Effective mitigation of photodarkening-induced transverse mode instability in a monolithic fiber laser oscillator by 450†nm laser irradiation.

The photodarkening (PD) and transverse mode instability (TMI) effects are two main factors limiting the power increase and long-term stability of high-power fiber lasers. A prolonged burn-in test for an all-fiber laser oscillator below the TMI threshold was carried out. We observed the PD-induced TMI effects, which manifested as a sudden decrease in the output power due to higher-order mode leakage. After several minutes of exposure to a high-power density 450 nm laser diode (LD), the output power returned to its initial state, significantly enhancing the oscillator's stability. The 450 nm LD probably mitigates the accumulation of thermal effects by inhibiting the photodarkening effect, thus preventing the occurrence of the TMI effects and improving the stability of the oscillator's output power. Our work provides useful guidance for the development of high-stability fiber laser oscillators.

Fresnel Diffraction Model for Laser Dazzling Spots of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor Cameras.

Laser dazzling on complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) image sensors is an effective method in optoelectronic countermeasures. However, previous research mainly focused on the laser dazzling under far fields, with limited studies on situations that the far-field conditions were not satisfied. In this paper, we established a Fresnel diffraction model of laser dazzling on a CMOS by combining experiments and simulations. We calculated that the laser power density and the area of saturated pixels on the detector exhibit a linear relationship with a slope of 0.64 in a log-log plot. In the experiment, we found that the back side illumination (BSI-CMOS) matched the simulations, with an error margin of 3%, while the front side illumination (FSI-CMOS) slightly mismatched the simulations, with an error margin of 14%. We also found that the full-screen saturation threshold for the BSI-CMOS was 25% higher than the FSI-CMOS. Our work demonstrates the applicability of the Fresnel diffraction model for BSI-CMOS, which provides a valuable reference for studying laser dazzling.

Asymmetrified Benzothiadiazole-Based Solid Additives Enable All-Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 19 .

Disordered polymer chain entanglements within all-polymer blends limit the formation of optimal donor-acceptor phase separation. Therefore, developing effective methods to regulate morphology evolution is crucial for achieving optimal morphological features in all-polymer organic solar cells (APSCs). In this study, two isomers, 4,5-difluorobenzo-c-1,2,5-thiadiazole (SF-1) and 5,6-difluorobenzo-c-1,2,5-thiadiazole (SF-2), were designed as solid additives based on the widely-used electron-deficient benzothiadiazole unit in nonfullerene acceptors. The incorporation of SF-1 or SF-2 into PM6 : PY-DT blend induces stronger molecular packing via molecular interaction, leading to the formation of continuous interpenetrated networks with suitable phase-separation and vertical distribution. Furthermore, after treatment with SF-1 and SF-2, the exciton diffusion lengths for PY-DT films are extended to over 40 nm, favoring exciton diffusion and charge transport. The asymmetrical SF-2, characterized by an enhanced dipole moment, increases the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PM6 : PY-DT-based device to 18.83 % due to stronger electrostatic interactions. Moreover, a ternary device strategy boosts the PCE of SF-2-treated APSC to over 19 %. This work not only demonstrates one of the best performances of APSCs but also offers an effective approach to manipulate the morphology of all-polymer blends using rational-designed solid additives.

Influence of Pump Current Waveform on The Mitigation of Transverse Mode Instability in Fiber Laser Oscillator.

We carry out a detailed investigation of TMI mitigation by pump modulation based on multiple current waveforms in a fiber laser oscillator. Compared with continuous wave (CW), the modulation of various waveforms, including sinusoidal wave, triangular wave, and pulse wave with a duty cycle of 50% and 60%, can increase the TMI threshold. The average output power of a stabilized beam is boosted via the adjustment of phase difference between the signal channels. The TMI threshold is increased to 270 W under a modulation of pulse wave (duty cycle: 60%) with a phase difference of 440 µs, where the beam quality is 1.45. This threshold can be further improved by adding groups of pump LDs and drivers, which is a promising approach for beam stabilization of high-power fiber lasers.

Constructing a Porous Structure on the Carbon Fiber Surface for Simultaneously Strengthening and Toughening the Interface of Composites.

The demand for both strength and toughness is perpetual in fiber-reinforced composites. Unfortunately, both properties are often mutually exclusive. As the mechanical properties of the composites are highly dependent on their interfacial properties, engineering interfaces between the fiber and matrix would be vital to overcome the conflict between strength and toughness. Herein, inspired by the physical interfacial architecture of grassroots-reinforced soil composites, a porous carbon nanotube-Mg(OH)2/MgO hybrid structure was constructed on the fiber surface via water electrolysis reaction and electrophoretic deposition process. The effects of the porous structure on the fiber filaments' mechanical properties, as well as the thickness on the interfacial properties, were all investigated. The results showed that fully covered porous structures on the fiber surface slightly enhanced the reliability of a single fiber in terms of mechanical properties by bridging the surface defects on the fiber. The interfacial shear strength and toughness of the porous structure-coated fiber/resin composite reached up to 92.3 MPa and 121.2 J/m2, respectively. These values were 61.30 and 121.98% higher than those of pristine fiber/resin composites, respectively. The strengthening effect was ascribed to the synergistic effects that improved numerous interfacial bonding areas and mechanical interlocking morphologies. The toughening mechanism was related to crack deflection, microcrack generation, and fracture of the porous structure during interfacial failure. Additional numerical studies by finite element analysis further proved the enhancement mechanism. Overall, the proposed method looks promising for producing advanced carbon fiber-reinforced polymer composites with excellent strength and toughness.

Stable single transverse mode excitation in 50 µm core fiber using a photonic-lantern-based adaptive control system.

We report on the generation of single transverse mode output in large-mode-area fiber with a core diameter of 50 µm using a 3×1 photonic-lantern-based adaptive spatial mode control system. We have designed and fabricated the photonic lantern composed of a single mode fibers bundle taper region and a multi-segment multimode fiber splicing region. From simulation and experiments, we demonstrate that the quality of the output beam is significantly influenced by the size of the fibers bundle's waist and the segmented splicing scheme of the multimode fiber. Stable single transverse mode output is achieved at 1064 nm with M2 ∼1.4, which will provide a possible technical solution to increase the mode instability threshold in high power large-mode-area fiber systems.

BN-Substitution in Dithienylpyrenes Prevents Excimer Formation in Solution and in the Solid State.

Boron-nitrogen substitutions in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have a strong impact on the optical properties of the molecules due to a significantly more heterogeneous electron distribution. However, besides these single-molecule properties, the observed optical properties of PAHs critically depend on the degree of intermolecular interactions such as π-π-stacking, dipolar interactions, or the formation of dimers in the excited state. Pyrene is the most prominent example showing the latter as it exhibits a broadened and strongly bathochromically shifted emission band at high concentrations in solution compared to the respective monomers. In the solid state, the impact of intermolecular interactions is even higher as it determines the crystal packing crucially. In this work, a thiophene-flanked BN-pyrene (BNP) was synthesized and compared with its all-carbon analogue (CCP) in solution and in the solid state by means of crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, UV-vis spectroscopy, and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. In solution, PL spectroscopy revealed the solvent-dependent presence of excimers of CCP at high concentrations. In contrast, no excimers were found in BNP. Clear differences were also observed in the single-crystal packing motifs. While CCP revealed overlapped pyrene planes with centroid distances in the range of classical π-stacking interactions, the BNP scaffolds were displaced and significantly more spatially separated.

Photon upconversion through triplet exciton-mediated energy relay.

Exploration of upconversion luminescence from lanthanide emitters through energy migration has profound implications for fundamental research and technology development. However, energy migration-mediated upconversion requires stringent experimental conditions, such as high power excitation and special migratory ions in the host lattice, imposing selection constraints on lanthanide emitters. Here we demonstrate photon upconversion of diverse lanthanide emitters by harnessing triplet exciton-mediated energy relay. Compared with gadolinium-based systems, this energy relay is less dependent on excitation power and enhances the emission intensity of Tb3+ by 158-fold. Mechanistic investigations reveal that emission enhancement is attributable to strong coupling between lanthanides and surface molecules, which enables fast triplet generation (<100 ps) and subsequent near-unity triplet transfer efficiency from surface ligands to lanthanides. Moreover, the energy relay approach supports long-distance energy transfer and allows upconversion modulation in microstructures. These findings enhance fundamental understanding of energy transfer at molecule-nanoparticle interfaces and open exciting avenues for developing hybrid, high-performance optical materials.

Lanthanide-doped inorganic nanoparticles turn molecular triplet excitons bright.

The generation, control and transfer of triplet excitons in molecular and hybrid systems is of great interest owing to their long lifetime and diffusion length in both solid-state and solution phase systems, and to their applications in light emission1, optoelectronics2,3, photon frequency conversion4,5 and photocatalysis6,7. Molecular triplet excitons (bound electron-hole pairs) are 'dark states' because of the forbidden nature of the direct optical transition between the spin-zero ground state and the spin-one triplet levels8. Hence, triplet dynamics are conventionally controlled through heavy-metal-based spin-orbit coupling9-11 or tuning of the singlet-triplet energy splitting12,13 via molecular design. Both these methods place constraints on the range of properties that can be modified and the molecular structures that can be used. Here we demonstrate that it is possible to control triplet dynamics by coupling organic molecules to lanthanide-doped inorganic insulating nanoparticles. This allows the classically forbidden transitions from the ground-state singlet to excited-state triplets to gain oscillator strength, enabling triplets to be directly generated on molecules via photon absorption. Photogenerated singlet excitons can be converted to triplet excitons on sub-10-picosecond timescales with unity efficiency by intersystem crossing. Triplet exciton states of the molecules can undergo energy transfer to the lanthanide ions with unity efficiency, which allows us to achieve luminescent harvesting of the dark triplet excitons. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the triplet excitons generated in the lanthanide nanoparticle-molecule hybrid systems by near-infrared photoexcitation can undergo efficient upconversion via a lanthanide-triplet excitation fusion process: this process enables endothermic upconversion and allows efficient upconversion from near-infrared to visible frequencies in the solid state. These results provide a new way to control triplet excitons, which is essential for many fields of optoelectronic and biomedical research.

Understanding the luminescent nature of organic radicals for efficient doublet emitters and pure-red light-emitting diodes.

The doublet-spin nature of radical emitters is advantageous for applications in organic light-emitting diodes, as it avoids the formation of triplet excitons that limit the electroluminescence efficiency of non-radical emitters. However, radicals generally show low optical absorption and photoluminescence yields. Here we explain the poor optical properties of radicals based on alternant hydrocarbons, and establish design rules to increase the absorption and luminescence yields for donor-acceptor-type radicals. We show that non-alternant systems are necessary to lift the degeneracy of the lowest energy orbital excitations; moreover, intensity borrowing from an intense high-lying transition by the low-energy charge-transfer excitation enhances the oscillator strength of the emitter. We apply these rules to design tris(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)methyl-pyridoindolyl derivatives with a high photoluminescence quantum yield (>90%). Organic light-emitting diodes based on these molecules showed a pure-red emission with an over 12% external quantum efficiency. These insights may be beneficial for the rational design and discovery of highly luminescent doublet emitters.

Perovskite-molecule composite thin films for efficient and stable light-emitting diodes.

Although perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) have recently experienced significant progress, there are only scattered reports of PeLEDs with both high efficiency and long operational stability, calling for additional strategies to address this challenge. Here, we develop perovskite-molecule composite thin films for efficient and stable PeLEDs. The perovskite-molecule composite thin films consist of in-situ formed high-quality perovskite nanocrystals embedded in the electron-transport molecular matrix, which controls nucleation process of perovskites, leading to PeLEDs with a peak external quantum efficiency of 17.3% and half-lifetime of approximately 100 h. In addition, we find that the device degradation mechanism at high driving voltages is different from that at low driving voltages. This work provides an effective strategy and deep understanding for achieving efficient and stable PeLEDs from both material and device perspectives.

The binding energy and dynamics of charge-transfer states in organic photovoltaics with low driving force for charge separation.

Recent progress in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has been enabled by optimization of the energetic driving force for charge separation, and thus maximization of open-circuit voltage, using non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) materials. In spite of this, the carrier dynamics and relative energies of the key states controlling the photophysics of these systems are still under debate. Herein, we report an in-depth ultrafast spectroscopic study of a representative OPV system based on a polymer donor PffBT4T-2OD and a small-molecule NFA EH-IDTBR. Global analysis of the transient absorption data reveals efficient energy transfer between donor and acceptor molecules. The extracted kinetics suggest that slow (∼15 ps) generation of charge carriers is followed by significant geminate recombination. This contrasts with the "reference" PffBT4T-2OD:PC71BM system where bimolecular recombination dominates. Using temperature-dependent pump-push-photocurrent spectroscopy, we estimate the activation energy for the dissociation of bound charge-transfer states in PffBT4T-2OD:EH-IDTBR to be 100 ± 6 meV. We also observe an additional activation energy of 14 ± 7 meV, which we assign to the de-trapping of mobile carriers. This work provides a comprehensive picture of photophysics in a system representing new generation of OPV blends with a small driving force for charge separation.

Efficient and Tunable Electroluminescence from In Situ Synthesized Perovskite Quantum Dots.

Semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) are among the most promising next-generation optoelectronic materials. QDs are generally obtained through either epitaxial or colloidal growth and carry the promise for solution-processed high-performance optoelectronic devices such as light-emitting diodes (LEDs), solar cells, etc. Herein, a straightforward approach to synthesize perovskite QDs and demonstrate their applications in efficient LEDs is reported. The perovskite QDs with controllable crystal sizes and properties are in situ synthesized through one-step spin-coating from perovskite precursor solutions followed by thermal annealing. These perovskite QDs feature size-dependent quantum confinement effect (with readily tunable emissions) and radiative monomolecular recombination. Despite the substantial structural inhomogeneity, the in situ generated perovskite QDs films emit narrow-bandwidth emission and high color stability due to efficient energy transfer between nanostructures that sweeps away the unfavorable disorder effects. Based on these materials, efficient LEDs with external quantum efficiencies up to 11.0% are realized. This makes the technologically appealing in situ approach promising for further development of state-of-the-art LED systems and other optoelectronic devices.

Design rules for minimizing voltage losses in high-efficiency organic solar cells.

The open-circuit voltage of organic solar cells is usually lower than the values achieved in inorganic or perovskite photovoltaic devices with comparable bandgaps. Energy losses during charge separation at the donor-acceptor interface and non-radiative recombination are among the main causes of such voltage losses. Here we combine spectroscopic and quantum-chemistry approaches to identify key rules for minimizing voltage losses: (1) a low energy offset between donor and acceptor molecular states and (2) high photoluminescence yield of the low-gap material in the blend. Following these rules, we present a range of existing and new donor-acceptor systems that combine efficient photocurrent generation with electroluminescence yield up to 0.03%, leading to non-radiative voltage losses as small as 0.21 V. This study provides a rationale to explain and further improve the performance of recently demonstrated high-open-circuit-voltage organic solar cells.

Control of Geminate Recombination by the Material Composition and Processing Conditions in Novel Polymer: Nonfullerene Acceptor Photovoltaic Devices.

Herein, we report on the charge dynamics of photovoltaic devices based on two novel small-molecule nonfullerene acceptors featuring a central ketone unit. Using ultrafast near-infrared spectroscopy with optical and photocurrent detection methods, we identify one of the key loss channels in the devices as geminate recombination (GR) of interfacial charge transfer states (CTSs). We find that the magnitude of GR is highly sensitive to the choice of solvent and annealing conditions. Interestingly, regardless of these processing conditions, the same lifetime for GR (∼130 ps) is obtained by both detection methods upon decomposing the complex broadband transient optical spectra, suggesting this time scale is inherent and independent of morphology. These observations suggest that the CTSs in the studied material blends are mostly strongly bound, and that charge generation from these states is highly inefficient. We further rationalize our results by considering the impact of the processing on the morphology of the mixed donor and acceptor domains and discuss the potential consequences of the early charge dynamics on the performance of emerging nonfullerene photovoltaic devices. Our results demonstrate that careful choice of processing conditions enables enhanced exciton harvesting and suppression of GR by more than 3 orders of magnitude.

Fine-Tuning the Energy Levels of a Nonfullerene Small-Molecule Acceptor to Achieve a High Short-Circuit Current and a Power Conversion Efficiency over 12% in Organic Solar Cells.

Organic solar cell optimization requires careful balancing of current-voltage output of the materials system. Here, such optimization using ultrafast spectroscopy as a tool to optimize the material bandgap without altering ultrafast photophysics is reported. A new acceptor-donor-acceptor (A-D-A)-type small-molecule acceptor NCBDT is designed by modification of the D and A units of NFBDT. Compared to NFBDT, NCBDT exhibits upshifted highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy level mainly due to the additional octyl on the D unit and downshifted lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy level due to the fluorination of A units. NCBDT has a low optical bandgap of 1.45 eV which extends the absorption range toward near-IR region, down to ≈860 nm. However, the 60 meV lowered LUMO level of NCBDT hardly changes the Voc level, and the elevation of the NCBDT HOMO does not have a substantial influence on the photophysics of the materials. Thus, for both NCBDT- and NFBDT-based systems, an unusually slow (≈400 ps) but ultimately efficient charge generation mediated by interfacial charge-pair states is observed, followed by effective charge extraction. As a result, the PBDB-T:NCBDT devices demonstrate an impressive power conversion efficiency over 12%-among the best for solution-processed organic solar cells.

What Controls the Rate of Ultrafast Charge Transfer and Charge Separation Efficiency in Organic Photovoltaic Blends.

In solar energy harvesting devices based on molecular semiconductors, such as organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and artificial photosynthetic systems, Frenkel excitons must be dissociated via charge transfer at heterojunctions to yield free charges. What controls the rate and efficiency of charge transfer and charge separation is an important question, as it determines the overall power conversion efficiency (PCE) of these systems. In bulk heterojunctions between polymer donor and fullerene acceptors, which provide a model system to understand the fundamental dynamics of electron transfer in molecular systems, it has been established that the first step of photoinduced electron transfer can be fast, of order 100 fs. But here we report the first study which correlates differences in the electron transfer rate with electronic structure and morphology, achieved with sub-20 fs time resolution pump-probe spectroscopy. We vary both the fullerene substitution and donor/fullerene ratio which allow us to control both aggregate size and the energetic driving force for charge transfer. We observe a range of electron transfer times from polymer to fullerene, from 240 fs to as short as 37 fs. Using ultrafast electro-optical pump-push-photocurrent spectroscopy, we find the yield of free versus bound charges to be weakly dependent on the energetic driving force, but to be very strongly dependent on fullerene aggregate size and packing. Our results point toward the importance of state accessibility and charge delocalization and suggest that energetic offsets between donor and acceptor levels are not an important criterion for efficient charge generation. This provides design rules for next-generation materials to minimize losses related to driving energy and boost PCE.

Enhanced photocurrent by the co-sensitization of ZnO with dye and CuInSe nanocrystals.

ZnO nanocrystals with a particle size of 20-30 nm have been synthesised for the first time using a template-free method. Chalcopyrite Cu0.28In1.72Se2.72 nanocrystals (5-10 nm) were directly anchored on ZnO nanocrystals by a vacuum one-pot-nanocasting process without any long ligands. We further investigated Cu0.28In1.72Se2.72 quantum dots and dye bilayer-sensitized solar cells, which exhibited power conversion efficiency of 57.4% higher than the single-dye-sensitized solar cells.

Facile synthesis of CuInGaS2 quantum dot nanoparticles for bilayer-sensitized solar cells.

CuIn(0.7)Ga(0.3)S2 quantum dots (QDs) with particle size of 2-5 nm were directly synthesised by a vacuum one-pot-nanocasting process and homogeneously anchored on TiO2 nanocrystals (<50 nm) for the first time. We further present CuIn(0.7)Ga(0.3)S2 quantum dots and dye bilayer-sensitized solar cells with a power conversion efficiency 36.3% higher than mono-dye sensitized solar cells.