance through drug efflux remains unknown. In this study, we developed several types of paclitaxel-resistant (TR) nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells. These TR NPC cells acquired cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotypes and underwent epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and developed multidrug resistance. TR cells exhibited stronger drug efflux than parental NPC cells, leading to the reduction of intracellular drug concentrations and drug insensitivity. After screening the gene expression of ABC transporters and FOX molecules, we found that FOXM1 and ABCC5 were consistently overexpressed in the TR NPC cells and in patient tumor tissues. Further studies demonstrated that FOXM1 regulated abcc5 gene transcription by binding to the FHK consensus motifs at the promoter. The depletion of FOXM1 or ABCC5 with siRNA significantly blocked drug efflux and increased the intracellular concentrations of paclitaxel, thereby promoting paclitaxel-induced cell death. Siomycin A, a FOXM1 inhibitor, significantly enhanced in vitro cell killing by paclitaxel in drug-resistant NPC cells. This study is the first to identify the roles of FOXM1 in drug efflux and paclitaxel resistance by regulating the gene transcription of abcc5, one of the ABC transporters. Small molecular inhibitors of FOXM1 or ABCC5 have the potential to overcome paclitaxel chemoresistance in NPC patients.

FOXM1 promotes the progression of prostate cancer by regulating PSA gene transcription.

Androgen/AR is the primary contributor to prostate cancer (PCa) progression by regulating Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) gene transcription. The disease inevitably evolves to androgen-independent (AI) status. Other mechanisms by which PSA is regulated and develops to AI have not yet been fully determined. FOXM1 is a cell proliferation-specific transcription factor highly expressed in PCa cells compared to non-malignant prostate epithelial cells, suggesting that the aberrant overexpression of FOXM1 contributes to PCa development. In addition to regulating AR gene transcription and cell cycle-regulatory genes, FOXM1 selectively regulates the gene transcription of KLK2 and PSA, typical androgen responsive genes. Screening the potential FOXM1-binding sites by ChIP-PCR, we found that FOXM1 directly binds to the FHK binding motifs in the PSA promoter/enhancer regions. AI C4-2 cells have more FOXM1 binding sites than androgen dependent LNCaP cells. The depletion of FOXM1 by small molecular inhibitors significantly improves the suppression of PSA gene transcription by the anti-AR agent Cadosax. This is the first report showing that FOXM1 promotes PCa progression by regulating PSA gene transcription, particularly in AI PCa cells. The combination of anti-AR agents and FOXM1 inhibitors has the potential to greatly improve therapy for late-stage PCa patients by suppressing PSA levels.