Ecological aspects of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the gallery forest of Brasília National Park, Brazil, with an emphasis on potential vectors of yellow fever.

INTRODUCTION: We analyzed the vertical and monthly distributions of culicid species in the gallery forest of Brasília National Park, with an emphasis on the potential vectors of yellow fever (YF). METHODS: Between September 2010 and August 2011, mosquitoes were captured on the ground and in the canopy of the forest for five consecutive days per month, from nine to 15 hours. The mosquitoes were examined to verify natural infection with flaviviruses by isolation in Aedes albopictus Skuse, 1864 cells followed by indirect immunofluorescence. RESULTS: We identified 2,677 culicids distributed in 29 species. Most of the mosquitoes were captured at ground level (69%) during the rainy season (86%). The most abundant species were Sabethes (Sabethes) albiprivus Theobald, 1903; Limatus durhamii Theobald, 1901; Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus Dyar & Shannon, 1924; Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar, 1921; Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis Rondani, 1848; Psorophora (Janthinosoma) ferox Von Humboldt, 1819; and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) serratus Theobald, 1901. Limatus durhamii, Limatus durhamii, Psorophora ferox, Aedes scapularis and Aedes serratus showed significant differences (p<0.05) in their habitat use. Limatus durhamii was found more often in the canopy, unlike the other species. During the rainy season, the most abundant species were Sa. albiprivus, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Limatus durhamii. During the dry season, the potential YF vectors exhibited a very low frequency and abundance, except Aedes scapularis and Aedes serratus. No flavivirus was detected in the 2,677 examined mosquitoes. CONCLUSIONS: We recommend continued and systematic entomological monitoring in areas vulnerable to the transmission of YF in the Federal District of Brazil.

Ecological aspects of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the gallery forest of Brasilia National Park, Brazil, with an emphasis on potential vectors of yellow fever

Introduction We analyzed the vertical and monthly distributions of culicid species in the gallery forest of Brasília National Park, with an emphasis on the potential vectors of yellow fever (YF). Methods Between September 2010 and August 2011, mosquitoes were captured on the ground and in the canopy of the forest for five consecutive days per month, from nine to 15 hours. The mosquitoes were examined to verify natural infection with flaviviruses by isolation in Aedes albopictus Skuse, 1864 cells followed by indirect immunofluorescence. Results We identified 2,677 culicids distributed in 29 species. Most of the mosquitoes were captured at ground level (69%) during the rainy season (86%). The most abundant species were Sabethes (Sabethes) albiprivus Theobald, 1903; Limatus durhamii Theobald, 1901; Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus Dyar & Shannon, 1924; Haemagogus (Haemagogus) janthinomys Dyar, 1921; Aedes (Ochlerotatus) scapularis Rondani, 1848; Psorophora (Janthinosoma) ferox Von Humboldt, 1819; and Aedes (Ochlerotatus) serratus Theobald, 1901. Limatus durhamii, Limatus durhamii, Psorophora ferox, Aedes scapularis and Aedes serratus showed significant differences (p<0.05) in their habitat use. Limatus durhamii was found more often in the canopy, unlike the other species. During the rainy season, the most abundant species were Sa. albiprivus, Haemagogus leucocelaenus and Limatus durhamii. During the dry season, the potential YF vectors exhibited a very low frequency and abundance, except Aedes scapularis and Aedes serratus. No flavivirus was detected in the 2,677 examined mosquitoes. Conclusions We recommend continued and systematic entomological monitoring in areas vulnerable to the transmission of YF in the Federal District of Brazil. .

Infecção natural de Haemagogus janthinomys e Haemagogus leucocelaenus pelo vírus da febre amarela no Distrito Federal, Brasil, 2007-2008 / Haemagogus janthinomys and Haemagogus leucocelaenus naturally infected with yellow fever virus in Federal District, Brazil, 2007-2008

Objetivo: investigar a infectividade natural de Haemagogus janthinomys e Haemagogus leucocelaenus pelo vírus da febre amarela em áreas com notificação de casos humanos e epizootia em primatas não humanos no Distrito Federal (DF), Brasil. Métodos:realizaram-se capturas de Culicidae utilizando capturador de Castro e puçá, no período de dezembro de 2007 a fevereiro de 2008; a identificação taxonômica e o isolamento viral foram realizados no Instituto Evandro Chagas/ Ministério da Saúde; a inoculação em camundongo e o teste de imunofluorescência indireta foram realizados para identificar o agente viral. Resultados: amostras deHg. janthinomys e Hg. leucocelaenus procedentes da Região Administrativa de São Sebastião/DF apresentaram positividade para o vírus amarílico. Conclusão: a confirmação de infectividade natural por Hg. janthinomys e Hg. leucocelaenus sugere que as áreas pesquisadas são receptivas e vulneráveis ao vírus da febre amarela, tornando imprescindível aprimorar as estratégias de sua vigilância epidemiológica no Distrito Federal.

Objective: to investigate the natural infectivity of Haemagogus janthinomys and Haemagogus leucocelaenus for yellow fever virus in areas with reported human cases and epizootics in non-human primates, in the Federal District (DF), Brazil. Methods: Culicidae specimens were captured using hand net and oral aspirator, in the period since December 2007 to February 2008; taxonomic identification and virus research were performed at the Evandro Chagas Institute/ Ministry of Health; mouse inoculation and indirect immunofluorescence tests were performed to isolate the viral agent. Results: pools of Hg. janthinomys and Hg. leucocelaenus proceeding from the Administrative Region of São Sebastião/ DF were positive for yellow fever virus. Conclusion: confirmation of natural infectivity by Hg. janthinomys and Hg. leucocelaenus suggests that the area surveyed is receptive and vulnerable to yellow fever virus; therefore, it is essential to improve the strategies for epidemiological surveillance of yellow fever in the Federal District.

Effects of climate and different management strategies on Aedes aegypti breeding sites: a longitudinal survey in Brasília (DF, Brazil).

OBJECTIVE: To determine the influence of climate and of environmental vector control with or without insecticide on Aedes aegypti larval indices and pupae density. METHODS: An 18-month longitudinal survey of infestation of Ae. aegypti immature stages was conducted for the 1015 residences (premises) of Vila Planalto, an area of Brasilia where the Breteau Index was about 40 before the study. This area was divided into five zones: a control zone with environmental management alone and four zones with insecticide treatment (methoprene, Bti, temephos). We tested for significant differences between infestation levels in the control and insecticide-treated areas, for relationships between climatic variables and larval indices, and to determine risk factors of infestation for certain types of premises and containers. RESULTS: Environmental vector control strategies dramatically decreased infestation in the five areas. No significant differences could be detected between control strategies with insecticide and without. Some premises and container types were particularly suitable for breeding. The influence of climate on the emergence of Ae. aegypti adults for the area is described. CONCLUSION: In a moderately infested area such as Brasilia, insecticides do not improve environmental vector control. Rather, infestations could be further reduced by focusing on residences and containers particularly at risk. The nature of the link between climate and larval population should be investigated in larger-scale studies before being used in forecasting models.

[Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to the insecticide temephos in the Federal District, Brazil]. / Suscetibilidade de larvas de Aedes aegypti ao inseticida temefós no Distrito Federal.

OBJECTIVE: To study the susceptibility status of Aedes aegypti to the organophosphate insecticide temephos. METHODS: Samples of Ae. aegypti larvae were obtained, using ovitraps, from eight cities of the Federal District, central Brazil, in 2000 and 2001. Larvae were submitted to the diagnostic dose of 0.012 mg/l temephos, as recommended by standard World Health Organization methodology. Field populations were tested in parallel with reference strains Rockefeller and DIVAL, from the Environmental Surveillance Directory (DIVAL) insectary. The concentration and purity of temephos solutions were verified by gas chromatography. Correlation calculations were performed using StatView - SAS Institute Inc., version 5. Student's t test was used for detecting differences in susceptibility, with significance levels of alpha=0.05. RESULTS: In 2000, Ae. aegypti larvae populations from Taguatinga, Guara, and Nucleo Bandeirante showed resistance to temephos, with mortality ranging from 54.1 to 63.4%. The populations from Gama, Planaltina, and Sobradinho showed altered levels of susceptibility (mortality ranging from 83.6 to 92.8%). The population from Ceilandia was the only susceptible one, with 98% mortality. In 2001, all populations tested were resistant (44.4 to 66.4% mortality). No significant correlation was found between the susceptibility of populations and the distance between the cities of origin, or the amount of insecticide applied in the years preceding the study. CONCLUSIONS: Ae. aegypti susceptibility to temephos is changing in the Federal District. It is essential to continue monitoring the resistance of this vector to insecticides in order to ensure the efficiency of programs aimed at vector control and at the protection of human health.

Suscetibilidade de larvas de Aedes aegypti ao inseticida temefós no Distrito Federal / Susceptibility of Aedes aegypti larvae to the insecticide temephos in the Federal District, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Estudar o padrão de suscetibilidade do Aedes aegypti ao inseticida organofosforado temefós. MÉTODOS: Amostras de larvas de Ae. aegypti foram obtidas com armadilhas para oviposição, em oito cidades do Distrito Federal, nos anos 2000 e 2001. As larvas foram submetidas à dose diagnóstica de 0,012 mg/l de temefós, segundo metodologia padronizada pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. As populações de campo foram testadas em paralelo com a cepa de referência Rockefeller e a cepa DIVAL, do insetário da Diretoria de Vigilância Ambiental. A concentração e a pureza das soluções de temefós foram analisadas por cromatografia gasosa. Os cálculos de correlação foram determinados pelo programa StatView - SAS Institute Inc., versão 5. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student para verificar diferenças de suscetibilidade, com níveis de significância, alfa=0,05. RESULTADOS: Em 2000, as populações de larvas de Ae. aegypti nas cidades de Taguatinga, Guará e Núcleo Bandeirante apresentaram-se resistentes ao temefós, com mortalidade de larvas entre 54,1 e 63,4 por cento. As populações do Gama, Planaltina e Sobradinho apresentaram alterações nos níveis de suscetibilidade (mortalidade de 83,6 a 92,8 por cento). A população de Ceilândia foi a única suscetível, com 98 por cento de mortalidade. Em 2001, todas as populações testadas mostraram-se resistentes (44,4 a 66,4 por cento de mortalidade). Nenhuma correlação significativa foi encontrada entre a suscetibilidade das populações e a distância entre essas cidades ou a quantidade de inseticida aplicado nos anos anteriores ao estudo. CONCLUSÕES: Os níveis de suscetibilidade do Ae. aegypti ao temefós vêm se alterando no Distrito Federal. É essencial a continuidade de programas de monitoramento da resistência desse vetor aos inseticidas para se garantir a eficiência dos programas de controle e a proteção da saúde humana.