Differences in chronic lung allograft dysfunction between deceased-donor lung transplantation and living-donor lobar lung transplantation.

OBJECTIVE: This study explored the characteristics and prognostic impact of chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) after deceased-donor lung transplantation and living-donor lobar lung transplantation, wherein the lower lobes from two donors are usually transplanted into one recipient. METHODS: The clinical data of 123 deceased-donor and 67 living-donor lung transplantations performed in adult patients at our institution between June 2008 and September 2019 were retrospectively reviewed. The cumulative incidence of CLAD was evaluated on a per-recipient and per-donor graft basis using the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: The smaller number of human leukocyte antigen mismatches, shorter ischemic time, and lower incidence of grade 3 primary graft dysfunction were observed in living-donor transplantation than in deceased-donor transplantation (p<0.001). Restrictive allograft syndrome (RAS)-type CLAD occurred in 9 (20.9%) of 43 CLAD patients after deceased-donor transplantation and 9 (45.0%) of 20 CLAD patients after living-donor transplantation. CLAD occurred unilaterally in 15 patients (75.0%) after bilateral living-donor transplantation. Despite the higher incidence of RAS-type CLAD after living-donor transplantation, the overall survival rates after the transplantation and survival rates after the onset of CLAD were comparable between the deceased-donor transplant and living-donor transplant patients. The cumulative incidence of CLAD per recipient was similar between the deceased-donor and the living-donor transplant recipients (p=0.32). In the per-donor graft analysis, the cumulative incidence of CLAD was significantly lower in the living-donor grafts than in the deceased-donor grafts (p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The manifestation of CLAD after living-donor lobar lung transplantation is unique and differs from that after deceased-donor lung transplantation.

Promoting successful healing of artificial trachea by intratracheal administration of basic fibroblast growth factor†.

OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the effect of intratracheal administration of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) on tracheal healing following implantation of a novel layered polyglycolic acid (PGA) material to replace a critical-size defect in rat trachea. METHODS: A critical-size defect in the rat cervical trachea was covered with PGA. Distilled water (DW) or 3.125, 6.25, 12.5 or 25 µg bFGF was administered into the trachea for 2 weeks (n = 6 for each of 5 groups). Regenerated areas of cilia, ciliary beat frequency and ciliary transport function (CTF) in the centre of the PGA were measured. To examine potential side effects of intratracheal administration of bFGF, the right lower lobe was pathologically evaluated. RESULTS: All rats survived during the study period. Histological examination showed ciliated epithelization on the PGA material after 2 weeks. Bronchoscopy revealed stenosis due to granulation following administration of high concentrations of bFGF (12.5 and 25 µg). Compared with the DW group, groups administered 3.125, 6.25, 12.5 and 25 µg bFGF had significantly larger areas of regenerated cilia (15.2%, 27.0%, 41.3%, 33.1% and 31.0%, respectively; P = 0.00143), improved ciliary beat frequency (7.10, 8.18, 10.10, 9.50 and 9.50 Hz, respectively), and improved CTS (6.40, 9.54, 16.89, 16.41 and 14.29 µm/sec, respectively). Pathological examination of the right lower lobe revealed pulmonary fibrosis and hyperplasia with high concentrations of bFGF (12.5 and 25 µg). CONCLUSIONS: Intratracheal administration of bFGF effectively promoted tracheal regeneration at an optimal dose of 6.25 µg following implantation of an artificial trachea.

Effect of epoprostenol-induced thrombocytopaenia on lung transplantation for pulmonary arterial hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: Preoperative intravenous epoprostenol therapy can cause thrombocytopaenia, which may increase the risk of perioperative bleeding during lung transplantation. This study aimed to determine whether lung transplantation can be safely performed in patients with epoprostenol-induced thrombocytopaenia. METHODS: From June 2008 to July 2022, we performed 37 lung transplants in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), including idiopathic PAH (n = 26), congenital heart disease-associated PAH (n = 7), pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (n = 3) and peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis (n = 1) at our institution. Of these, 26 patients received intravenous epoprostenol therapy (EPO group), whereas 11 patients were treated with no epoprostenol (no-EPO group). We retrospectively analysed the preoperative and postoperative platelet counts and post-transplant outcomes in each group. RESULTS: Preoperative platelet counts were relatively lower in the EPO group than in the no-EPO group (median EPO: 127 000 vs no-EPO: 176 000/µl). However, blood loss during surgery was similar between the 2 groups (EPO: 2473 ml vs no-EPO: 2615 ml). The platelet counts significantly increased over 1 month after surgery, and both groups showed similar platelet counts (EPO: 298 000 vs no-EPO: 284 000/µl). In-hospital mortality (EPO: 3.9% vs no-EPO: 18.2%) and the 3-year survival rate (EPO: 91.4% vs no-EPO: 80.8%) were similar between the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with PAH treated with intravenous epoprostenol showed relatively lower platelet counts, which improved after lung transplantation with good post-transplant outcomes.

Comparison of the safety and cost-effectiveness of nebulized liposomal amphotericin B and amphotericin B deoxycholate for antifungal prophylaxis after lung transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Fungal infection after lung transplantation can lead to poor clinical outcome, for which lung transplant recipients require prophylaxis. One of the antifungal agents used after lung transplantation is nebulized amphotericin B (AMB). Nebulized AMB causes adverse events such as dyspnea and airway irritation, and long-term use leads to high economic costs. So far, prophylactic regimens employing AMB deoxycholate (AMB-d) and liposomal AMB (L-AMB) have been developed. This study compared the efficacy, safety, and cost of AMB-d and L-AMB. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Patients who underwent lung transplantation at Kyoto University Hospital from January 2021 to May 2023 were included in this study. Thirty-three patients received nebulized AMB-d, whereas 29 received nebulized L-AMB. RESULTS: Both regimens maintained comparable prophylactic efficacy regarding the development of fungal infection in the AMB-d and L-AMB groups (3.0% vs. 3.4%, P = 0.877). Patients treated with nebulized L-AMB experienced fewer respiratory-related adverse reactions than those treated with nebulized AMB-d (6.9% vs. 30.3%, P < 0.05), leading to a longer treatment duration with L-AMB than with AMB-d. Additionally, the daily cost of administering L-AMB was lower than that of administering AMB-d (3609 Japanese yen vs. 1792.3 Japanese yen, P < 0.05). DISCUSSION: These results suggest that nebulized L-AMB is safer and more cost-effective than nebulized AMB-d, with comparable efficacy.

Fibrotic progression from acute cellular rejection is dependent on secondary lymphoid organs in a mouse model of chronic lung allograft dysfunction.

Chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD) remains one of the major limitations to long-term survival after lung transplantation. We modified a murine model of CLAD and transplanted left lungs from BALB/c donors into B6 recipients that were treated with intermittent cyclosporine and methylprednisolone postoperatively. In this model, the lung allograft developed acute cellular rejection on day 15 which, by day 30 after transplantation, progressed to severe pleural and peribronchovascular fibrosis, reminiscent of changes observed in restrictive allograft syndrome. Lung transplantation into splenectomized B6 alymphoplastic (aly/aly) or splenectomized B6 lymphotoxin-ß receptor-deficient mice demonstrated that recipient secondary lymphoid organs, such as spleen and lymph nodes, are necessary for progression from acute cellular rejection to allograft fibrosis in this model. Our work uncovered a critical role for recipient secondary lymphoid organs in the development of CLAD after pulmonary transplantation and may provide mechanistic insights into the pathogenesis of this complication.

Various combinations of living and deceased donors for lung retransplantation-a single institutional retrospective study.

OBJECTIVES: Lung retransplantation has been performed as a treatment option mainly for chronic lung allograft dysfunction; however, the outcomes of lung retransplantation have been reported to be worse than those of primary lung transplantation. Because of the scarcity of deceased donors in our country, our lung transplant experience includes both living and deceased donors. Therefore, we have experienced lung retransplantation cases with various combinations of living and deceased donors. The aim of this study was to explore technical pitfalls and outcomes of lung retransplantation in this unique environment. METHODS: We performed 311 lung transplantation procedures between April 2002 and October 2022. Eight lung retransplantation cases (2.6%) were analysed retrospectively. RESULTS: At lung retransplantation, the age of the recipient patients ranged from 11 to 61 years (median, 33 years). The combinations of donor sources (primary lung transplantation/lung retransplantation) were as follows: 2 living/living, 2 deceased/living, 3 living/deceased and 1 deceased/deceased. Seven of 8 patients received lung retransplantation for chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Hospital death occurred in 2 patients (25.0%). The 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates after lung retransplantation (n = 8) were 75.0%, 75.0% and 75.0%, respectively, while those after primary lung transplantation (n = 303) were 92.8%, 83.4% and 76.4%, respectively (P = 0.162). CONCLUSIONS: Lung retransplantation with various combinations of living and deceased donors is a technically difficult but feasible procedure with acceptable outcomes.

Impact of perioperative airway pathogens on living-donor lobar lung transplantation outcomes.

PURPOSE: To elucidate the clinical impact of pathogenic organism (PO) positivity early after transplantation, we evaluated the impact of perioperative airway POs on outcomes after living-donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT), where the graft airway is supposed to be sterile from a healthy donor. METHOD: A retrospective review of 67 adult LDLLT procedures involving 132 living donors was performed. Presence of POs in the recipients' airways was evaluated preoperatively and postoperatively in intensive-care units. RESULTS: POs were detected preoperatively in 13 (19.4%) recipients. No POs were isolated from the donor airways at transplantation. POs were detected in 39 (58.2%) recipients postoperatively; most were different from the POs isolated preoperatively. Postoperative PO isolation was not associated with short-term outcomes other than prolonged postoperative ventilation. The 5-year overall survival was significantly better in the PO-negative group than in the PO-positive group (89.1% vs. 63.7%, P = 0.014). In the multivariate analysis, advanced age (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.041 per 1-year increase, P = 0.033) and posttransplant PO positivity in the airway (HR: 3.684, P = 0.019) significantly affected the survival. CONCLUSIONS: The airways of the living-donor grafts were microbiologically sterile. PO positivity in the airway early after transplantation negatively impacted long-term outcomes.

Favorable effect of CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors on postoperative outcomes after lung transplantation: A propensity-weighted analysis.

BACKGROUND: We have shown the efficacy of CD26/dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (CD26/DPP-4) inhibitors, antidiabetic agents, in allograft protection after experimental lung transplantation (LTx). We aimed to elucidate whether CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors effectively improve postoperative outcomes after clinical LTx. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of patients undergoing LTx at our institution between 2010 and 2021 and extracted records of patients with diabetes mellitus (DM) at 6 months post-LTx. The patient characteristics and postoperative outcomes were analyzed. We established 6 months post-LTx as the landmark point for predicting overall survival (OS) and chronic lung allograft dysfunction (CLAD)-free survival. Hazard ratios were estimated by Cox regression after propensity score weighting, using CD26/DPP-4 inhibitor treatment up to 6 months post-LTx as the exposure variable. We evaluated CLAD samples pathologically, including for CD26/DPP-4 immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Of 102 LTx patients with DM, 29 and 73 were treated with and without CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors, respectively. Based on propensity score adjustment using standardized mortality ratio weighting, the 5-year OS rates were 77.0% and 44.3%, and the 5-year CLAD-free survival rates 77.8% and 49.1%, in patients treated with and without CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors, respectively. The hazard ratio for CD26/DPP-4 inhibitor use was 0.34 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.14-0.82, p = 0.017) for OS and 0.47 (95% CI 0.22-1.01, p = 0.054) for CLAD-free survival. We detected CD26/DPP-4 expression in the CLAD grafts of patients without CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS: Analysis using propensity score weighting showed that CD26/DPP-4 inhibitors positively affected the postoperative prognosis of LTx patients with DM.

Thoracoscopic precision excision technique for small lung lesions using radiofrequency identification marking.

With the introduction of multi-detector computed tomography (CT), the number of incidentally detected small lung nodules has dramatically increased. Determination of lung nodule malignancy is crucial, and an early diagnosis of these indeterminate lesions can lead to subsequent potentially curative treatment. However, there are some limitations to excising these nodules with sublobar resection in a minimally invasive thoracoscopic setting. Under thoracoscopy, although stapler-based wedge resection seems to be the preferred technique, particularly in patients whose lesions are located far from the edge of the lobe, the stapler can unexpectedly sacrifice normal pulmonary parenchyma. To overcome this issue, we have developed a wireless excision precision technique using cone-beam CT-guided electromagnetic navigation bronchoscopy in a minimally invasive thoracoscopic setting. Our technique is implemented in a hybrid operating room, and small tumors can be removed using a radiofrequency identification microchip without intraoperative fluoroscopy and do not require lung palpation under thoracoscopy.

Evaluation of Bone Mineral Density in Lung Transplant Recipients by Chest Computed Tomography.

INTRODUCTION: Lung transplantation (LT) recipients are at risk of bone mineral density (BMD) loss. Pre- and post-LT BMD loss has been reported in some cross-sectional studies; however, there are limited studies regarding the serial BMD change in LT recipients. The aim of this study was to investigate the serial BMD changes and the clinical characteristics associated with BMD decline. METHODS: This was a single-center, retrospective observational study. BMD was serially measured in thoracic vertebral bodies (Th4, 7, 10) using computed tomography (CT) before and 3 and 12 months after LT. The frequency of osteoporosis and factors associated with pre-LT osteoporosis and post-LT BMD loss were evaluated. The frequency of post-LT compression fracture and its associated factors were also analyzed. RESULTS: This study included 128 adult LT recipients. LT recipients had decreased BMD (151.8 ± 42.2 mg/mL) before LT compared with age-, sex-, and smoking index-matched controls (176.2 ± 35.7 mg/mL). The diagnosis of COPD was associated with pre-LT osteoporosis. LT recipients experience further BMD decline after transplantation, and the percentage of recipients classified as exhibiting osteoporosis increased from 20% at baseline to 43% at 12 months. Recipients who had been taking no or small doses of glucocorticoids before LT had rapid BMD loss after LT. Early bisphosphonate use (within 3 months) after LT attenuated BMD loss and decreased new-onset compression fracture. CONCLUSION: LT recipients are at high risk for BMD loss and compression fracture after LT. Early bisphosphonate use may decrease BMD loss and compression fracture.

M2-like tumor-associated macrophages promote epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the transforming growth factor ß/Smad/zinc finger e-box binding homeobox pathway with increased metastatic potential and tumor cell proliferation in lung squamous cell carcinoma.

Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) promotes primary tumor progression toward a metastatic state. The role of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in inducing EMT in lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) remains unclear. We aimed to clarify the significance of TAMs in relation to EMT in LUSC. We collected 221 LUSC specimens from patients who had undergone surgery. Immunohistochemistry was performed to evaluate M1-like and M2-like TAM distribution and EMT by E-cadherin and vimentin staining. Human LUSC cell lines (H226 and EBC-1) and a human monocyte cell line (THP-1) were used for in vitro experiments. M2-like polarization of TAMs and EMT marker expression in LUSC cells were evaluated by western blotting. The biological behavior of LUSC cells was evaluated by migration, invasion, and cell proliferation assays. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that 166 (75.1%) tumors were E-cadherin-positive and 44 (19.9%) were vimentin-positive. M2-like TAM density in the tumor stroma was significantly associated with vimentin positivity and worse overall survival. Western blotting demonstrated higher levels of CD163, CD206, vascular endothelial growth factor, and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-ß1) in TAMs versus unstimulated macrophages. Furthermore, increased TGF-ß1 secretion from TAMs was confirmed by ELISA. TAM-co-cultured H226 and EBC-1 cells exhibited EMT (decreased E-cadherin, increased vimentin). Regarding EMT-activating transcriptional factors, phosphorylated Smad3 and ZEB-family proteins were higher in TAM-co-cultured LUSC cells than in parental cells. TAM-co-cultured H226 and EBC-1 cells demonstrated enhanced migration and invasion capabilities and improved proliferation. Overall, the present study suggests that TAMs can induce EMT with increased metastatic potential and tumor cell proliferation in LUSC.

Novel intrathoracic irrigation using ultrafine ozone bubbles in a rat empyema model.

Dissolved ozone is generally used for sanitization, but it has not been used for thoracic cavity sanitization because of its short half-life (< 20 min) and possible toxicity. We developed a novel solution containing ultrafine ozone bubbles (ozone-UFB) with a fivefold longer half-life than non-UFB ozone. Using an in vitro model, Staphylococcus aureus colonies were counted after exposure to ozone-UFB or non-UFB ozone at the same ozone concentration (0.4 mg/L). The colony count was significantly lower in the ozone-UFB group than in the non-UFB ozone group (p = 0.034). The effect of repeated pleural irrigation using ozone-UFB and saline was compared in a rat empyema model of S. aureus infection. The bacterial count in the pleural effusion was decreased by at least fivefold following intrathoracic lavage with ozone-UFB (3 mg/L). To examine the safety of ozone-UFB for intrathoracic use, ozone-UFB with a higher ozone concentration (10 mg/L) was injected into the thoracic cavities of normal rats. The treatment did not result in any specific pleural damage or elevated serum interleukin-6 concentrations. The findings highlighted the efficacy and safety of ozone-UFB for intrathoracic sanitization, but further studies are needed to determine the optimal therapeutic ozone concentration with appropriate safety margins.

Risk stratification of postoperative pulmonary complications in elderly patients undergoing lung cancer resection: a propensity score-matched study.

Background: In China, lung cancer mainly affects the elderly population. Surgery remains the standard treatment for lung cancer in elderly patients, however, postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) are major contributors to morbidity and mortality following lung resection. This study aimed to identify perioperative predictors of PPCs among elderly patients undergoing pulmonary resection for lung cancer to provide evidence for better prevention and intervention for PPCs. Methods: A retrospective study was conducted with 456 patients (age >65 years) undergoing pulmonary resection for lung cancer in Yunnan, China from January 2016 to March 2019. Propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to compare preoperative data and clinical characteristics between the PPC and non-PPC groups, followed by binary logistic regression to evaluate predictors of PPCs. Results: Pulmonary complications occurred in 142/456 (31.1%) patients age >65 years, with pneumonia being the most common event (21.7%). Both PSM and binary logistic regression analysis identified American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class II or those undergoing an open thoracotomy to help prevent the occurrence of PPCs.

Prognosis of patients with systemic sclerosis-related interstitial lung disease on the lung transplant waiting list: a retrospective study.

Advanced systemic sclerosis-associated interstitial lung disease (SSc-ILD) can be treated with lung transplantation. There is limited data on lung transplantation outcomes in patients with SSc-ILD, in non-Western populations.We assessed survival data of patients with SSc-ILD, on the lung transplant (LT) waiting list, and evaluated post-transplant outcomes in patients from an Asian LT center. In this single-center retrospective study, 29 patients with SSc-ILD, registered for deceased LT at Kyoto University Hospital, between 2010 and 2022, were identified. We investigated post-transplant outcomes in recipients who underwent LT for SSc-ILD, between February 2002 and April 2022. Ten patients received deceased-donor LT (34%), two received living-donor LT (7%), seven died waiting for LT (24%), and ten survived on the waiting list (34%). Median duration from registration to deceased-donor LT was 28.9 months and that from registration to living-donor LT or death was 6.5 months. Analysis of 15 recipients showed improved forced vital capacity with a median of 55.1% at baseline, 65.8% at 6 months, and 80.3% at 12 months post-transplant. The 5-year survival rate for post-transplant patients with SSc-ILD was 86.2%. The higher post-transplant survival rate at our institute than previously reported suggests that lung transplantation is acceptable in Asian patients with SSc-ILD.

One-year change in the health status predicts the subsequent hospitalization and mortality in patients waitlisted for lung transplantation in Japan.

BACKGROUND: Poor health-related quality of life (HRQL) at the registration for lung transplantation is related to waitlist mortality. We investigated the relationship between 1-year change in HRQL and subsequent outcomes in patients waitlisted for lung transplantation. METHODS: In a 5-year longitudinal study, we analyzed the factors related to waitlist mortality in 197 lung transplant patients registered on the Japan Organ Transplant Network. HRQL was assessed using St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ), and factors related to changes in SGRQ scores were evaluated after 1 year. We assessed the relationship between the 1-year change in SGRQ score and subsequent mortality or hospitalization. RESULTS: Among 197 patients, 108 remained waitlisted during the first-year assessment. During the median follow-up period of 469 d, 28 patients died, and 54 underwent lung transplantation. Univariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that the changes in all components and total score of the SGRQ after 1 year were associated with waitlist mortality (p < 0.05). Stepwise multivariate analysis revealed that the 1-year changes in SGRQ scores were significantly related to waitlist mortality. Forty-three patients with worsened HRQL after 1 year had higher likelihoods of hospitalization (p = 0.038) and mortality (p = 0.026) after 1 and 4 years of follow-up, respectively, than 61 patients without worsened HRQL. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with worsened health status during the first year after registration had higher likelihoods of hospitalization and mortality after 1 and 4 years of follow-up, respectively, than those without worsened HRQL. Strategies to improve health status while waiting are needed to reduce waitlist hospitalization or mortality.

The first successful case of ABO-incompatible living-donor lobar lung transplantation following desensitization therapy.

ABO-incompatible (ABO-I) living-donor lobar lung transplantation (LDLLT) was successfully performed in a 14-year-old girl who suffered from bronchiolitis obliterans due to graft-versus-host disease following hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. In the ABO-I LDLLT procedure, the blood type O patient received a right lower lobe donated from her blood type B father and a left lower lobe donated from her blood type O mother. Desensitization therapy, using rituximab, immunosuppressants, and plasmapheresis, was implemented for 3 weeks prior to transplantation to reduce the production of anti-B antibodies in the recipient and prevent acute antibody-mediated rejection after ABO-I LDLLT.

Development of novel layered polyglycolic acid sheet for regeneration of critical-size defect in rat trachea.

OBJECTIVES: Polyglycolic acid (PGA) sheets are difficult to adapt to the central airway because of poor durability against high air pressure. Therefore, we developed a novel layered PGA material to cover the central airway and examined its morphologic traits and functional performance as a potential tracheal replacement. METHODS: A critical-size defect in rat cervical tracheas was covered with the material. Morphologic changes were bronchoscopically and pathologically evaluated. Functional performance was evaluated by regenerated ciliary area, ciliary beat frequency and ciliary transport function determined by measuring the moving distance of microspheres dropped onto the trachea (µm/s). The evaluation time points were 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months and 6 months after surgery (n = 5, respectively). RESULTS: Forty rats underwent implantation, and all survived. Histological examination confirmed ciliated epithelization on the luminal surface after 2 weeks. Neovascularization was observed after 1 month, tracheal glands after 2 months and chondrocyte regeneration after 6 months. Although the material was gradually replaced by self-organization, tracheomalacia was not bronchoscopically observed at any time point. The area of regenerated cilia significantly increased between 2 weeks and 1 month (12.0% vs 30.0%; P = 0.0216). The median ciliary beat frequency significantly improved between 2 weeks and 6 months (7.12 vs 10.04 Hz; P = 0.0122). The median ciliary transport function was significantly improved between 2 weeks and 2 months (5.16 vs 13.49 µm/s; P = 0.0216). CONCLUSIONS: The novel PGA material showed excellent biocompatibility and tracheal regeneration both morphologically and functionally 6 months after tracheal implantation.

Right transmanubrial approach to the cervicothoracic spine with venous reconstruction.

The transmanubrial approach first reported by Grunenwald in 1997 is well-known for superior sulcus lung malignancies involving the thoracic inlet. Because an anterior approach to levels below Th2 is difficult without removing the manubrium, we used the transmanubrial approach for anterior cervicothoracic corpectomy and fusion (C7-Th3) in a patient with bilateral lower extremity paralysis due to ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament in the cervicothoracic spine. To ensure more working space in the deep surgical field, which was hindered by a prior cardiac operation with median sternotomy and a goiter protruding into the upper mediastinal region, the right brachiocephalic vein was temporarily divided and subsequently reconstructed using bovine pericardium.