Non-destructive 3D exploration of silicate glass corrosion: a combined multiscale approach from the macro to the nanoscale.

In this research, a comprehensive multi-technique analysis, including synchrotron-based X-ray micro-computed tomography, is used to visualize the microstructure of alteration in a very particular Roman glass fragment, in which millennia of corrosion history have not significantly impacted the integrity of the fragment itself. This exceptionally rare occurrence has allowed for the maximization of meaningful data acquisition, by examining the alteration structures from the macro to the nanoscale. This study elucidates the intricate mechanisms underlying glass corrosion when in contact with soil, providing quantitative data and phase correlations in the alteration structures. These findings validate and refine existing predictive corrosion models.

Photonic crystals built by time in ancient Roman glass.

Ancient glass objects typically show distinctive effects of deterioration as a result of environmentally induced physicochemical transformations of their surface over time. Iridescence is one of the distinctive signatures of aging that is most commonly found on excavated glass. In this work, we present an ancient glass fragment that exhibits structural color through surface weathering resulting in iridescent patinas caused by silica reprecipitation in nanoscale lamellae. This archaeological artifact reveals an unusual hierarchically assembled photonic crystal with extremely ordered nanoscale domains, high spectral selectivity, and reflectivity (~90%), that collectively behaves like a gold mirror. Optical characterization paired with nanoscale elemental analysis further underscores the high quality of this structure providing a window into this sophisticated natural photonic crystal assembled by time.

Weight Gain, Lifestyle, and Cognition During the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: During the COVID-19 pandemic, the world experienced social distancing that resulted in changes in habits and lifestyle. Such changes can compromise healthy eating habits and the practice of physical activities, known risk factors for developing weight gain and obesity. OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this study was to describe the change in eating habits, lifestyle, and cognition of the population of Rio Grande do Sul, a state in Southern Brazil, during social distancing due to COVID-19. METHODS: The study was conducted from July 21 to August 10, 2020, through a structured online questionnaire that asked for sociodemographic information (age, gender, and education), anthropometric (reported weight and height), change in eating habits, lifestyle (sleep quality and physical activity), and cognition. Chi-square, McNemar tests, and univariate and multivariate analysis were used to evaluate the variables. Confidence intervals were calculated with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Of a total of 1072 participants, 57.3% of respondents reported weight gain, and an increased percentage of people were classified as obese. Nearly half of the participants (46%) reported changes in their eating habits for the worse. Body mass index (BMI) was significantly associated with increased consumption of unhealthy foods. Our results identified high physical inactivity (46.9%) and obesity (19%) during social distancing. The changes in eating habits and lifestyle also increased the risk for decreased cognition. CONCLUSIONS: These findings highlighted that social distancing impacted eating habits and lifestyle, which increased obesity rates and might predispose to decreased cognition.

Custo e tempo como obstáculos para uma alimentação saudável entre universitários / Cost and time as obstacles to healthy eating among university students

Introdução: O Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira aborda a compreensão e superação de potenciais obstáculos para a adoção de uma alimentação saudável, entre eles, custo dos alimentos e tempo. Objetivo: Investigar a ocorrência de tempo e custo enquanto obstáculos para uma alimentação adequada e saudável e sua associação com fatores demográficos e socioeconômicos em universitários. Método: Estudo transversal realizado de abril a maio de 2019. Os desfechos avaliados foram custo e tempo. As variáveis de exposição foram sexo, idade, composição de moradia, trabalho remunerado, classe econômica e turno de estudo. Resultados: Participaram da pesquisa 207 estudantes. Sobre o custo dos alimentos, 76,3% já deixaram de comprar frutas, verduras e/ou legumes devido ao preço. Em relação ao tempo, 69,9% já deixaram de preparar alguma refeição por falta de tempo. Custo se associou com sexo masculino, idade igual ou superior a 30 anos, morar com amigos, estudar no período noturno e/ou estar na classe econômica mais baixa; já tempo se associou com sexo masculino, idade inferior a 30 anos, morar sozinho, estudar no período diurno/integral e/ou não trabalhar. Conclusão: Grande proporção dos universitários enfrenta dificuldades, relativas a tempo e custo dos alimentos, para ter uma alimentação adequada e saudável.

Introduction: The Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population addresses the understanding and overcoming of potential obstacles to adopting a healthy diet, including food costs and time. Objective: To investigate the occurrence of time and cost as obstacles to adequate and healthy eating and its association with demographic and socioeconomic factors in university students. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out from April to May 2019. The evaluated outcomes were cost and time. Exposure variables were sex, age, household composition, paid work, economic class and study shift. Results: 207 students participated in the research. Regarding the cost of food, 76.3% have already stopped buying fruits and/or vegetables due to the price. Regarding time, 69.9% have already stopped preparing a meal due to lack of time. Cost was associated with male gender, age equal to or greater than 30 years, living with friends, studying at night and/or being in the lowest economic class; time has been associated with being male, younger than 30 years old, living alone, studying daytime/full time and/or not working. Conclusion: A large proportion of university students face difficulties, related to time and food costs, to have a proper and healthy diet.

Associação entre consumo de marcadores alimentares, orientação nutricional e número de refeições em usuários da ESF / Association between consumption of food markers, nutritional counseling and number of meals in FHS users

Resumo Introdução: O número de refeições/dia tem sido associado a uma alimentação saudável, mas há controvérsias sobre a direção dessa associação. A orientação nutricional, estratégia essencial para construção de estilos de vida saudáveis na população atendida pela Estratégia Saúde da Família, pode ser fundamental nessa relação. Objetivo: Verificar se o consumo regular de marcadores alimentares está associado ao número de refeições diárias e ao recebimento de orientação nutricional. Método: Estudo transversal realizado com usuários da Estratégia Saúde da Família de um município gaúcho. Consumo regular de marcadores alimentares e características nutricionais (número de refeições/dia e recebimento de orientação nutricional) foram avaliados por aplicação de questionário. A associação entre características nutricionais e consumo regular de marcadores alimentares foi analisada utilizando-se regressão de Poisson. Resultados: Dos 529 indivíduos analisados, 2/3 referiram realizar de três a quatro refeições/dia e 30% afirmaram ter recebido orientação nutricional. A frequência de consumo regular de marcadores alimentares variou de 1,7% para frituras a quase 60% para feijão. Indivíduos que receberam orientação nutricional apresentaram menor prevalência de consumo regular de doces e refrigerantes (RP=0,64; IC95% 0,43-0,97). Número de refeições/dia foi positivamente associado ao consumo de lácteos; frutas e hortaliças; frituras, embutidos e salgados. Para os dois últimos grupos, observou-se associação apenas para quem não recebeu orientação nutricional. Conclusões: Os resultados sugerem que consumo regular de marcadores alimentares se associa com recebimento de orientação nutricional e número de refeições.

Abstract Background: The number of meals/day has been associated with a healthy diet, but there are controversies about the direction of this association. Nutritional counseling, an essential strategy for building healthy lifestyles in the population served by the Family Health Strategy (FHS), can be fundamental in this relationship. Objective: To verify whether the regular consumption of food markers is associated with the number of daily meals eaten and receiving nutritional counseling. Method: Cross-sectional study carried out with users of the Family Health Strategy in a city in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Regular consumption of food markers and nutritional characteristics (number of meals/day and receiving nutritional counseling) were assessed by applying a questionnaire. The association between nutritional characteristics and regular consumption of food markers was analyzed using Poisson regression. Results: Of the 529 individuals analyzed, 2/3 reported having three to four meals/day and 30% stated they had received nutritional counseling. The frequency of regular consumption of food markers ranged from 1.7% for fried foods to almost 60% for beans. Individuals who received nutritional counseling had a lower prevalence of regular consumption of sweets and soft drinks (PR=0.64; 95%CI 0.43-0.97). Number of meals/day was positively associated with dairy consumption; fruits and vegetables; fried foods, sausages and pastries. For the last two groups, an association was observed only for those who did not receive nutritional counseling. Conclusions: The results suggest that regular consumption of food markers is associated with receiving nutritional counseling and number of meals.

[Community as learning opportunity for nursing students: The Lavàl Project of Val Chiusella]. / La comunità come occasione di tirocinio per gli studenti infermieri:Il progetto La Vàl. della Val Chiusella.

. Community as learning opportunity for nursing students: The LaVàl. project of Val Chiusella. INTRODUCTION: The new competencies required for Family and Community Nurses (FFCN) involve the ability to make a community diagnosis. AIM: To describe the steps in designing an innovative internship for university students (nurses, anthropologists, educators, sociologists etc.). METHODS: After involving the municipalities, associations and local community networks, the students were asked to enter the community, keep a diary of what they had done and observed, and the nursing students were asked to produce a report based on the synthesis of the diaries, in which they would highlight the specific features, strengths, weaknessess and potentials for development of the observed community. RESULTS: As of 31 March 2022, 50 nursing students and 6 FFCN Master's students had thier practical training in addition to anthropology, sociology, geology an occupational therapist students. By 30 September 2022, 20 nursing students, 10 Master's and Master's degree students, are expected. 96 hours of interviews were carried out with local residents, meetings were held with 30 Associations and 40 events, meetings and assemblies, 12 meetings for Walking Groups, Adapted Physical Activity and Pilates, 70 hours of direct observation in the five pharmacies and 100 hours of debriefing, supervision and multidisciplinary discussion to rework and systematise the information acquired were conducted. CONCLUSIONS: An innovative experience of training in making community diagnosia and projects for solutions for a community is feasible. However, both the organisational and local concertation prerequisites are necessary to make these experiences possible.

Práticas de comensalidade em estudantes universitários / Commensality practices among university students

O Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira aborda orientações para uma alimentação adequada e saudável, incluindo recomendações sobre o ato de comer e a comensalidade. Ao ingressar na vida universitária, os estudantes tendem a modificar sua rotina, o que contribui para a realização de refeições rápidas, sem horários regulares e inadequadas do ponto de vista nutricional. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar práticas de comensalidade e fatores associados em ingressantes de uma universidade pública do Rio Grande do Sul. Trata-se de um estudo transversal realizado em 2019. O desfecho constituiu-se da orientação do Guia sobre comer em companhia e participação nas atividades que envolvem a alimentação. As variáveis de exposição investigadas foram sexo, idade, composição de moradia, trabalho remunerado, classe econômica e turno na universidade. Dos 207 participantes, 83,9% e 62,4% informaram que costumam realizar almoço e jantar em companhia, respectivamente. A maior parte dos estudantes participa "às vezes" do planejamento (49,8%) e da preparação de refeições (50,5%), e "sempre" participam da compra de alimentos (51,2%) e limpeza de utensílios e ambiente (62,8%). Além disso, a maioria dos estudantes de 30 anos ou mais informou que costuma realizar o café da manhã em companhia (p=0,010), enquanto estudantes que moram com familiares são os que mais realizam as três refeições acompanhados (p<0,05). Houve maior frequência de mulheres que participam do planejamento (p=0,012) e da preparação de refeições (p=0,002). Conclui-se que, de maneira geral, os estudantes praticam a comensalidade, com maior ocorrência entre aqueles que residem com familiares.

The Food Guide for the Brazilian Population addresses guidelines for an adequate and healthy diet, including recommendations on the act of eating and commensality. When entering university life, students tend to change their routine, which contributes to having quick, irregularly scheduled, and nutritionally inadequate meals. The aim of the present study was to investigate commensality practices and associated factors in newcomers to a public university in Rio Grande do Sul. This is a cross-sectional study carried out in 2019. The outcome consisted of the Guide's direction on eating in with others and participation in activities involving food. The exposure variables investigated were sex, age, housing composition, paid work, economic class, and university study period. Of the 207 participants, 83.9% and 62.4% reported that they usually have lunch and dinner together, respectively. Most students participate "sometimes" in planning (49.8%) and preparing meals (50.5%), and "always" participate in buying food (51.2%) and cleaning utensils and environment (62.8%). In addition, most students aged 30 years or older reported that they usually have breakfast together (p=0.010), while students who live with family members are the ones who most eat the three meals together (p<0.05). There was a higher frequency of women participating in planning (p=0.012) and meal preparation (p=0.002). It is concluded that, in general, students practice commensality, with a higher occurrence among those who live with family members.

Falta de habilidades culinárias é obstáculo para adolescentes terem uma alimentação saudável? / Is the lack of culinary skills an obstacle for teenagers to eat healthy?

O desenvolvimento de habilidades culinárias tem sido apontado como importante fator associado à melhor qualidade da alimentação e a diminuição da transmissão dessas habilidades entre gerações tem favorecido o maior consumo de produtos ultraprocessados. No entanto, ainda há escassez de estudos que avaliem as habilidades culinárias da população brasileira, e se ressalta que, até o momento, não foram encontrados estudos no Brasil que tenham avaliado tais habilidades em adolescentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a associação entre habilidades culinárias autopercebidas e qualidade do consumo alimentar de adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com adolescentes da rede pública de ensino de Itaqui/RS. Foram investigadas variáveis demográficas e socioeconômicas, habilidades culinárias autopercebidas e frequência semanal de 22 itens alimentares, a qual deu origem ao índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar. As médias (DP) do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar, de acordo com as habilidades culinárias autopercebidas, foram calculadas para toda a amostra e estratificadas por sexo, utilizando-se teste ANOVA ou Mann-Whitney. Calcularam-se IC95% e o nível de significância considerado foi de 5%. Observaram-se maiores médias (DP) do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar entre adolescentes do sexo feminino que relataram saber "escolher os alimentos" [59,99 (9,43)] (p=0,027), "temperar" [60,53 (9,58)] (p=0,0109), e "combinar ingredientes ou preparações" [61,14 (9,64)] (p=0,0051). Já no sexo masculino, maior média (DP) do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar foi observada entre adolescentes que referiram saber "lavar, descascar, cortar ou medir ingredientes" [(62,16 (10,69)] (p=0,0012). Ainda, observou-se associação positiva do índice de qualidade do consumo alimentar com número de habilidades culinárias autopercebidas no sexo feminino (p de tendência=0,003). Este estudo evidenciou que maior número de habilidades culinárias autopercebidas pode estar associado a melhor qualidade no consumo alimentar de adolescentes.

The development of culinary skills has been identified as an important factor associated with better food quality, and the reduction in the transmission of these skills between generations has favored a greater consumption of ultra-processed products. However, there is still a lack of studies that assess the culinary skills of the Brazilian population, and it is noteworthy that, so far, no studies have been found in Brazil that have evaluated such skills in adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between self-perceived culinary skills and the quality of food consumption in adolescents. This is a cross-sectional study with adolescents from public schools in Itaqui, RS. Demographic and socioeconomic variables, self-perceived cooking skills, and weekly frequency of 22 food items were investigated, which gave rise to the food consumption quality index. Means (SD) of the food consumption quality index, according to self-perceived cooking skills, were calculated for the entire sample and stratified by sex, using ANOVA or Mann- Whitney test. The 95%CI was calculated, and the significance level considered was 5%. Higher means (SD) of the food consumption quality index were observed among female adolescents who reported knowing how to "choose foods" [59.99 (9.43)] (p=0.027), "seasoning" [60, 53 (9.58)] (p=0.0109), and "combining ingredients or preparations" [61.14 (9.64)] (p=0.0051). Among males, the highest mean (SD) of the food consumption quality index was observed among adolescents who reported knowing how to "wash, peel, cut or measure ingredients" [(62.16 (10.69)] (p=0.0012). Furthermore, there was a positive association between the index of food consumption quality and the number of self-perceived culinary skills in females (p trend =0.003). This study showed that a greater number of self-perceived culiunary skills may be associated with better quality in adolescent food consumption.

Prevalence of food intake among individuals with hypertension and diabetes in the municipality of Nova Boa Vista, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2013. / Prevalência de consumo alimentar entre hipertensos e diabéticos na cidade de Nova Boa Vista, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2013.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the food intake among individuals with high blood pressure and diabetes in a municipality in the south of Brazil. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Nova Boa Vista-RS, Brazil, from June to September 2013; food intake was collected from the questionnaire of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) and from an adaptation based on the 2008 Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. RESULTS: 422 individuals were included in the study (≥18 years old); the food that presented the highest recommended intake frequencies were raw salad (60.7%), fruits (73.0%), dairy products (61.4%), fried food (57.3%), snacks (66.4%) and soft drinks (76.3%); processed meat and sweets presented the highest non-recommended intake frequencies, with 34.8 and 23.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: food intake among the population studied seems to be in accordance to the recommended frequencies, especially among women.

Prevalência de consumo alimentar entre hipertensos e diabéticos na cidade de Nova Boa Vista, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2013 / Prevalencia del consumo alimentar entre diabéticos e hipertensos en la ciudad de Nova Boa Vista, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, 2013 / Prevalence of food intake among individuals with hypertension and diabetes in the municipality of Nova Boa Vista, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, 2013

OBJETIVO: descrever o consumo alimentar em uma população de hipertensos e diabéticos de uma cidade do sul do Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal descritivo, realizado na cidade de Nova Boa Vista-RS, Brasil, entre junho e setembro de 2013; dados sobre consumo alimentar foram coletados utilizando-se o questionário do Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN), a adequação foi baseada no Guia Alimentar para a População Brasileira de 2008. RESULTADOS: foram incluídos 422 participantes (≥18 anos de idade); os alimentos que tiveram maior frequência de consumo recomendada foram salada crua (60,7%), frutas (73,0%), lácteos (61,4%), frituras (57,3%), salgados (66,4%) e refrigerantes (76,3%); embutidos e doces foram os alimentos que tiveram maior frequência de consumo não recomendado, 34,8% e 23,9% respectivamente; a prevalência de consumo semanal recomendado de frutas foi 19% maior entre mulheres (p=0,004). CONCLUSÃO: o consumo alimentar na população do estudo parece estar de acordo com as frequências recomendadas, especialmente entre mulheres.

OBJETIVO: describir el consumo de alimentos en una población de pacientes hipertensos y diabéticos de una ciudad en el sur de Brasil. MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo transversal realizado en la ciudad de Nova Boa Vista-RS, Brasil, entre junio y septiembre de 2013; el consumo de alimentos se recogió a través del cuestionário del Sistema de Vigilancia Alimentaria y Nutricional (SISVAN) y la adecuación fue basada en la Guía de alimentos para la población brasileña. RESULTADOS: el estudio evaluó 422 hipertensiva y/o diabética; los alimentos con mayor frecuencia de consumo dentro de las recomendaciones fueron ensalada cruda (60,7%), frutas (73,0%), leche (61,4%), así como alimentos fritos (57,3%), bocadillos (66,4%) y soda (76,3%); salchichas y los dulces eran los alimentos que tenían una mayor frecuencia de consumo no recomendada, 34,8 y 23,9% respectivamente. CONCLUSIÓN: las mujeres parecen seguir más estrechamente las recomendaciones de la guía de alimentación brasileño.

OBJECTIVE: to describe the food intake among individuals with high blood pressure and diabetes in a municipality in the south of Brazil. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in Nova Boa Vista-RS, Brazil, from June to September 2013; food intake was collected from the questionnaire of the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) and from an adaptation based on the 2008 Dietary Guidelines for the Brazilian Population. RESULTS: 422 individuals were included in the study (≥18 years old); the food that presented the highest recommended intake frequencies were raw salad (60.7%), fruits (73.0%), dairy products (61.4%), fried food (57.3%), snacks (66.4%) and soft drinks (76.3%); processed meat and sweets presented the highest non-recommended intake frequencies, with 34.8 and 23.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: food intake among the population studied seems to be in accordance to the recommended frequencies, especially among women.

Quality of life of chronic renal patients in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis.

INTRODUCTION: There are controversies regarding differences in quality of life (QOL) of chronic renal disease patients treated with different dialytic methods. OBJECTIVE: To compare QOL among chronic renal disease patients in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and in hemodialysis (HD). METHODS: Cross-sectional study in all the three centers of dialysis in Pelotas/Brazil. Patients in PD were interviewed after the monthly-routine-consultation and those in HD between the 1st-2nd hours of the dialysis session by employing structured questionnaires. QOL was assessed with Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Means in the eight SF-36 domains were compared between groups. RESULTS: Among 345 eligible patients (63 in PD and 282 in HD) 317 were interviewed (8% losses/refusals). About half of patients in both groups were in dialysis treatment for 3 years at most. There were more women in PD and more men in HD. Patients in PD reported less "pain" than those in HD (mean scores 76.5 and 64.3, respectively; p = 0.0040). There was no difference for the remaining SF-36 domains. DISCUSSION: Utilization of HD in Pelotas is a bit lower than detected at the Brazilian Dialysis Census (2011), whereas the frequency of PD is similar to frequency observed in some European countries. The higher score on "pain" among patients in PD is consistent with findings from other studies although no difference and even additional advantages of PD over HD have already been reported. CONCLUSION: QOL is similar among patients in DP or in HD, except in terms of pain, that was less severe in PD patients.

Qualidade de vida de pacientes renais crônicos em diálise peritoneal e hemodiálise / Quality of life of chronic renal patients in peritoneal dialysis and hemodialysis

ResumoIntrodução:Há controvérsias quanto à qualidade de vida (QV) de pacientes renais crônicos tratados com diferentes métodos dialíticos.Objetivo:Comparar a QV de pacientes renais crônicos em diálise peritoneal (DP) e hemodiálise (HD).Métodos:Estudo transversal nos três centros de diálise de Pelotas/RS. Pacientes em DP foram entrevistados após consulta mensal de rotina e os em HD, entre 1ª-2ª horas da sessão dialítica, com questionário estruturado. QV foi avaliada com Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Médias dos oito domínios do SF-36 foram comparadas entre os grupos.Resultados:Dos 345 pacientes elegíveis (63 em DP e 282 em HD), foram entrevistados 317 (8% de perdas/recusas). Cerca da metade nos dois grupos estava em diálise há no máximo 3 anos. Havia maioria de mulheres em DP e de homens em HD. Pacientes em DP relataram menos "dor" do que os em HD (escores médios 76,5 e 64,3, respectivamente; p = 0,0040). Não houve diferença nos demais domínios do SF-36.Discussão:A utilização de HD em Pelotas é um pouco menor que a detectada pelo Censo Brasileiro de Diálise (2011), sendo o uso de DP semelhante ao de alguns países europeus. Melhor escore no domínio "dor" entre pacientes em DP é consistente com o observado em outros estudos, embora haja também relatos de nenhuma diferença entre as modalidades e de vantagens da DP em outros domínios que não foram detectados no atual estudo.Conclusão:É semelhante a QV dos pacientes em DP ou HD, exceto no domínio dor, que foi menos intensa entre os pacientes em DP.

AbstractIntroduction:There are controversies regarding differences in quality of life (QOL) of chronic renal disease patients treated with different dialytic methods.Objective:To compare QOL among chronic renal disease patients in peritoneal dialysis (PD) and in hemodialysis (HD).Methods:Cross-sectional study in all the three centers of dialysis in Pelotas/Brazil. Patients in PD were interviewed after the monthly-routine-consultation and those in HD between the 1nd-2rd hours of the dialysis session by employing structured questionnaires. QOL was assessed with Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Means in the eight SF-36 domains were compared between groups.Results:Among 345 eligible patients (63 in PD and 282 in HD) 317 were interviewed (8% losses/refusals). About half of patients in both groups were in dialysis treatment for 3 years at most. There were more women in PD and more men in HD. Patients in PD reported less "pain" than those in HD (mean scores 76.5 and 64.3, respectively; p = 0.0040). There was no difference for the remaining SF-36 domains.Discussion:Utilization of HD in Pelotas is a bit lower than detected at the Brazilian Dialysis Census (2011), whereas the frequency of PD is similar to frequency observed in some European countries. The higher score on "pain" among patients in PD is consistent with findings from other studies although no difference and even additional advantages of PD over HD have already been reported.Conclusion:QOL is similar among patients in DP or in HD, except in terms of pain, that was less severe in PD patients.

Body fat in children measured by DXA, air-displacement plethysmography, TBW and multicomponent models: a systematic review.

To conduct a systematic literature review to identify studies that used indirect methods to assess body fat in healthy children. A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines. We conducted a search in the MEDLINE/PubMed, SciELO and Google Scholar databases. Studies in healthy children aged 0-9 years were eligible for inclusion. Studies were kept or excluded from the review according to eligibility criteria defined a priori. Two independent reviewers conducted all steps in the study selection. Initially, 11,246 articles were retrieved, with 3,593 duplicates. After applying the eligibility criteria, 22 articles were selected for review. The methodology of each study was analyzed by each reviewer individually. The indirect methods used to assess body fat in children included dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) (14 articles), air-displacement plethysmography (five articles), multicomponent models (two articles), and total body water (one article). Most studies reported absolute (in kilograms) or relative (percentage) body fat measures. Only seven studies reported the fat mass index (FMI) (kg/m(2)). DXA was the indirect method most frequently used to assess body fat in healthy children. FMI was seldom reported.

Body composition assessment using DXA in six-year-old children: the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil.

The aim of this study was to describe fat (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) in six-year-old children from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, stratified by gender. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry was used to measure FM and LBM, FM and LBM indexes, and percentage (%) of FM and LBM. Mean measures of adiposity were higher among girls (6.3 kg, 4.2 kg/m(2) and 23.4% vs. 5 kg, 3.3 kg/m(2) and 18%) while LBM measures were higher among boys (19.3 kg, 13 kg/m(2) and 78.5% vs. 17.7 kg, 12.2 kg/m(2) and 73.2%). In both boys and girls mean measures of adiposity increased with socioeconomic status and maternal education. Mean measures of adiposity were higher among white-skinned children while %LBM was higher among black-skinned children. Preterm compared to full-term children showed lower mean measures of adiposity and LBM. Female sex, white skin color and higher socioeconomic conditions are associated with higher adiposity in childhood.

Body composition assessment using DXA in six-year-old children: the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil / Composição corporal avaliada por DXA aos seis anos de idade: Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2004, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / La composición corporal evaluada por DXA a los seis años de edad: cohorte de nacimientos en Pelotas, 2004, Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

The aim of this study was to describe fat (FM) and lean body mass (LBM) in six-year-old children from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort, stratified by gender. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry was used to measure FM and LBM, FM and LBM indexes, and percentage (%) of FM and LBM. Mean measures of adiposity were higher among girls (6.3kg, 4.2kg/m2 and 23.4% vs. 5kg, 3.3kg/m2 and 18%) while LBM measures were higher among boys (19.3kg, 13kg/m2 and 78.5% vs. 17.7kg, 12.2kg/m2 and 73.2%). In both boys and girls mean measures of adiposity increased with socioeconomic status and maternal education. Mean measures of adiposity were higher among white-skinned children while %LBM was higher among black-skinned children. Preterm compared to full-term children showed lower mean measures of adiposity and LBM. Female sex, white skin color and higher socioeconomic conditions are associated with higher adiposity in childhood.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as massas gorda (MG) e magra (MM) em crianças de seis anos de idade na Coorte de Nascimentos de Pelotas de 2004, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, estratificadas por sexo. Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry foi usado para medir MG e MM, índices de MG e MM e percentuais (%) de MG e MM. Médias de adiposidade foram maiores entre as meninas (6,3kg, 4,2kg/m2 e 23,4% vs. 5kg, 3,3kg/m2 e 18%), enquanto as medidas de MM foram maiores entre os meninos (19,3kg, 13kg/m2 e 78,5% vs. 17,7kg, 12,2kg/m2 e 73,2%). Em meninos e meninas as médias de adiposidade aumentaram com o nível socioeconômico e escolaridade materna. Médias de adiposidade foram maiores entre crianças de cor branca, enquanto %MM foi maior entre as de cor preta. Crianças pré-termo mostraram menores médias de adiposidade e MM, em comparação com nascidas a termo. Sexo feminino, cor branca e condições socioeconômicas mais elevadas estão associados à maior adiposidade na infância.

El objetivo de este estudio fue describir la masa grasa (MG) y la masa libre de grasa (MLG), estratificadas por sexo en niños de seis años de edad, dentro de una cohorte de nacimientos de 2004 en Pelotas,. La absorciometría de doble fotón (DXA por sus siglas en inglés) fue utilizada para medir la MG y la MLG, los índices de MG y MLG, y el porcentaje (%) de MG y MLG. Las medias de adiposidad fueron mayores entre las niñas (6,3kg, 4,2kg/m2 y 23,4% vs. 5,0kg, 3,3kg/m2 y 18%), mientras que las medidas de MLG fueron mayores entre los niños (19,3kg, 13kg/m2 y 78,5% vs. 17,7kg, 12,2kg/m2 y 73,2%). En niños y niñas, las medias de adiposidad aumentan con el nivel socioeconómico y la educación materna. Las medias de adiposidad fueron mayores entre niños de piel blanca, mientras que el %MLG fue mayor entre los de piel negra. Los prematuros presentaron medias más bajas de adiposidad y MLG, en comparación con el resto. El sexo femenino, color de piel blanca y condiciones socioeconómicas más altas están asociados a una mayor adiposidad en la niñez.

Cohort profile update: 2004 Pelotas (Brazil) Birth Cohort Study. Body composition, mental health and genetic assessment at the 6 years follow-up.

This is an update of the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort profile, originally published in 2011. In view of the high prevalence of overweight and mental health problems among Brazilian children, together with the availability of state-of-the-art equipment to assess body composition and diagnostic tests for mental health in childhood, the main outcomes measured in the fifth follow-up (mean age 6.8 years) included child body composition, mental health and cognitive ability. A total of 3722 (90.2%) of the original mothers/carers were interviewed and their children examined in a clinic where they underwent whole-body dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), air displacement plethysmography and a 3D photonic scan. Saliva samples for DNA were obtained. Clinical psychologists applied the Development and Well-Being Assessment questionnaire and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children to all children. Results are being compared with those of the two earlier cohorts to assess the health effects of economic growth and full implementation of public policies aimed at reducing social inequalities in the past 30 years. For further information visit the programme website at [http://www.epidemio-ufpel.org.br/site/content/coorte_2004/questionarios.php]. Applications to use the data should be made by contacting 2004 cohort researchers and filling in the application form available at [http://www.epidemio-ufpel.org.br/site/content/estudos/formularios.php].

Consumption of foods with voluntary fortification of micronutrients in southern Brazil: prevalence and associated factors.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the consumption of foods with voluntary fortification of vitamins and minerals (FVFVM) according to demographic, socio-economic and health characteristics. DESIGN: A cross-sectional population-based study. SETTING: The investigated food groups were selected in two stages according to availability of food in the local market and prevalence of food consumption in a recent national survey. The research instruments included a questionnaire and a photographic catalogue. The FVFVM consumption covered a period of one week prior to the interview date. Statistical analyses were performed using Stata 12·0 statistical software package, considering the design effect and a hierarchical model. A multinomial logistic regression was applied to estimate the prevalence ratios. All tests were two-tailed, with a 5·0 % significance level. SUBJECTS: Adults (≥20 years old) living in a southern city of Brazil. RESULTS: Between February and June 2012, 2925 individuals were interviewed. Losses and refusals corresponded to 13·4 % of the sample. The overall prevalence of FVFVM consumption was 73·3 (95 % CI 71·7, 75·9) %. The total number of FVFVM reported exhibited a distribution with a median of two and a maximum of fifteen, inflated by the FVFVM categorized in the 'juice' group. The micronutrients most consumed were vitamin C, followed by Fe and thiamin. Young adults, females, those of higher socio-economic status and those who perceived their health positively were more likely to consume FVFVM. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of FVFVM consumption in southern Brazil, occurring concurrently with the decline in consumption of unprocessed and minimally processed foods, and the way voluntary fortification is being employed trigger a warning sign to primary prevention.

Consumo diário de refrigerantes, doces e frituras em adolescentes do Nordeste brasileiro / Daily consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods among adolescents in the Northeast of Brazil

Estudo transversal de base escolar que avaliou a prevalência e fatores associados ao consumo diário de refrigerantes, doces e frituras em adolescentes (15-20 anos) da rede pública estadual de Caruaru (PE), em 2007. Para avaliar os fatores associados ao consumo diário de refrigerantes, doces e frituras, realizou-se análise multivariável e hierarquizada, por regressão de Poisson, com variáveis sociodemográficas no primeiro nível hierárquico, comportamentais no segundo e relacionadas ao padrão alimentar no terceiro. O consumo de refrigerantes, doces ou frituras em pelo menos uma vez por semana foi referido por 90,9%, 95,4% e 89,6% dos adolescentes, respectivamente. As prevalências correspondentes ao consumo diário destes alimentos foram 30,2%, 42,0% e 28,3%. O consumo diário de doces foi 21% maior entre as meninas e 25% maior entre adolescentes que consumiram arroz e feijão diariamente. Em relação às frituras, as meninas referiram um consumo 37% maior do que os meninos. Adolescentes que consumiram carnes diariamente, apresentaram um consumo diário de frituras 43% maior. O consumo de refrigerantes, doces e frituras entre os adolescentes caruaruenses mostrou-se elevado e apresentou um padrão de consumo homogêneo para a maioria das variáveis analisadas.

A school-based cross-sectional study in 2007 evaluated the prevalence and associated factors of daily consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods among adolescents (15 to 20 years of age) in public schools in Caruaru in the state of Pernambuco. To evaluate the factors associated with the daily consumption of the above foods, a multivariate and hierarchical analysis was conducted using Poisson regression, with social and demographic variables at the first hierarchical level, behavioral variables at the second level and dietary standards at the third level. Consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods at least once a week was declared by 90.9%, 95.4% and 89.6% of the adolescents, respectively. The corresponding prevalence of the daily consumption of these items was 30.2%, 42% and 28.3%. The daily consumption of sweets was 21% higher among girls and 25% higher among adolescents who ate rice and beans daily. With respect to fried foods, girls mentioned 37% greater consumption than boys. Adolescents who consumed meat every day admitted a 43% higher daily consumption of fried foods. The consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods among the adolescents from Caruaru was high and showed a homogeneous consumption standard for most variables analyzed.

[Daily consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods among adolescents in the northeast of Brazil]. / Consumo diário de refrigerantes, doces e frituras em adolescentes do Nordeste brasileiro.

A school-based cross-sectional study in 2007 evaluated the prevalence and associated factors of daily consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods among adolescents (15 to 20 years of age) in public schools in Caruaru in the state of Pernambuco. To evaluate the factors associated with the daily consumption of the above foods, a multivariate and hierarchical analysis was conducted using Poisson regression, with social and demographic variables at the first hierarchical level, behavioral variables at the second level and dietary standards at the third level. Consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods at least once a week was declared by 90.9%, 95.4% and 89.6% of the adolescents, respectively. The corresponding prevalence of the daily consumption of these items was 30.2%, 42% and 28.3%. The daily consumption of sweets was 21% higher among girls and 25% higher among adolescents who ate rice and beans daily. With respect to fried foods, girls mentioned 37% greater consumption than boys. Adolescents who consumed meat every day admitted a 43% higher daily consumption of fried foods. The consumption of soft drinks, sweets and fried foods among the adolescents from Caruaru was high and showed a homogeneous consumption standard for most variables analyzed.

[Menstrual disorders among women 15 to 54 years of age in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil: a population-based study]. / Distúrbios menstruais entre mulheres de 15-54 anos de idade em Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil: estudo de base populacional.

A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted in Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, to assess the prevalence of menstrual disorders and their distribution according to parity and demographic, social, and behavioral characteristics among 1,078 women aged 15-54 years. Menstrual disorders included heavy menstrual bleeding, inter-menstrual bleeding, short cycle, long cycle, and prolonged menses. Prevalence rates and 95% confidence intervals were calculated. Overall prevalence of menstrual disorders was 46.4% (43.3-49.4). The most prevalent disorder was heavy menstrual bleeding (23.2%; 20.5-25.8), followed by short cycle (19.2%; 16.6-21.8), long cycle (14.8%; 12.7-16.9), inter-menstrual bleeding (11.1%; 9.1-13.2), and prolonged menses (7.9%; 6.3-9.4). Menstrual disorders are frequent in the population and are associated with age 35 years or older, low schooling, high parity, tubal ligation, and smoking.