The Outcomes of Single Lung Retransplantation After Double Lung Transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to compare outcomes of single lung retransplantation (SLRTx) to double lung retransplantation (DLRTx) after an initial double lung transplantation. METHODS: The Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database between May 2005 and December 2022 was retrospectively analyzed. Multiorgan transplantation, repeated retransplantation, and lung retransplantation when the status of the initial transplantation was unknown were excluded. RESULTS: 891 patients were included in the analysis: 698 cases (78.3%) were DLRTx and 193 cases (21.7%) were SLRTx. Mean lung allocation score was higher among DLRTx (59.6±20.7 vs 55.1±19.3, p = 0.007). Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) bridge to lung transplantation use was similar between groups (p=0.125), as was waitlist time (p=0.610). Need for mechanical ventilation (54.6% vs 35.8%, p = 0.005) and ECMO (17.9% vs 9.0%, p = 0.069) at 72 hours after transplantation was more frequent in DLRTx group. However, median post-transplant hospital stay (21.5 [IQR 12-35] vs 20 days [IQR 12-35], p=0.119) and in-hospital mortality (10.9% [76/698] vs 12.4% [24/193], p=0.547) were comparable between groups. Long-term survival was significantly better among DLRTx (log-rank test p < 0.001). In the propensity-score weighted multivariable model, DLRTx had 28% lower risk of mortality at any point during follow-up compared to SLRTx (HR: 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.57-0.91, p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Less invasiveness of single lung transplantation in the retransplant setting has minimal short-term benefit and is associated with significantly worse long-term survival. Double lung retransplantation should remain the standard for lung retransplantation after initial double lung transplantation.

Thrombolysis and Surgical Decompression for Venous Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

INTRODUCTION: Treatment for venous thoracic outlet syndrome (vTOS) includes thrombolysis followed by decompressive rib resection. Given the rarity of the disease, the goal of this study was to describe current practices in treatment of vTOS. METHODS: All patients with diagnoses of subclavian vTOS who underwent rib resection in the 2018-2020 Nationwide Readmissions Database were included in this study. Patients were grouped based on number of days between thrombolysis and by number of hospitalizations: thrombolysis followed by surgery in the same hospitalization was considered "simultaneous" and in separate hospitalizations was "staged." RESULTS: Five hundred ninety patients met the inclusion criteria. The average age was 34.1 ± 13.3 y, and 42.9% (253 of 590) were female. Among the patients receiving thrombolysis and decompressive rib resection, 46.8% (164 of 350) patients had <14 d between interventions, 19.1% (67 of 350) patients had 14-30 d between interventions, and 34.0% (119 of 350) had >30 d between interventions. There were no significant differences in postoperative bleeding between patients with <14 d, 14-30 d, and >30 d between thrombolysis and surgery. In terms of number of hospital visits, 19.0% (112 of 590) had "simultaneous" thrombolysis and surgery and 40.5% (239 of 590) had thrombolysis and surgery in a "staged" approach. Forty point five percent (239 of 590) of patients received only surgical decompression without thrombolysis. CONCLUSIONS: Thrombolysis followed by first rib resection for vTOS can be performed during the same hospital admission without an associated risk of bleeding complications.

Association between underweight status and chylothorax after esophagectomy for esophageal cancer: A propensity score-matched analysis.

Objective: To use a nationwide database of hospitalizations to investigate underweight status as a risk factor for postesophagectomy complications. Methods: We identified all patients who underwent esophagectomy with a diagnosis of esophageal cancer and known body mass index in the 2018-2020 Nationwide Readmissions Database. All hospital visits for esophagectomy and within 30 days of initial discharge were analyzed for postoperative complications, including chylothorax. Patients who were underweight were propensity score matched with patients who were not. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to identify complications that were significantly associated with underweight status. Results: There were 1877 patients with esophageal cancer meeting inclusion criteria. Following propensity score matching, 433 patients who were underweight were matched to 433 patients who were not. In the multivariable model of the matched sample, which adjusted for age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, history of chemotherapy or radiation therapy, and preoperative surgical feeding access, patients who were underweight were estimated to have 2.06 times the odds for chylothorax (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-4.25, P = .035). Underweight status was also significantly associated with acute bleed (odds ratio [OR], 1.52; 95% CI, 1.12-2.05, P = .007), pneumothorax (OR, 2.33; 95% CI, 1.19-4.85; P = .017), pneumonia (OR, 2.30; 95% CI, 1.53-3.50, P < .001), and in-hospital mortality (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.31-4.69, P = .006). Conclusions: Underweight status was found to be a risk factor for chylothorax after esophagectomy, which may have implications for perioperative care of esophageal cancer patients. Future studies should assess whether using feeding tubes or total parenteral nutrition preoperatively or thoracic duct ligation intraoperatively decreases risk of chylothorax among patients who were underweight.

Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Wound Classification is Prognostic of 30-Day Readmission Following Surgery.

BACKGROUND: The goal of this study was to investigate factors associated with 30-day readmission in a multivariate model, including the CDC wound classes "clean," "clean/contaminated," "contaminated," and "dirty/infected." METHODS: The 2017-2020 American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP) database was queried for all patients undergoing total hip replacement, coronary artery bypass grafting, Ivor Lewis esophagectomy, pancreaticoduodenectomy, distal pancreatectomy, pneumonectomy, and colectomies. ACS-defined wound classes were concordant with CDC definitions. Multivariate linear mixed regression was used to determine risk factors for readmission while adjusting for type of surgery as a random intercept. RESULTS: 477,964 cases were identified, with 38,734 (8.1%) patients having experienced readmission within 30 days of surgery. There were 181,243 (37.9%) cases classified as wound class "clean", 215,729 (45.1%) cases classified as "clean/contaminated", 40,684 cases (8.5%) classified as "contaminated", and 40,308 (8.4%) cases classified as "dirty/infected". In the multivariate generalized mixed linear model adjusting for type of surgery, sex, body mass index, race, American Society of Anesthesiologists class, presence of comorbidity, length of stay, urgency of surgery, and discharge destination, "clean/contaminated" (p < .001), "contaminated" (p < .001), and "dirty/infected" (p < .001) wound classes (when compared to "clean") were significantly associated with 30-day readmission. Organ/space surgical site infection and sepsis were among the most common reasons for readmission in all wound classes. CONCLUSIONS: Wound classification was strongly prognostic for readmission in multivariable models, suggesting that it may serve as a marker of readmissions. Surgical procedures that are "non-clean" are at significantly greater risk for 30-day readmission. Readmissions may be due to infectious complications; optimizing antibiotic use or source control to prevent readmission are areas of future study.

Esophagectomy for Permanent Mesh Migration After Transthoracic Hiatal Hernia Repair.

A 76-year-old woman with a distant history of right diaphragmatic hernia repair with permanent mesh and subsequent laparotomy for mesh migration presented with pneumonia. On initial presentation esophagogastroduodenoscopy and computed tomography showed a contained esophageal perforation with residual permanent mesh. Although the patient initially deferred esophagectomy, a right lower lobe lung abscess developed necessitating mesh resection and an Ivor Lewis esophagectomy. We present the first case of mesh migration and erosion through the esophagus and right lower lobe of the lung. Permanent mesh should not be used during hiatal hernia repairs because of complications such as mesh erosion.

Utility of Telemedicine for Diagnosis and Management of Laryngology-Related Complaints during COVID-19.

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: To investigate the concordance in diagnosis and management between initial telemedicine visits and subsequent in-person visits with laryngoscopy for laryngology-related complaints during COVID-19. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. METHODS: Patients who presented to a tertiary care center with laryngology-related complaints (voice, swallowing, airway, general throat complaints and others) and completed initial telemedicine visits and subsequent in-person visits with laryngoscopy between March and October 2020 were included (n = 250). Preliminary diagnoses and managements provided during initial telemedicine visits were compared with the diagnoses and managements during subsequent in-person visits with laryngoscopy. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to compare concordance rates in diagnosis and management by chief complaint categories after adjusting for relevant demographic and clinical factors. RESULTS: Overall concordance rates in diagnosis and management between the initial telemedicine visit and subsequent laryngoscopy exam were 86.1% and 93.7%, respectively. Mean (standard deviation) days until laryngoscopy from the initial visit were 21.2 (23.0). Concordance rates were not associated with patient's age, gender, preferred language, provider, telemedicine visit duration, or days until laryngoscopy. Management concordance rate was relatively lower among patients with general throat complaints in comparison with voice-related complaints (odds ratio: 0.27; 95% confidence interval: 0.08-0.90). Management changes after laryngoscopy included need for further imaging, procedures, voice therapy, and referral to other specialists. CONCLUSION: Concordance rates in diagnosis and management remained high between the initial telemedicine visit and subsequent in-person visit with laryngoscopy for new patients presenting with laryngology-related complaints during the COVID-19 pandemic. While laryngoscopy is still essential to confirm diagnosis and provide appropriate management, telemedicine may be a feasible alternative to provide suitable empiric therapy until laryngoscopy can be safely performed. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 132:831-837, 2022.

Equivalent outcomes with minimally invasive and sternotomy mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral valve disease.

BACKGROUND: Debate continues in regard to the optimal surgical approach to the mitral valve for degenerative disease. METHODS: Between February 2004 and July 2015, 363 patients underwent mitral valve repair for degenerative mitral valve disease via either sternotomy (sternotomy, n = 109) or small right anterior thoracotomy (minimally invasive, n = 259). Survival, need for mitral valve reoperation, and progression of mitral regurgitation more than two grades were compared between cohorts using time-based statistical methods and inverse probability weighting. RESULTS: Survival at 1, 5, and 10 years were 99.2, 98.3, and 96.8 for the sternotomy group and 98.1, 94.9, and 94.9 for the minimally invasive group (hazard ratio: 0.39, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.11-1.30, p = .14). The cumulative incidence of need for mitral valve reoperation with death as a competing outcome at 1, 3, and 5 years were 2.7%, 2.7%, and 2.7% in the sternotomy cohort and 1.5%, 3.3%, and 4.1% for the minimally invasive group (subhazard ratio (SHR) 1.17, 95% CI: 0.33-4.20, p = .81). Cumulative incidence of progression of mitral regurgitation more than two grades with death as a competing outcome at 1, 3, and 5 years were 5.5%, 14.4%, and 44.5% for the sternotomy cohort and 4.2%, 9.7%, and 20.5% for the minimally invasive cohort (SHR: 0.67, 95% CI: 0.28-1.63, p = .38). Inverse probability weighted time-based analyses based on preoperative cohort assignment also demonstrated equivalent outcomes between surgical approaches. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive and sternotomy mitral valve repair in patients with degenerative mitral valve disease is associated with equivalent survival and repair durability.

Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Enriches Immune-Related Pathways in the Transcriptome and Methylome of Human Amniocytes.

CONTEXT: Gestational diabetes (GDM) has profound effects on the intrauterine metabolic milieu and is linked to obesity and diabetes in offspring, but the mechanisms driving these effects remain largely unknown. Alterations in DNA methylation and gene expression in amniocytes exposed to GDM in utero represent a potential mechanism leading to metabolic dysfunction later in life. OBJECTIVE: To profile changes in genome-wide DNA methylation and expression in human amniocytes exposed to GDM. DESIGN: A nested case-control study (n = 14 pairs) was performed in amniocytes matched for offspring sex, maternal race/ethnicity, maternal age, gestational age at amniocentesis, and gestational age at birth. Sex-specific genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and RNA-sequencing were completed and differentially methylated regions (DMRs) and gene expression changes were identified. Ingenuity pathway analysis identified biologically relevant pathways enriched after GDM exposure. In silico high-throughput chromosome conformation capture (Hi-C) analysis identified potential chromatin interactions with DMRs. RESULTS: Expression of interferon-stimulated genes was increased in GDM amniocytes, accounting for 6 of the top 10 altered genes (q < 0.05). Enriched biological pathways in GDM amniocytes included pathways involving inflammation, the interferon response, fatty liver disease, monogenic diabetes, and atherosclerosis. Forty-two DMRs were identified in male GDM-exposed amniocytes and 20 in female amniocyte analysis (q < 0.05). Hi-C analysis identified interactions between DMRs and 11 genes with significant expression changes in male amniocytes and 9 in female amniocytes (P < .05). CONCLUSION: In a unique repository of human amniocytes exposed to GDM in utero, transcriptome analysis identified enrichment of inflammation and interferon-related pathways and novel DMRs with potential distal regulatory functions.

Effect of a High-Rate Versus a Low-Rate Oxytocin Infusion for Maintaining Uterine Contractility During Elective Cesarean Delivery: A Prospective Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Oxytocin is routinely used as prophylaxis against uterine atony. During elective cesarean delivery (CD), an oxytocin bolus is used to initiate adequate uterine tone, followed by an oxytocin infusion to maintain uterine contractility. However, it is unclear whether oxytocin maintenance infusion rate influences total estimated blood loss (EBL). METHODS: We performed a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial in 51 women undergoing elective CD. Women were randomly assigned to receive an oxytocin maintenance infusion of 2.5 or 15 U/h. All women received an oxytocin 1 U bolus to initiate adequate uterine tone. The primary outcome was EBL. EBL values between groups were compared using a Mann-Whitney U test; P < .05 as statistically significant. The median EBL difference with 95% confidence intervals was also calculated. Secondary outcomes included adequacy of uterine tone, use of additional uterotonics, and oxytocin-related side effects, including hypotension. RESULTS: Of 51 women, 24 received a low-rate infusion and 27 received a high-rate infusion. Median (interquartile range) EBL values in the low-rate and high-rate groups were 634 (340-886) mL versus 512 (405-740) mL, respectively (P = .7). The median difference in EBL between groups was 22 mL; 95% confidence interval = -158 to 236 mL. The rate of postpartum hemorrhage did not differ between groups (low-rate group: 4/24 [16.7%] versus high-rate group: 4/26 [15.4%]). There were no between-group differences over time (first 20 minutes after commencing infusion) in the incidence of adequate uterine tone (P = .72) or hypotension (P = .32). CONCLUSIONS: Among women undergoing elective CD receiving an oxytocin maintenance infusion, EBL and uterine tone did not differ between women receiving 2.5 U/h oxytocin and those receiving 15 U/h oxytocin. Our findings suggest that efficacy can be obtained with a low oxytocin maintenance infusion rate; however, dose-finding studies are needed to determine the infusion rate that optimizes drug efficacy while minimizing side effects.