Novel Biomarkers for Early Detection of Acute Kidney Injury and Prediction of Long-Term Kidney Function Decline after Partial Nephrectomy.

BACKGROUND: Identifying acute kidney injury (AKI) within few hours of onset is certainly helpful. However, early prediction of a long-term eGFR decline may be an even more important goal. Our aim was to identify and compare serum [creatinine, kineticGFR, cystatin C, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL)] and urinary (NephroCheck, NGAL, proteinuria, albuminuria, acantocytes at urinary sediment) predictors of AKI that might efficiently predict long-term GFR decline after robotic Nephron-Spearing Surgery (rNSS). METHODS: Monocentric prospective observational study. Patients scheduled for rNSS for suspected localized Renal Cell Carcinoma from May 2017 to October 2017 were enrolled. Samples were collected preoperatively and postoperatively (timepoints: 4 h, 10 h, 24 h, 48 h), while kidney function was re-assessed up to 24 months. RESULTS: 38 patients were included; 16 (42%) developed clinical AKI. The eGFR decline at 24 months was more pronounced after postoperative AKI (-20.75 vs. -7.20, p < 0.0001). KineticGFR at 4 h (p = 0.008) and NephroCheck at 10 h (p = 0.001) were, at multivariable linear regression analysis, efficient predictors of post-operative AKI and long-term eGFR decline if compared to creatinine (R2 0.33 vs. 0.04). CONCLUSIONS: NephroCheck and kineticGFR have emerged as promising noninvasive, accurate, and early biomarkers of postoperative AKI and long-term GFR decline after rNSS. Combining NephroCheck and kineticGFR in clinical practice would allow to identify high risk of postoperative AKI and long-term GFR decline as early as 10 h after surgery.

Prostate Cancer Characteristics in Renal Transplant Recipients: A 25-Year Experience From a Single Centre.

Objectives: The incidence of prostate cancer in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) is increasing, but few data are available in the literature. In this study, we reviewed the 25-year experience in the management of prostate cancer after kidney transplantation at the Florence Transplant Centre. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the data from 617 RTR male patients who underwent renal transplantation at our institute between July 1996 and September 2016. Data regarding demographics, renal transplantation, prostate cancer and immunosuppressive treatment were analyzed. The probability of death was estimated by using the Kaplan-Meier method and differences between patients' groups were assessed by the log-rank test. Results: From July 1991 to September 2016, 617 kidney transplantations of male patients were performed at our institute. Among these, 20 patients were subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer accounting for a cumulative incidence of 3.24%. After a median follow-up of 59 months, 10 patients underwent radical prostatectomy whereas 10 patients underwent primary radiotherapy. A biochemical recurrence was identified in five (25%) patients while a fatal event occurred in 11 (55%) patients. Univariate Cox regression showed that the basal value of PSA >10 ng/ml was the only significant factor negatively affecting the survival of patients. Conclusions: Standard treatments can be proposed to RTR with satisfactory results on both post-operative and oncological outcomes. Further studies are needed to address the issue of prostate cancer screening based on PSA levels and the optimal management of prostate cancer in RTRs.

Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction Detection of Microchimerism in Female Transplant Renal Recipients.

INTRODUCTION: Microchimerism (MC) is the presence of a small amount of foreign cells or DNA within a person's circulation or tissues. It has been identified also in recipients of solid organ transplants where it seems to be critical for the development and maintenance of immunological tolerance. Nevertheless, natural and/or iatrogenic MC can be acquired prior to transplantation, through pregnancy and/or blood transfusion. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to detect the presence of MC in women after renal transplantation from male cadaveric donors and its relationship with graft outcomes. METHODS: We studied by qPCR the presence of the DYS14 gene sequence of the Y chromosome in 12 females who received a kidney graft from a male donor before transplantation (T0), after 15 days (T1) and 1 year of transplantation (T2). We found the sequence in all recipients after renal transplantation. RESULTS: All the women were negative for this sequence prior to transplantation (T0). Mean (SD) Y-related DNA quantity was 0.80 (0.69) ng/mL plasma and 0.15 (0.26) ng/mL plasma at T1 and T2, respectively. No acute rejection was observed, and mean (SD) estimated Cr clearance was 68.8 (16.9) mL/min within 1 year from transplantation. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of MC was associated with good kidney graft outcomes after 1 year of transplantation, but further studies will be needed to investigate the relationship between clinical outcomes and the development of MC in renal transplant recipient.

The vexed question of whether or not to measure levels of direct oral anticoagulants before surgery or invasive procedures.

Direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) possess high bioavailability, and their anticoagulant effect is more predictable than that of vitamin K antagonists, hence they do not require routine dose adjustment based on laboratory testing. However, there are circumstances when laboratory testing may be useful, including patients who need to undergo surgery or invasive procedures. Most guidelines state that patients on DOAC may safely undergo surgery/invasive procedures by stopping anticoagulation for a few days before intervention without testing if renal function is within normal limits. This review article discusses the pros and cons of measuring (or not measuring) DOAC levels before surgery/invasive procedures by a multidisciplinary team of experts with different background, including the thrombosis laboratory, clinical thrombosis, internal medicine, cardiology and nephrology. The conclusion is that measuring DOAC with dedicated tests before surgical or invasive procedures is important for patient safety. It provides the best and most direct evidence to rule in (or to rule out) clinically relevant concentrations of residual drugs. Regulatory agencies should urgently approve their use in clinical practice. Hospital administrators should make them available, and clinical laboratories should set up the relative methods and make them available to clinicians.

Impact of the pre-transplant histological score on 3-year graft outcomes of kidneys from marginal donors: a single-centre study.

BACKGROUND: The reliability of kidney biopsy as the sole means for assessing kidneys from extended-criteria donors (ECDs) to be allocated to single or dual transplantation is still a matter of debate. METHODS: We compared retrospectively 3 years graft survival and renal function in 44 recipients of a single kidney graft from a marginal donor with good renal function and a Karpinski histological score of ≤ 3 and 56 recipients of a single transplant with a Karpinski score of 4 or 5. The donors' and recipients' characteristics were compared by means of Wilcoxon's rank-sum test and Fisher's exact test, and survival was analysed using the log-rank test and Cox regression survival analysis. RESULTS: The donors with the worse histological scores were slightly younger (68.0 ± 4.74 versus 71.3 ± 4.6 years, P < 0.01) and had a higher glomerular filtration rate (85.8 ± 28.2 versus 76.3 ± 26.53 mL/min, P = 0.013), but there was no difference in serum creatinine levels (0.83 ± 0.24 versus 0.85 ± 0.30 mg/dL, P = 0.381). Three years after transplantation, there was no difference between the two groups in terms of recipient serum creatinine levels (1.94 ± 0.69 versus 1.74 ± 0.49 mg/dL, P = 0.134), estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR, 45.6 ± 21.1 versus 51.7 ± 22.0 mL/min, P = 0.331) or the rates of graft loss (27.3 versus 35.7%, P = 0.47), delayed graft function or acute rejection. CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, provided the donor has a normal renal function, a difference in the pre-transplant histological score of kidneys from marginal cadaveric donors do not have a significant influence on the outcome 3 years after transplantation. Our findings might represent a basis for designing a randomized controlled trial of using a higher histological score threshold for the DKT allocation of grafts from ECDs with a normal renal function.

Everolimus leads to a lower risk of BKV viremia than mycophenolic acid in de novo renal transplantation patients: a single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: There are limited published data concerning the effects of different immunosuppressive regimens on the development of polyomavirus (BKV) viremia. We examined the risk of developing BKV viremia in kidney transplant recipients receiving everolimus (EVR) or mycophenolic acid (MPA) as maintenance therapy. METHODS: We observationally analyzed 296 patients who underwent renal transplantation at our center between 2005 and 2010: 58 were treated with EVR and low-dose cyclosporine (LD-CyA) (group 1) and 238 with MPA and standard-dose CyA (group 2). All of the patients received induction therapy with basiliximab and maintenance steroids. BKV viremia (a whole-blood viral load of >850 copies/mL) was measured by means of real-time polymerase chain reaction at least once a month during a 12-month follow-up period. RESULTS: BKV viremia was detected in 57 patients (19%), five (9%) in group 1 and 52 (22%) in group 2. Kaplan-Meier analyses showed that freedom from BKV viremia was significantly more frequent in group 1. The mean time of onset of BKV viremia was about four months after transplantation in both groups. The median viral load was greater in group 2 (12.5 ± 6.1 vs. 2.5 ± 1.8 × 10(4) copies/mL; p = 0.01). After the onset of BKV viremia, graft function significantly declined in group 2: 11 patients developed polyomavirus-associated nephropathy (PVAN) and four presumptive PVAN; nine experienced an acute rejection after the discontinuation of MPA, and 11 (21%) lost their graft. There was no graft loss in group 1. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that in comparison with MPA and Cya, an EVR and LD-CyA regimen lowers the risk of BKV viremia after kidney transplantation and favorably alters outcomes.

Impact of glomerular filtration estimate on bleeding risk in very old patients treated with vitamin K antagonists. Results of EPICA study on the behalf of FCSA (Italian Federation of Anticoagulation Clinics).

Vitamin K antagonists (VKA) therapy is increasingly used in elderly for prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE) and of stroke in atrial fibrillation (AF). Glomerular filtration rate (GFR), usually estimated from different equations, decreases progressively with age and it is a risk factor for bleeding. In the frame of the EPICA study, a multicentre prospective observational study including 4,093 patients ≥80 years naïve to VKA treated for AF or after VTE, we performed this ancillary study to evaluate the prevalence of chronic kidney diseases (CKD) by estimated GFR (eGFR). Incidence of bleedings was recorded and bleeding risk was evaluated in relation to eGFR calculated by Cockroft-Gault (C-G); Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) and Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formulas. In addition, the agreement among the three eGFR formulas was evaluated. We recorded 179 major bleedings (rate 1.87 x100 patient-years [py]), 26 fatal (rate 0.27 x100 py). Moderate CKD was detected in 69.3%, 59.3% and 47.0% and severe CKD in 5.8%, 7.4% and 10.0% of cases by C-G, MDRD and CKD-EPI, respectively. Bleeding risk was higher in patients with severe CKD irrespective of the applied equation. This study confirms that CKD represents an independent risk factor for bleeding and that a wide proportion of elderly on VKA had severe or moderate CKD, suggesting the need for frequent monitoring. Although the different available equations yield different eGFR, all appear to similarly predict the risk of major bleeding.

Relationship among endothelial response to hyperemia, bone marrow-derived progenitor cells, and parathyroid hormone in renal transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Endothelial dysfunction may contribute to modulate cardiovascular complications in renal transplant recipients (RTRs), and a relationship between endothelial dysfunction and parathyroid hormone (PTH) levels in RTRs has been demonstrated. We evaluated the relationship between endothelial response to hyperemia and circulating progenitor cells (CPCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) PTH, and genetic parameters in RTRs. METHODS: In 120 RTRs and in healthy subjects without (n=107, group A) and with cardiovascular risk factors (n=109, group B), we evaluated endothelial response to hyperemia through digital tonometry (peripheral arterial tonometry) detected by reactive hyperemia index (RHI) and EPCs and CPCs by flow cytometry. RESULTS: In RTRs, RHI median value was lower than in group A (P=0.05). EPC number was significantly lower in RTRs than in groups A and B (P<0.0001), whereas PTH median value was significantly higher (P<0.0001). In RTRs, RHI values were significantly lower according to the presence of three or more risk factors (P=0.04) and positively correlated with EPCs (P=0.04) but not with PTH (P=0.2). In patients who underwent dialysis for more than 5 years, lower RHI values (P=0.08), EPC number (P=0.5), and higher PTH concentrations (P=0.09) than in patients with less than 1 year dialysis time were observed. No relationship between eNOS gene -786T>C, 894G>T, and 4a/4b polymorphisms and RHI, EPC, and CPC number was found. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows an altered endothelial response, associated with reduced EPCs, and increased PTH in RTRs; the evaluation of endothelial status in RTRs may contribute to better assess the risk profile of these patients.

Good outcomes with cyclosporine very low exposure with everolimus high exposure in renal transplant patients.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of the study was to compare efficacy of cyclosporine (CsA) very low exposure with everolimus high exposure, with respect to CsA standard exposure with enteric-coated mycophenolate sodium (EC-MPS) therapy. METHODS: In a randomized, prospective, single-center, open-label study, patients were enrolled to receive either everolimus (C0 (trough level) 8-12 ng/mL) + CsA (C2 (CsA level 2 hours after drug administration) 250-300 ng/mL) + steroids, or EC-MPS (1,440 mg/day) + CsA (C2 500-700 ng/mL) + steroids. Fifty-six patients were enrolled in the everolimus group, 50 in the EC-MPS group. Efficacy was evaluated at 3 and 12 months. RESULTS: Characteristics of groups were similar. Biopsy-proven acute rejection (BPAR) rates were similar in both groups (everolimus 18.8% vs. EC-MPS 18.2%). Everolimus patients had a lower incidence of delayed graft function (DGF) than EC-MPS patients (22.6% vs. 40.9%; p<0.05; relative risk [RR] = 0.65). One-year graft survival was 95% in the everolimus group and 88% in the EC-MPS group (p=NS). CsA dose at 1 year was lower in the everolimus group (1.52 ± 0.67 vs. 2.55 ± 0.79 mg/kg; p<0.0001). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; Cockcroft-Gault) was higher in the everolimus group (81.64 ± 32.67 vs. 62.62 ± 22.81 ml/min; p<0.001). Systolic blood pressure was lower in the everolimus group (124.9 ± 14.64 mm Hg vs. 131.1 ± 13.23 mm Hg; p=0.03). Hemoglobin blood levels were slightly lower in the everolimus group (12.62 ± 1.42 vs. 13.01 ± 1.3 g/L; p=NS; for anemia, RR=1.302). Serum cholesterol was similar in both groups (everolimus 219.1 ± 47.20 vs. EC-MPS 207.2 ± 38.8 mg/dL; p=NS), but everolimus patients used more statins (RR=1.49). Twenty-four-hour proteinuria was higher in the everolimus group (519.7 ± 77.31 vs. 296.7 ± 33.42 mg/24 hours; p=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Everolimus regimen compared with EC-MPS regimen is associated with lower incidence of DGF, slightly better 1-year graft survival rate, a significantly higher GFR and lower systolic blood pressure.

Can skin be the first site of CMV involvement preceding a systematic infection in a renal transplant recipient?

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important and well-described opportunistic virus in renal transplant recipients (RTRs) with infection occurring mainly after the first month post-renal transplant. CMV can present as primary infection, reinfection or reactivation of latent disease. Skin manifestations are rare and variable, and diagnosis is often delayed. We present one case of skin CMV ulcer of perineal areas without systemic symptoms of CMV disease and a negative quantitative polymerase chain reaction. This case serves to illustrate the protean nature of CMV disease in RTR.

Successful treatment of refractory wart with a topical activated vitamin d in a renal transplant recipient.

Warts are benign proliferations of the skin and mucosa caused by infection with human papillomavirus. They are commonly treated with destructive modalities such as cryotherapy with liquid nitrogen, local injection of bleomycin, electrocoagulation, topical application of glutaraldehyde, and local and systemic interferon-ß therapy. These treatment modalities often cause pain and sometimes scarring or pigmentation after treatment. We herein report a case with a right index finger wart, which was successfully treated with a topical activated vitamin D.

High platelet turnover and reactivity in renal transplant recipients patients.

Renal transplant recipients (RTRs) patients are at increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We aimed this study to assess reticulated platelets (RP), platelet reactivity and von Willebrand factor (vWF) levels in RTRs patients. In 150 RTRs patients [84 (56%) not on acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) treatment, group A; 66 (44%) on ASA 100 mg treatment, group B] and in 60 healthy control subjects, RP were measured by a Sysmex XE-2100 and were expressed as the percentage of RP of the total optical platelet count (immature platelet fraction; IPF), as the percentage of RP highly fluorescent (H-IPF) and as the absolute number of RP (IPF#). Platelet function was assessed by optical aggregometry (PA) induced by 1 mmol arachidonic acid (AA-PA), 2 and 10 µM ADP (ADP2-PA and ADP10-PA) and 2 µg/ml collagen (Coll-PA). vWF levels were measured by using a miniVidas analyser. Group A and group B showed significant higher values of RP than controls. At a multiple linear regression analysis IPF and IPF# were significantly and positively related to collagen-PA. By analysing group B according to residual platelet reactivity (RPR), we observed a significant higher number of RP among patients with RPR by collagen. Moreover at a multiple logistic regression analysis, IPF# significantly affected the risk of having a RPR by collagen. With regard to vWF, RTRs patients showed higher levels than control subjects. We documented a higher platelet turn-over in both groups of RTRs patients and increased platelet reactivity in RTRs patients not on ASA therapy than controls.

Sexual dysfunction in women during dialysis and after renal transplantation.

INTRODUCTION: Disorders of the reproductive system and menstrual abnormalities often associated with loss of libido and inability to reach orgasm are common in adults of both sexes with an end-stage renal disease. These symptoms may significantly contribute to depression and reduce the sexual activity of women. AIM: To determine if sexual function, as well as hormonal status, improves after kidney transplantation, comparing a group of pre-menopausal women during dialysis and after a successful renal transplantation. METHODS: We enrolled 58 women that received kidney transplantation. Patients included were 18-45 years old, on hemodialysis for more than 6 months following a fully functioning kidney transplantation, and on a stable corticosteroids immunosuppressive regimen for at least 6 months. All women underwent a general and urogynecological examination, a hormonal profile determination, and filled out the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) and a Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire administered during dialysis and 12 months after transplantation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We evaluated the prevalence of Female Sexual Dysfunction according to the FSFI cutoff points, sexual hormonal status, and menstrual status during dialysis and 12 months after kidney transplantation. RESULTS: Nineteen out of 58 women left the study prematurely. Thirty-nine women (mean age 36 +/- 5.9 years) completed the study. A total of 74% of the patients had menstrual disturbances during dialysis, as opposed to 45% after transplantation (P < 0.001). Sixteen out of 39 (41%) patients acknowledged having an active sexual life during dialysis. Thirty-four out of 39 (88%) transplanted patients acknowledged having an active sexual life (Fischer's exact test P = 0.000039). The hormonal profile and FSFI results improved significantly after transplantation. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that a successful transplantation should improve the sexual life in women with chronic renal failure.

High rate of recurrence in renal transplant recipients after a first episode of venous thromboembolism.

BACKGROUND: No data are available about the optimal duration of oral anticoagulant therapy (OAT) after an episode of venous thromboembolism (VTE) occurring in renal transplant (RT) recipients. Our study was undertaken to evaluate the risk of VTE recurrence in patients developing a first episode of VTE after RT. METHODS: Among 484 RT patients, 34 (7%) developed a first VTE: 28/34 VTE patients (Group 1) were prospectively studied, after stopping OAT. Group 1 was compared with a group of 84 patients without history of renal disease who had suffered from a first episode of VTE matched for age, sex and type of thrombotic event (Group 2) and with a matched group of 84 RT recipients with no history of VTE (Group 3). After OAT withdrawal, blood samples were obtained for thrombophilia and clotting activation markers (prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2) and D-dimer plasma levels). RESULTS: During follow-up, 14/28 patients of Group 1 and 8/84 patients of Group 2 experienced VTE recurrence (P < 0.0005). Homocysteine, F1+2 and D-dimer plasma levels were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 and 3 (P < 0.0001 and <0.05 respectively) for all the three parameters. CONCLUSIONS: Our data outline the high risk of VTE recurrence in RT recipients. Strategies for VTE recurrence prevention are needed; Prolonged OAT, in spite of the high bleeding risk of RT patients, should be considered in this respect.

Vitamin supplementation reduces the progression of atherosclerosis in hyperhomocysteinemic renal-transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: We previously demonstrated among renal-transplant recipients (RTRs) a high prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia, which might account for their elevated cardiovascular risk. The purpose of our study was to document, in hyperhomocysteinemic RTRs, the effect of vitamin supplementation on carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT), which is an early sign of atherosclerosis. METHODS: A total of 56 stable hyperhomocysteinemic RTRs were randomly assigned to vitamin supplementation (folic acid 5 mg/day; vitamin B(6) 50 mg/day; vitamin B(12) 400 microg) (group A) or placebo treatment (group B) for 6 months. All subjects underwent cardiovascular risk-factor assessment, including fasting homocysteine (Hcy) levels assay, and high resolution B-mode ultrasound to measure the intima-media thickness of common carotid arteries, at time of enrollment and after 6 months. RESULTS: Fasting Hcy levels markedly decreased in group A after treatment (21.8 [15.5-76.6] micromol/L vs. 9.3 [5.8-13] micromol/L; P<0.0001), whereas no significant changes were observed in group B (20.5 [17-37.6] micromol/L vs. 20.7 [15-34] micromol/L; P=not significant). In group A, cIMT significantly decreased after treatment (0.95+/-0.20 mm vs. 0.64+/-0.17 mm; P<0.0001). All except one patient showed a reduction of cIMT and the mean percentage of cIMT decrease was -32.2+/-12.9%. Patients with methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) C677T +/+ genotype, with higher Hcy levels, had the major percentage of decrease of Hcy with respect to the other genotypes (mean decrease: MTHFR +/+ 74.8+/-5.7%; MTHFR +/- 58.1+/-10%; MTHFR -/- 56.3+/-8.6%). In hyperhomocysteinemic patients without vitamin supplementation (group B) we documented a significant increase in cIMT after 6 months (0.71+/-0.16 mm vs. 0.87+/-0.19 mm; P<0.05). In 19 of 28 subjects we observed an increase in cIMT, and in 9 of 28 the cIMT was unmodified. The mean percentage of cIMT increase was + 23.3+/-21.1%. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate a beneficial effect of the treatment of hyperhomocysteinemia by vitamin supplementation on cIMT in a group of RTRs.