Optical Coherence Tomographic Optic Nerve Head Morphology in Myopia III: The Exposed Neural Canal Region in Healthy Eyes-Implications for High Myopia.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence and magnitude of optical coherence tomography (OCT) exposed neural canal (ENC), externally oblique choroidal border tissue (EOCBT), and exposed scleral flange (ESF) regions in 362 non-highly myopic (spherical equivalent -6.00 to 5.75 diopters) eyes of 362 healthy subjects. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: After OCT optic nerve head (ONH) imaging, Bruch membrane opening (BMO), the anterior scleral canal opening (ASCO), and the scleral flange opening (SFO) were manually segmented. BMO, ASCO, and SFO points were projected to the BMO reference plane. The direction and magnitude of BMO/ASCO offset as well as the magnitude of ENC, EOCBT, and ESF was calculated within 30° sectors relative to the foveal-BMO axis. Hi-ESF eyes demonstrated an ESF ≥100 µm in at least 1 sector. Sectoral peri-neural canal choroidal thickness (pNC-CT) was measured and correlations between the magnitude of sectoral ESF and proportional pNC-CT were assessed. RESULTS: Seventy-three Hi-ESF (20.2%) and 289 non-Hi-ESF eyes (79.8%) were identified. BMO/ASCO offset as well as ENC, EOCBT, and ESF prevalence and magnitude were greatest inferior temporally where the pNC-CT was thinnest. Among Hi-ESF eyes, the magnitude of each ENC region correlated with the BMO/ASCO offset magnitude, and the sectors with the longest ESF correlated with the sectors with proportionally thinnest pNC-CT. CONCLUSIONS: ONH BMO/ASCO offset, either as a cause or result of ONH neural canal remodeling, corresponds with the sectoral location of maximum ESF and minimum pNC-CT in non-highly myopic eyes. Longitudinal studies to characterize the development and clinical implications of ENC Hi-ESF regions in non-highly myopic and highly myopic eyes are indicated.

Minimum Rim Width and Peripapillary Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness for Diagnosing Early to Moderate Glaucoma.

PRCIS: In a cross-sectional study from a Brazilian multiracial population, minimum rim width (MRW) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurements from OCT showed comparable diagnostic performance in discriminating early to moderate glaucoma from healthy eyes. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to compare the ability of MRW and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) measurements in discriminating early to moderate glaucoma from healthy eyes in a Brazilian population. METHODS: A total of 155 healthy controls and 118 patients with mild to moderate glaucoma (mean deviation >-12 dB) underwent MRW and RNFLT measurements with optical coherence tomography. Only 1 eye per patient was included in the analysis. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) regression model was used to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of MRW and RNFLT, whereas adjusting for age and Bruch membrane opening area. Sensitivities at fixed specificities of 95% were calculated for each parameter. RESULTS: Global RNFLT and MRW showed comparable area under the ROC curves [0.93 (0.91-0.96) and 0.93 (0.89-0.96), respectively; P =0.973]. Both parameters had similar sensitivities (75% vs. 74%, respectively; P =0.852) at a fixed specificity of 95%. The best sector for diagnosing glaucoma for both parameters was the temporal inferior sector, which showed an area under the ROC curve of 0.93 (0.87-0.96) for RNFLT and 0.91 (0.86-0.95) for MRW ( P =0.320). The temporal inferior sector showed similar sensitivities for RNFLT and MRW measurements (83% vs. 77%, respectively) at a fixed specificity of 95% (P =0.230). CONCLUSIONS: MRW and RNFLT measurements showed comparable diagnostic performance in discriminating early to moderate glaucoma from healthy eyes in a Brazilian multiracial population.

24-2 SITA Standard versus 24-2 SITA Faster in Perimetry-Naive Normal Subjects.

PURPOSE: To compare the Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm (SITA) Standard (SS) and SITA Faster (SFR) strategies in normal individuals undergoing standard automated perimetry (SAP) for the first time. DESIGN: Randomized, comparative, observational case series. PARTICIPANTS: Seventy-four perimetry-naive healthy individuals. METHODS: All individuals underwent SAP 24-2 testing with the Humphrey Field Analyzer III (model 850 Zeiss) using the SS and SFR strategies. One eye of each individual was tested. Test order between strategies was randomized, and an interval of 15 minutes was allowed between the tests. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The following variables were compared: test time, foveal threshold, false-positive errors, number of unreliable tests, mean deviation (MD), visual field index (VFI), pattern standard deviation (PSD), glaucoma hemifield test (GHT), and number of depressed points deviating at P < 5%, P < 2%, P < 1%, and P < 0.5% on the total and pattern deviation probability maps. Specificity of the SS and SFR strategies were compared using Anderson's criteria for abnormal visual fields. RESULTS: The SFR tests were 60.4% shorter in time compared with SS (P < 0.001) and were associated with a significantly lower PSD (1.75 ± 0.80 decibel [dB] vs. 2.15 ± 1.25 dB; P = 0.016). There were no significant differences regarding the MD, VFI, foveal threshold, GHT, and number of points depressed at P < 5%, P < 2%, P < 1%, and P < 0.5% on the total deviation and pattern deviation probability maps between SS and SFR. When all exams were analyzed and any of Anderson's criteria was applied, the specificity was 68% with SFR and 61% with SS (P = 0.250). The specificities observed with SFR and SS when only the first or second exams were analyzed were also similar (63% vs. 64% and 72% vs. 58%, respectively, P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The SS and SFR were associated with similar specificities in perimetry-naive individuals. The SFR did not increase the number of depressed points in the total and pattern deviation probability maps. Ophthalmologists should be aware that both strategies are associated with disturbingly high false-positive rates in perimetry-naive individuals. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.

OCT detected optic nerve head remodeling in a young adult with early progressive myopia.

Purpose: To report a longitudinal OCT study of optic nerve head (ONH) neural canal remodeling in a young adult subject's eyes through the progression of early refractive myopia. Observations: Deep ONH changes early in the progression of myopia included enlargement of the Bruch's membrane opening, progressive temporal displacement of BMO relative to the anterior scleral canal opening, choroidal border tissue remodeling and exposure of the temporal scleral flange within the ONH neural canal of both eyes. Conclusions and Importance: Longitudinal OCT imaging of a young adult subject suggest that OCT is able to detect ONH neural canal remodeling early in the progression of refractive myopia that shares key features previously described only in more highly myopic eyes.

Evaluation of contrast sensitivity in patients with advanced glaucoma: comparison of two tests.

AIMS: To evaluate contrast sensitivity (CS) in patients with advanced glaucomatous visual field damage, and to compare two clinical CS tests. METHODS: This was a cross-sectional test-retest study. Twenty-eight patients with open-angle glaucoma, visual acuity (VA) better than 20/40 and visual field mean deviation (MD) worse than -15 dB were enrolled. Patients underwent VA, visual field and CS testing with the Pelli-Robson (PR) chart and the Freiburg Visual Acuity and Contrast Test (FrACT). Retest measurements were obtained within 1 week to 1 month. RESULTS: Median (IQR) age and MD were 61.5 (55.5 to 69.2) years and -27.7 (-29.7 to -22.7) dB, respectively. Median (IQR) VA was 0.08 logarithm minimum angle of resolution (0.02 to 0.16), corresponding to 20/25 (20/20 to 20/30). Median (IQR) CS was 1.35 (1.11 to 1.51) log units with the PR chart and 1.39 (1.24 to 1.64) log units with FrACT. VA explained less than 40% of the variance in CS (adjusted R2=0.36). CS estimates of both tests were closely related (rho=0.88, p=0.001), but CS was 0.09 log units higher with FrACT compared with the PR chart, and the 95% repeatability intervals (Bland-Altman) were 46% tighter with the PR chart. CONCLUSIONS: Despite near-normal VA, almost all patients showed moderate to profound deficits in CS. CS measurement provides additional information on central visual function in patients with advanced glaucoma.

Influence of Bruch's Membrane Opening Area in Diagnosing Glaucoma With Neuroretinal Parameters From Optical Coherence Tomography.

PURPOSE: To determine whether the glaucoma diagnostic accuracy of age- and Bruch membrane opening area (BMOA)-adjusted normative classifications of minimum rim width (MRW) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) is dependent on BMOA, in a European descent population. DESIGN: Retrospective, cross-sectional study. METHODS: We included 182 glaucoma patients and 166 healthy controls for the primary study, and 105 glaucoma patients in a second sample used for a replication study. Optical coherence tomography (Spectralis) measurements of BMOA, global MRW, and RNFLT and normative classifications from the device software were exported for analysis. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for a conservative criterion (abnormal = "outside normal limits" classification) and a liberal criterion (abnormal = "outside normal limits" or "borderline" classifications). The dependence of sensitivity and specificity on BMOA was analyzed with comparison among subgroups divided by tertiles of BMOA, and with logistic regression. RESULTS: For the conservative criterion, MRW sensitivity was independent of BMOA (P ≥ .76), while RNFLT sensitivity increased in the large BMOA subgroup (P = .04, odds ratio: 1.2 per mm2 [P = .02]). For the liberal criterion, MRW and RNFLT sensitivities were independent of BMOA (P ≥ .53). Specificities were independent of BMOA (P ≥ .07). For the replication sample, which included younger patients with larger BMOA and worse visual field damage than the primary sample, sensitivities were independent of BMOA for both criteria (P ≥ .10). CONCLUSIONS: RNFLT sensitivity was higher in eyes with larger BMOA; however, age and visual field damage may influence that association. MRW diagnostic accuracy was not dependent on BMOA.

Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness in a Brazilian population of healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: To determine Bruch's membrane opening (BMO) minimum rim width (MRW) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) measurements, acquired with optical coherence tomography (OCT) in healthy Brazilian individuals self-reported as African Descent (AD), European Descent (ED) and Mixed Descent (MD). METHODS: 260 healthy individuals (78 AD, 103 ED and 79 MD) were included in this cross-sectional study conducted at the Clinics Hospital of the University of Campinas. We obtained optic nerve head (24 radial B scans) and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (3.5-mm circle scan) images in one randomly selected eye of each subject. RESULTS: After adjustment for BMO area and age, there were no significant differences in mean global MRW (P = 0.63) or RNFLT (P = 0.07) among the three groups. Regionally, there were no significant differences in either MRW or RNFLT in most sectors, except in the superonasal sector, in which both MRW and RNFLT were thinner among ED (P = 0.04, P<0.001, respectively). RNFLT was also thinner in ED in the inferonasal sector (P = 0.009). In all races, global MRW decreased and global RNFLT increased with BMO area. AD subjects had higher rates of global RNFLT decay with age (-0.32 µm/year) compared to ED and MD subjects (-0.10 µm/year and -0.08 µm/year, respectively; P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: While we found no significant differences in global MRW and RNFLT among the three races, age-related thinning of the RNFLT was significantly higher in the AD subgroup, which warrants further study.

Interocular Asymmetry of Minimum Rim Width and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thickness in Healthy Brazilian Individuals.

PURPOSE: To determine interocular differences in Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT) in healthy Brazilian individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Both eyes of 220 healthy individuals were included in this observational, cross-sectional study. All individuals had normal clinical examination and visual fields. Global and sectorial interocular BMO-MRW and RNFLT differences, acquired and regionalized relative to the fovea to BMO center (FoBMO) axis, were calculated. The effect of age, axial length, and BMO area asymmetry on the parameters' asymmetry was evaluated. RESULTS: The 95th limits for interocular BMO-MRW and RNFLT global differences were 49 and 9 µm, respectively. BMO-MRW asymmetry was negatively correlated (ß=-33.87 µm/mm, R=0.06, P<0.001), whereas RNFLT asymmetry was positively correlated (ß= 6.13 µm/mm, R=0.09, P<0.001) with BMO area asymmetry. Neither BMO-MRW nor RNFLT asymmetries were correlated with axial length asymmetry (ß=-16.90 µm/mm, R=0.00, P=0.15; ß=-1.18 µm/mm, R=0.00, P=0.52, respectively). Similarly, BMO-MRW and RNFLT asymmetries were not correlated with age (ß=0.17 µm/y, R=0.01, P=0.22; ß=0.0 µm/y, R=0.00, P=0.19, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that global BMO-MRW and RNFLT interocular differences exceeding 49 and 9 µm, respectively, may indicate statistically abnormal asymmetry, which may suggest early structural damage. Asymmetry in BMO area should be accounted for when considering interocular asymmetry in BMO-MRW and RNFLT.

Intra- and interobserver reproducibility of Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width measurements with spectral domain optical coherence tomography.

PURPOSE: To investigate the reproducibility of Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) and retinal nerve fibre layer thickness (RNFLT) measurements using spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Additionally, to investigate the reproducibility of BMO area measurements and fovea to BMO centre (FoBMO) angle. METHODS: Participants were healthy subjects (n = 30) and patients with glaucoma (n = 26). One eye of each participant was scanned to obtain optic nerve head (24 radial B-scans) and peripapillary (one circular B-scan) images by three independent examiners. Additionally, one examiner imaged each participant three times on the same day. Intra- and interobserver reproducibilities were estimated by within-subject standard deviation (SW) and coefficient of variation (COV). Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to test the correlation between the magnitude of the parameter and its standard deviation. RESULTS: The global BMO-MRW COVs (%) in healthy/glaucoma subjects were 0.87/1.34 and 1.28/3.13 for intra- and interobserver analyses, respectively, and the corresponding global RNFLT figures were 1.50/2.10 and 2.04/2.87. Global mean BMO-MRW and RNFLT showed no correlation with their respective standard deviations. The reproducibilities of BMO area and FoBMO angle were excellent and similar between the groups. CONCLUSION: The reproducibilities of BMO-MRW, BMO area measurements and FoBMO angle were excellent in both healthy subjects and patients with glaucoma. Bruch's membrane opening minimum rim width (BMO-MRW) reproducibility is comparable to that of RNFLT measurements.

Neovascular glaucoma: a review.

Neovascular glaucoma (NVG) is a secondary glaucoma generally associated with poor visual prognosis. The development of new vessels over the iris and the iridocorneal angle can obstruct aqueous humor outflow and lead to increased intraocular pressure. The underlying pathogenesis in most cases is posterior segment ischemia, which is most commonly secondary to proliferative diabetic retinopathy or central vein retinal occlusion. The neovascularization process in the eye is driven by the events that alter the homeostatic balance between pro-angiogenic factors, such as the vascular endothelial growth factor and anti-angiogenic factors, such as the pigment-epithelium-derived factor. Early diagnosis of this condition through slit lamp examination of the iris, iridocorneal angle and retina can help to avoid the development of goniosynechia and obstruction of aqueous humor outflow, with consequent intraocular pressure elevation. Historically, NVG treatment was focused on reducing the posterior segment ischemic process that caused the formation of new vessels, through panretinal photocoagulation. Recently, several studies have investigated the application of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapies in NVG. If clinical treatment with the use of hypotensive topical drops is not sufficient, laser and/or surgical procedures are required for intraocular pressure control.

The SPARCS: a novel assessment of contrast sensitivity and its reliability in patients with corrected refractive error.

PURPOSE: To explore the reliability of the Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity (SPARCS) test and to assess the contrast sensitivity (CS) distribution among subjects with various refractive errors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study. Ninety-three individuals (182 eyes) with varying amounts of refractive error were included in this study and divided into six groups according to their spherical equivalent. CS was evaluated using Pelli-Robson (PR) and SPARCS assessments. Each eye was tested twice with both measurements. Outcomes included the correlations of PR and SPARCS scores, the test-retest agreement of the two measurements and the limits of agreement between tests of CS measurements. The distribution of CS among the six groups was compared. RESULTS: Pearson correlation analysis showed statistically significant correlations between SPARCS and PR scores (p<0.001). Reliability analysis showed that SPARCS had better test-retest agreement than PR, with SPARCS exhibiting a higher intraclass coefficient (ICC=0.635). Bland-Altman plots showed that the mean difference of measurements was close to 0 for both CS measurements. Among the six refractive groups, there were no significant differences in CS scores with either measurement. CONCLUSIONS: SPARCS appears to be a reliable assessment for CS. The difference in CS among myopes, emmetropes and hyperopes wearing their habitual correction was statistically insignificant in this study. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: NCT01300949, post results.

Segmental Analysis of Macular Layers in Patients With Unilateral Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma.

PURPOSE: To measure the thicknesses of the inner layers of the macula in both eyes of patients with unilateral primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) and compare them with normal control eyes. METHODS: This prospective, cross-sectional pilot study enrolled patients with unilateral POAG, who had visual field defect in only 1 eye, and controls with a normal eye examination. Horizontal and vertical B-scan images centered on the fovea were obtained using spectral domain optical coherence. Semiautomatic delineation and segmentation of the inner layers of the retina were performed to evaluate macular retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell complex (GCC) and ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GC-IPL) thicknesses. Mean, superior, inferior, nasal, and temporal inner macular layer thicknesses were compared between affected eyes, fellow eyes without visual field defect, and control eyes. RESULTS: Nineteen patients with unilateral POAG and 14 normal control eyes were enrolled. In the affected POAG eyes, thinning of the mRNFL, GCC, and GC-IPL layers on horizontal and vertical scans were significant when compared with controls (P<0.05), particularly on vertical scans (P<0.001). The mean regional macular GCC and GC-IPL were most severely thinned in the inferior and temporal perifoveal regions. The unaffected eye of patients with unilateral POAG showed significant thinning of the mRNFL only in the vertical scan when compared with normal controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Spectral domain optical coherence tomography detected significant thinning of the mRNFL, GCC, and GC-IPL in the affected eyes of patients with unilateral POAG. Fellow eyes showed early structural changes only in the vertical mRNFL scans when compared with normal controls.

Comparing Gonioscopy With Visante and Cirrus Optical Coherence Tomography for Anterior Chamber Angle Assessment in Glaucoma Patients.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare gonioscopy with Visante and Cirrus optical coherence tomography (OCT) for identifying angle structures and the presence of angle closure in patients with glaucoma. A secondary objective was to assess interrater agreement for gonioscopy grading among 3 independent examiners. METHODS: Gonioscopy grading using Spaeth Classification and determination of angle-closure risk was performed on 1 randomly selected eye for 50 phakic patients. Images of the same eye using both Visante and Cirrus OCT were obtained in both light and dark conditions. Agreement of angle closure among 3 devices and interrater agreement for gonioscopy were determined using Cohen's κ (K) or Kendall's coefficient of concordance (W). RESULTS: Of the 50 patients, 60% were female, 64% were white, and the mean age was 62 years. Angle closure was detected in 18%, 16%, and 48% of quadrants with Visante, Cirrus, and gonioscopy, respectively. The scleral spur was identified in 56% and 50% of quadrants with Visante and Cirrus OCT, respectively. Visante and Cirrus OCT showed moderate agreement in detecting angle closure (K=0.42 light, K=0.53 dark) but slight-to-fair agreement with gonioscopy (Visante K=0.25, Cirrus K=0.15). Gonioscopy demonstrated substantial agreement in angle closure (K=0.65 to 0.68) and angle-closure risk assessment (W=0.83) among 3 examiners. CONCLUSIONS: Visante and Cirrus OCT imaging may have limited ability to identify angle closure because of difficulty identifying angle structures. Gonioscopy by well-trained clinicians had remarkably consistent agreement for identifying angle-closure risk.

An Education- and Telephone-Based Intervention to Improve Follow-up to Vision Care in Patients With Diabetes: A Prospective, Single-Blinded, Randomized Trial.

The aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of a multipronged intervention on diabetic dilated fundus examination (DFE) adherence. In a prospective trial, 521 patients with diabetes who were due for follow-up DFEs were randomized to usual care or the intervention group. Usual care received a form letter reminder to schedule and an automated reminder phone call prior to their appointment. Intervention participants received an educational brochure about diabetic eye disease and a personalized letter reminder to schedule. A research assistant called intervention participants to help schedule the appointment, and they received a reminder letter and an automated phone call prior to the scheduled visit. Patients in the intervention group were significantly more likely to schedule (63% vs 40%; P < .0001) and complete their appointment (48% vs 30%; P < .0001) compared with usual care. A multipronged intervention, including an educational mailing and telephone assistance with scheduling an appointment, significantly improved diabetic DFE adherence.

Long-term outcomes in patients initially responsive to selective laser trabeculoplasty.

AIM: To determine the long-term effects of selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT) on intraocular pressure (IOP) and the number of medications used up to 5y following treatment in glaucoma patients receiving maximally tolerated medical therapy (MTMT). METHODS: The Wills Eye Hospital Glaucoma Research Center retrospectively reviewed the charts of glaucoma patients who underwent SLT after receiving MTMT. Eyes that did not achieve their target pressure within 3mo following SLT were excluded from the study. Changes in mean IOP and number of glaucoma medications used were analyzed at 1, 3, and 5y following SLT. RESULTS: Seventy-five eyes of 67 patients were included in the study. Fifteen eyes that received SLT failed to achieve their target pressure within 3mo and were excluded from the study. The average follow-up time was 37.4mo (±14.4). Mean IOP was significantly reduced 1y after treatment (P=0.005). It was also reduced 3, 5y after treatment without reaching statistical significance (P=0.20 and P=0.072, respectively). There was a significant decrease in mean number of medications used 1, 3, 5y after treatment (P<0.001, P<0.001, and P=0.039, respectively). In the span of 5y, 2 eyes (2.7%) underwent repeat SLT, 7 eyes (9.3%) underwent glaucoma surgery and an additional 3 eyes (4.0%) underwent both. CONCLUSION: SLT significantly reduced the number of glaucoma medications used 5y following treatment in glaucoma patients receiving MTMT. SLT may delay operating-room surgery.

Prospective randomized controlled trial comparing the outcomes and costs of two eyecare adherence interventions in diabetes patients.

OBJECTIVE: Diabetic retinopathy is one of the leading causes of vision impairment among adults in the USA. While it is suggested that diabetics receive annual dilated fundus examinations (DFE), many patients do not adhere to these recommendations. This paper investigates the outcomes and costs of an educational and telephone intervention on DFE follow-up adherence in patients with diabetes. METHODS: In a prospective trial, 356 diabetic patients due for a DFE at an urban eye clinic were randomly assigned to usual care (UC; reference case), mailed intervention (MI), or telephone intervention (TI). UC patients (n = 119) received a standard form letter. MI patients (n = 117) received a personalized letter encouraging scheduling of an eye examination with an educational brochure about diabetic eye disease. TI patients (n = 120) received personal calls (up to three attempts) to schedule a follow-up with standard form letter. The primary outcome was obtaining a DFE within 90 days of suggested return. Costs (US$ 2013) included time costs for staff, phone charges, supplies, and postage. Since TI involved greater cost components compared to MI, univariate sensitivity analysis examined the impact of reducing phone costs. RESULTS: Patients were mostly female (66 %) and African American (70 %) with a mean age of 61 years. TI patients were more likely to schedule DFE [65 vs. 42 %; relative risk (RR) 1.54; CI 1.20-1.96; P < 0.001] versus UC patients. Obtaining a DFE within 90 days of suggested return was also significantly higher among TI patients compared to UC patients (51 vs. 36 %, RR 1.41; CI 1.05-1.89; P = 0.024). MI patients were slightly less likely to schedule DFE versus UC patients (38 vs. 42 %, RR 0.90; CI 0.66-1.22; P = NSS) and obtain a DFE (32 vs. 36 %; RR 0.90; CI 0.63-1.28; P = NSS). The total cost of TI was US$798.28 or US$6.65/patient and the cost/follow-up DFE was US$26.05. Sensitivity analyses revealed that the cost/follow-up can be greatly reduced but remains greater compared to UC (US$2.76 if US$0.25/call, US$11.13 if $1/call; US$22.29 if US$2/call). CONCLUSIONS: Personal phone assistance in scheduling DFE follow-up is more effective but also more costly. Follow-up research has been initiated to determine whether automated phone reminders can achieve similar effectiveness at a lower cost.

EVALUATING CONTRAST SENSITIVITY IN AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION USING A NOVEL COMPUTER-BASED TEST, THE SPAETH/RICHMAN CONTRAST SENSITIVITY TEST.

BACKGROUND: Contrast sensitivity (CS) is a valuable measure of visual function in patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The authors aimed to compare a novel computer-based test (the Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity test) with Pelli-Robson test for evaluating CS in patients with AMD. METHODS: In this prospective cross-sectional study, CS was evaluated in patients with various stages of AMD and healthy controls using Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity test and Pelli-Robson test. Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity test determined CS scores for 5 areas of vision for each eye (central, superonasal, superotemporal, inferonasal, and inferotemporal) and the total score. Test scores between the two methods were compared using mixed-effects linear regression. Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was used to determine correlations. Test-retest reliability was determined using the intraclass correlation coefficient. RESULTS: Of 35 participants with AMD (54 eyes) and 34 controls (66 eyes), 51% were female and 93% were of European descent. The mean Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity test score for the central area and each of the 4 peripheral quadrants was significantly lower for patients with AMD versus controls (P < 0.001 for all). The mean Pelli-Robson score was also significantly lower in patients with AMD versus controls (P < 0.001). The intraclass correlation coefficient for Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity test total score and Pelli-Robson score was 0.87 and 0.92, respectively. CONCLUSION: Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity test, a novel Internet-based method of testing CS, had significantly lower scores for patients with AMD compared with controls for central and peripheral vision. This test is a valuable tool for assessing CS in AMD.

The Spaeth/Richman contrast sensitivity test (SPARCS): design, reproducibility and ability to identify patients with glaucoma.

AIMS: (1) To determine the ability of a novel, internet-based contrast sensitivity test titled the Spaeth/Richman Contrast Sensitivity Test (SPARCS) to identify patients with glaucoma. (2) To determine the test-retest reliability of SPARCS. METHODS: A prospective, cross-sectional study of patients with glaucoma and controls was performed. Subjects were assessed by SPARCS and the Pelli-Robson chart. Reliability of each test was assessed by the intraclass correlation coefficient and the coefficient of repeatability. Sensitivity and specificity for identifying glaucoma was also evaluated. RESULTS: The intraclass correlation coefficient for SPARCS was 0.97 and 0.98 for Pelli-Robson. The coefficient of repeatability for SPARCS was ±6.7% and ±6.4% for Pelli-Robson. SPARCS identified patients with glaucoma with 79% sensitivity and 93% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: SPARCS has high test-retest reliability. It is easily accessible via the internet and identifies patients with glaucoma well. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT01300949.

Evaluation of Risk Factors for Glaucoma Drainage Device-related Erosions: A Retrospective Case-Control Study.

PURPOSE: To identify risk factors for glaucoma drainage device (GDD) erosions. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a retrospective comparative case series, medical records of 1013 patients who underwent GDD surgery performed by 5 surgeons between 2006 and 2011 were reviewed. The outcome measures assessed included age, race, sex, contact lens wear, seasonal allergies, medical comorbidities, glaucoma diagnosis, preoperative oral and topical medications, type and number of preoperative surgeries and lasers, concomitant surgeries, tube type and position, patch graft material, and intraoperative use of Avastin, mitomycin-C, or Triescence. The association of variables with erosion status was evaluated using the Fisher exact test for categorical variables and the exact Wilcoxon rank-sum test for continuous variables. RESULTS: Charts were included from 339 eyes that had complete data sets and at least 6 months of follow-up. Twenty-eight eyes (8.3%) developed conjunctival erosions. The median follow-up time was 2.03 years for the erosion group and 1.71 years for nonerosion group. Erosion was only associated with the presence of concomitant surgical procedures at the time of GDD implantation (35.7% erosion group vs. 17.4% nonerosion group, P=0.02, OR=2.64). The majority of concomitant surgeries were composed of pars plana vitrectomy (35.0%) and cataract surgery (32.0%). Variables that were suggestive of association with erosion (P<0.20) included smoking (OR=2.14), pseudoexfoliation glaucoma (OR=2.71), and history of dry eye syndrome (OR=2.22). CONCLUSION: History of concomitant intraocular surgery with GDD implantation may be a potential risk factor for future erosions.