Mitigation of acetamiprid - induced renotoxicity by natural antioxidants via the regulation of ICAM, NF-kB and TLR 4 pathways.

BACKGROUND: Acetamiprid (ACMP) is a member of the neonicotinoid group of insecticides. It is extensively used worldwide. The misuse of ACMP creates danger hazards to human and animal. METHODS: ACMP induced renal damage evidenced by an increase in kidney injury biomarkers. So the goal of this work is to clarify the reno protective effect of Quercetin (Qrctn) and/or Nano-glutathione (N-Gluta) solely or in combination to counterbalance the danger effect of ACMP. All treatments with the previous agents were coadministered orally with ACMP for one month. RESULTS: ACMP ingestion caused a significant rise in serum creatinin, urea, and uric acid, TNF α along with renal cystatin C, lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide with the concomitant decline in the levels of reduced glutathione and IL-10 levels. Protein expression of ICAM was upregulated as well as mRNA expression of NF-κB while mRNA expression of Nrf2 was down-regulated. Immune histochemistry of TLR 4 revealed strong immune reaction. The administration of Qrctn or N-Gluta either individually or together modulated all the preceding aforementioned parameters. CONCLUSION: Fascinatingly Qrctn and N-Gluta combination was the most powerful regimen to frustrate ACMP reno-toxicity and may be deliberate as a hopeful applicant for renal therapy.

Cross Talk Between TGF-ß and JAK Expressions and Nepherotoxicity Induced by Tetrachloromethane: Role of Phytotherapy.

The aim of the current study is to assess the effectiveness of milk thistle seeds (Mth) in combination with Taraxacum officinale (Tof) and/or Camellia sinensis (Csin) against tetrachloromethane (Tcm) renotoxicity in rats. Tetrachloromethane was injected in a single dose, followed by 1-month treatments with Mth, Tof, and Csin alone or in combination. Serum urea, uric acid, and creatinine levels were significantly increased matched with the control group. Masson trichrome stain revealed increase in the deposition of fibrous tissue in the interstitium between the tubules and the renal corpuscles. Immunohistochemical analysis of kidney tissues revealed that Tcm induced an increase in the immune response of tumor growth factor ß (TGF-ß) and Janus kinase (JAK) protein expressions and cysteine-aspartic acid protease 3 (caspase 3), while B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl2) was downregulated. Treatment with the antioxidants in question either alone or in combination ameliorated all kidney function parameters and showed mild immune reactivity toward TGF-ß and JAK protein expressions in blood vessels and glomeruli in the kidney tissues and downregulated caspase 3 and activated Bcl2 protein expression. The combination regimen of the 3 antioxidants showed the most significant renoprotective effect. This was also confirmed histopathologically. It was concluded that the antioxidant mixture is considered as a promising candidate toward renal dysfunction and immune reactivity induced by Tcm and other toxicants.

Correction to: Vitamin D status and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in Saudi children with acute lower respiratory tract infection.

The correct affiliations for all authors are as given below.

Vitamin D status and vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism in Saudi children with acute lower respiratory tract infection.

There is a significant association exists between vitamin D deficiencies, low respiratory tract infections, and certain types of VDR gene polymorphism. Various studies are being conducted to prove any such link between the different clinical conditions due to disturbed vitamin D regulation and VDR gene polymorphisms. The present study analyzed the presence of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms (ApaI and TaqI) in Saudi pediatric patient suffering from acute lower respiratory tract infection (ALRTI) cases. Fifty children (50) with ALRTI admitted at King Saud University Medical City, Riyadh/Saudi Arabia were included in addition to seventy-three (73) apparently healthy children who were considered as the control group. Genomic DNA from whole blood was extracted and subjected to polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting TaqI and ApaI VDR polymorphisms. RFLP-PCR genotyping was performed to determine the allelic frequency within the VDR gene. In the whole sample, the allelic frequency of ApaI polymorphism in the VDR gene was 58.5%, 17.9%, and 23.6% for AA, Aa, and aa respectively (p = 0.11), while it was 48%, 19%, and 33% for TT, Tt, and tt respectively (p = 0.33) with regards to the frequency of TaqI polymorphism in the VDR gene. VDR ApaI Aa and aa genotypes and VDR TaqI Tt and tt genotypes were not associated with increased risk of ALRTI in children (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.33-2.28, p = 0.77; OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.23-1.4, p = 0.21; OR 1.15, 95% CI 0.44-2.99, p = 0.77; OR 0.73, 95% CI 0.32-1.68, p = 0.46 respectively). To conclude, neither vitamin D status nor VDR gene polymorphisms such as ApaI and TaqI is associated with increased susceptibility to ALRTI. Linkage disequilibrium was not detected between ApaI and TaqI VDR gene polymorphisms as in the case of serum vitamin D status in ALRTI patients versus apparent healthy children.