High-Performance W-Doped Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 Flexible Thermoelectric Films and Generators.

Bi-Sb-Te-based thermoelectric materials have the best room-temperature thermoelectric properties, but their inherent brittleness and rigidity limit their application in the wearable field. In this study, W-doped p-type Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 (W-BST) thin films were prepared using magnetron sputtering on polyimide substrates to create thermoelectric generators (TEGs). Bending tests showed that the thin film has excellent flexibility and mechanical durability, meeting the flexible requirements of wearable devices. W doping can significantly increase the carrier concentration, Seebeck coefficient, and electrical conductivity of BST thin films. At 300 K, the power factor of the W-BST film is 2.25 times higher than that of the undoped film, reaching 13.75 µW cm-1 K-2. First-principles calculations showed that W doping introduces significant impurity peaks in the bandgap, in which W d electrons remarkably hybridize with the Sb and Te p electrons, leading to an improved electrical conductivity of BST films. Furthermore, W doping significantly reduces the work function of BST films, thereby improving the carrier mobility. A TEG module fabricated from four layers of W-BST thin films achieved a maximum output power density of 6.91 mW cm-2 at a temperature difference of 60 K. Application tests showed that the flexible TEG module could power a portable clock using the temperature difference between body temperature and room temperature. At a medium temperature of 439 K, the assembled TEG module can provide a stable output voltage of 1.51 V to power a LED. This study demonstrates the feasibility of combining inorganic thermoelectric materials with flexible substrates to create high-performance flexible TEGs.

Ultrafast energy transfer dynamics in CsPbBr3 nanoplatelets-BODIPY heterostructure.

Understanding and directing the energy transfer in nanocrystals-chromophore heterostructure is critical to improve the efficiency of their photocatalytic and optoelectronic applications. In this work, we studied the energy transfer process between inorganic-organic molecular complexes composed of cesium halide perovskite nanoplatelets (CsPbBr3 NPLs) and boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) by photoluminescence spectroscopy (PL), time-correlated single photon-counting (TCSPC) and femtosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. The quenching of PL in CsPbBr3 NPLs occurred simultaneously with the PL enhancement of BODIPY implied the singlet energy transfer process. The rate of energy transfer has been determined by transient absorption spectrum as kET = 3.8 × 109 s-1. The efficiency of Förster energy transfer (FRET) has been quantitatively calculated up to 70%. Our work advances the understanding of the interaction between BODIPY and perovskite nanoplatelets, providing a new solution based on their optoelectronic and photocatalytic applications.

Temperature adaptation patterns in Chinese cattle revealed by TRPM2 gene mutation analysis.

Cattle are sensitive to temperature fluctuations but adapt well to inclement weather conditions. When environmental temperatures exceed specific thresholds, heat stress becomes a critical concern for cattle. The TRPM2 gene, which resides on cattle chromosome 1 encodes a TRP channel protein, holding a unique capacity to sense temperature changes and facilitate rapid response to avoid heat stress. Here, we utilized the Bovine Genome Variation Database (BGVD) (http://animal.omics.pro/code/index.php/BosVar), and identified a missense mutation site, c.805A > G: p. Met269Val (rs527146862), within the TRPM2 gene. To elucidate the functional assessment of this mutation in temperature adaptation attributes of Chinese cattle, we genotyped 407 samples from 20 distinct breeds representing diverse climatic zones across China. The association analysis incorporates three temperature parameters and revealed compelling insights in terms of allele frequency. Interestingly, the prevalence of the wild-type allele A was notably higher among northern cattle breeds and this trend diminished gradually as observed in southern cattle populations. Conversely, the mutant-type allele G demonstrated a contrasting trend. Moreover, southern cattle exhibited markedly higher frequencies of GG and GA genotypes (P < 0.01). The presence of heterozygous and homozygous mutations appears to confer an enhanced capacity for adaptation to elevated temperatures. These results provide unequivocal correlation evidence between TRPM2 genotypes (AA, GA, GG) and environmental temperature parameters and comprehend the genetic mechanisms governing temperature adaptation in cattle. This provides valuable insights for strategic breed selection across diverse climatic regions, thereby aiding livestock production amid evolving climate challenges.

The TRPM2 gene encodes TRP channel protein that helps animals in combating heat stress. Twenty Chinese local cattle breeds were genotyped, and association analysis was performed. This investigation encompasses the distribution pattern of the missense mutation locus rs527146862 of the TRPM2 gene in southern, northern, and central cattle populations. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between rs527146862 locus and temperature adaptation attributes in Chinese cattle.

Epitaxy of (11-22) AlN Films on a Sputtered Buffer Layer with Different Annealing Temperatures via Hydride Vapour Phase Epitaxy.

AlN epilayers were grown on magnetron-sputtered (MS) (11-22) AlN buffers on m-plane sapphire substrates at 1450 °C via hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE). The MS buffers were annealed at high temperatures of 1400-1600 °C. All the samples were characterised using X-ray diffraction, atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscope and Raman spectrometry. The crystal quality of epilayers regrown by HVPE was improved significantly compared to that of the MS counterpart. With an increasing annealing temperature, the crystal quality of both MS buffers and AlN epilayers measured along [11-23] and [1-100] improved first and then decreased, maybe due to the decomposition of MS buffers, while the corresponding anisotropy along the two directions decreased first and then increased. The optimum quality of the AlN epilayer was obtained at the annealing temperature of around 1500 °C. In addition, it was found that the anisotropy for the epilayers decreased significantly compared to that of annealed MS buffers when the annealing temperature was below 1500 °C.

Global genetic diversity, introgression, and evolutionary adaptation of indicine cattle revealed by whole genome sequencing.

Indicine cattle, also referred to as zebu (Bos taurus indicus), play a central role in pastoral communities across a wide range of agro-ecosystems, from extremely hot semiarid regions to hot humid tropical regions. However, their adaptive genetic changes following their dispersal into East Asia from the Indian subcontinent have remained poorly documented. Here, we characterize their global genetic diversity using high-quality whole-genome sequencing data from 354 indicine cattle of 57 breeds/populations, including major indicine phylogeographic groups worldwide. We reveal their probable migration into East Asia was along a coastal route rather than inland routes and we detected introgression from other bovine species. Genomic regions carrying morphology-, immune-, and heat-tolerance-related genes underwent divergent selection according to Asian agro-ecologies. We identify distinct sets of loci that contain promising candidate variants for adaptation to hot semi-arid and hot humid tropical ecosystems. Our results indicate that the rapid and successful adaptation of East Asian indicine cattle to hot humid environments was promoted by localized introgression from banteng and/or gaur. Our findings provide insights into the history and environmental adaptation of indicine cattle.

A whole genome scan reveals distinct features of selection in Zhaotong cattle of Yunnan province.

Over the years, indigenous cattle have not only played an essential role in securing primary food sources but have also been utilized for labor by humans, making them invaluable genetic resources. The Zhaotong cattle, a native Chinese breed from the Yunnan province, possess excellent meat quality and resistance to heat and humidity. Here we used whole genome sequencing data of 104 animals to delve into the population structure, genomic diversity and potential positive selection signals in Zhaotong cattle. The findings of this study demonstrate that the genetic composition of Zhaotong cattle was primarily derived from Chinese indicine cattle and East Asian cattle. The nucleotide diversity of Zhaotong cattle was only lower than that of Chinese indicine cattle, which was much higher than that of other taurine cattle. Genome-wide selection scans detected a series of positive candidate regions containing multiple key genes related to bone development and metabolism (CA10, GABRG3, GLDN and NOTUM), meat quality traits (ALG8, LINGO2, MYO5B, PRKG1 and GABRB1), immune response (ADA2, BMF, LEF1 and PAK6) and heat resistance (EIF2AK4 and LEF1). In summary, this study supplies essential genetic insights into the genome diversity within Zhaotong cattle and provides a foundational framework for comprehending the genetic basis of indigenous cattle breeds.

The genetic secrets of adaptation: decoding the significance of the 30-bp insertion in the KRT77 gene for Chinese cattle.

The KRT77 gene is a type II epithelial cell α-keratin gene family member that plays a crucial role in animal epidermal and coat formation. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between the KRT77 gene and the adaptability of Chinese cattle in varying environments by exploring the distribution of an exon insertion of the KRT77 gene in different cattle populations. Our analysis involved amplifying and sequencing DNA samples from 362 individuals from 24 cattle breeds in China. Our findings reveal a gradual increase in the frequency of insertion from the northwest to the southeast population. We conducted an association analysis between the genotypes and climate data, revealing a correlation between the insertion and local annual mean temperature, relative humidity, and temperature humidity index. The study highlights the significance of the newly identified KRT77 gene insertion as a variation associated with environmental adaptation in Chinese cattle.This insertion variation increased insights into the genetic mechanisms that drive adaptation in Chinese cattle, emphasizing the importance of the 30-bp insertion in the KRT77 gene. Our findings facilitate further research to improve cattle breeding strategies for adaptability to changing environments from the northwest to the southeast population. In conclusion, this study provides value.

A wearable 3D pressure sensor based on electrostatic self-assembly MXene/chitosan sponge and insulating PVP spacer.

It has been shown that flexible pressure sensors may be used in many different contexts, including human-machine interaction, intelligent robots, and health monitoring. In this work, we create a 3D sponge piezoresistive pressure sensor using MXene, chitosan, polyurethane sponge, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (MXene/CS/PU sponge/PVP), with the well-conductive MXene nanosheet serving as the force sensitive material. In particular, the mechanical strength and endurance of the sensor are enhanced by electrostatic self-assembly between the negatively charged MXene nanosheets and the positively charged CS/PU composite sponge skeleton. The insulating PVP nanowires (PVP-NWs) also decreases the device's initial current, increasing the sensor's sensitivity. These characteristics allow the pressure sensor to simultaneously have a high sensitivity (50.27 kPa-1for pressure below 7 kPa and 13.3 kPa-1for pressure between 7 and 16 kPa), a quick response time (160 ms), a short recovery time (130 ms), and excellent cycling stability (5000 cycles). Moreover, the sensor exhibits a waterproof performance, where the force-sensitive layer still works normally after cleaning. In practice, the sensor could detect a variety of human actions as well as the distribution of spatial pressure due to the above superior device performance.

A missense mutation of the WNK1 gene affects cold tolerance in Chinese domestic cattle.

Inclement weather conditions, especially cold stress, have threatened the cattle industry. Cattle exposed to cold environments for a longer time suffer developmental delay, immunity decline, and eventually death. WNK1 is a member of With-no-lysine kinases (WNKs), widely expressed in animal organs and tissues. WNK1 and WNK4 are expressed in adipose tissue, and WNK4 promotes adipogenesis. WNK1 does not directly affect adipogenesis but has been shown to promote WNK4 expression in several tissues or organs. One missense mutation NC_037346.1:g.107692244, A > G, rs208265410 in the WNK1 gene was detected from the database of bovine genomic variation (BGVD). Here, we collected 328 individuals of 17 breeds representing four groups of Chinese cattle, northern group cattle, southern group cattle, central group cattle, and special group cattle (Tibetan cattle). We also collected the temperature and humidity data records from their relative locations. The frequencies of the G allele in Chinese breeds increased from northern China to southern China, and the frequencies of the A allele showed an opposite trend. Our results indicate that the WNK1 gene might be a candidate gene marker associated with cold tolerance.

Genome-wide association study reveals that the IBSP locus affects ear size in cattle.

Ear size is a classical model for hot climate adaptation following the evolution, but the genetic basis of the traits associated with ear size remains to be elucidated. Here, we performed a genome-wide association study on 158 cattle to explain the genetic mechanism of ear size. One region on BTA6 between 36.79 and 38.80 Mb included 50 suggestive SNPs and 4 significant SNPs that were significantly associated with ear size. The most significant locus (P = 1.30 × 10-8) was a missense mutation (T250I) on the seventh exon of integrin-binding sialoprotein (IBSP), which had an allele substitution effect of 23.46 cm2 for ear size. Furthermore, this mutation will cause changes in the three-dimensional structure of the protein. To further identify genes underlying this typical feature, we performed a genome scan among nine cattle breeds with different ear sizes by using SweeD. Results suggested that IBSP was under positive selection among four breeds with relatively large ear sizes. The expression levels of IBSP in ear tissues of large- and small-ear cattle were significantly different. A haplotype diversity survey of this missense mutation in worldwide cattle breeds strongly implied that the origin of this missense mutation event was Bos taurus. These findings have important theoretical importance for the exploration of major genes associated with ear size and provide important molecular markers for the identification of cattle germplasm resources.

Assessing genomic diversity and selective pressures in Bashan cattle by whole-genome sequencing data.

Specific ecological environments and domestication have continuously influenced the physiological characteristics of Chinese indigenous cattle. Among them, Bashan cattle belongs to one of the indigenous breeds. However, the genomic diversity of Bashan cattle is still unknown. Published whole-genome sequencing (WGS) data of 13 Bashan cattle and 48 worldwide cattle were used to investigate the genetic composition and selection characteristics of Bashan cattle. The population structure analysis revealed that Bashan cattle harbored ancestries with East Asian taurine and Chinese indicine. Genetic diversity analysis implied the relatively high genomic diversity in Bashan cattle. Through the identification of containing >5 nsSNPs or frameshift mutations genes in Bashan cattle, a large number of pathways related to sensory perception were discovered. CLR, θπ ratio, FST, and XP-EHH methods were used to detect the candidate signatures of positive selection in Bashan cattle. Among the identified genes, most of the enriched signal pathways were related to environmental information processing, biological systems, and metabolism. We mainly reported genes related to the nervous system (HCN1, KATNA1, FSTL1, GRIK2, and CPLX2), immune (CD244, SLAMF1, LY9, and CD48), and reproduction (AKR1C1, AKR1C3, AKR1C4, and TUSC3). Our findings will be significant in understanding the molecular basis underlying phenotypic variation of breed-related traits and improving productivity in Bashan cattle.

Copy number variation of GAL3ST1 gene is associated with growth traits of Chinese cattle.

Copy number variation (CNV) is a type of genomic structural variation, and the research on it has flourished in recent years. According to the high-throughput sequencing data, we found that the copy number variation region of the GAL3ST1 gene was correlated with the growth traits of bovine. It is significant that we study the CNV of GAL3ST1 gene and process the association analysis between results of Q-PCR and growth traits of Chinese cattle. In this research, SPSS software was used to detect the distribution of GAL3ST1 gene copy number in four cattle breeds and the correlation of growth traits was analyzed. Correlation analysis showed that GAL3ST1 CNV had positive effects on some growth traits of bovine (p < 0.05). In addition, the study detects the expression of GAL3ST1 gene in different tissues of Xia'nan cattles on mRNA level. The result showed that GAL3ST1 gene has different expression conditions in different tissues, results showed that the expression level was high in intestine and low in liver tissue. In a word, we speculated that the GAL3ST1 gene can be used as a molecular marker and this study confirmed that the CNV of it can provide theoretical basis for molecular breeding of cattle in China.

Genes related to heat tolerance in cattle-a review.

Heat stress is described as the cumulative detrimental effect caused by an imbalance between heat production within the body and heat dissipation. When cattle are exposed to heat stress with skin surface temperatures exceeding 35 °C, gene networks within and across cells respond to environmental heat loads with both intra and extracellular signals that coordinate cellular and whole-animal metabolism changes to store heat and rapidly increase evaporative heat loss. In this study, we examined evidence from genes known to be associated with heat tolerance (Hsp70, HSF1, HspB8, SOD1, PRLH, ATP1A1, MTOR, and EIF2AK4). This information could serve as valuable resource material for breeding programs aimed at increasing the thermotolerance of cattle.

A novel "signal on-off-super on" sandwich-type aptamer sensor of CRISPR-Cas12a coupled voltage enrichment assay for VEGF detection.

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays an important role in atherosclerosis, and the detection of VEGF is critical for the prevention, monitoring, and diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. Here, a novel "signal on-off-super on" sandwich-type aptamer sensor with a triple signal amplification strategy was developed for the first time. Based on the capture aptamer was labeled with methylene blue (MB) on the internal bases, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas12a-coupled voltage enrichment was used to amplify the electrochemical signal. To improve the analytical performance of the aptamer sensor, gold nanoparticles@Ti3C2Tx-Mxene (AuNPs@Ti3C2Tx-Mxene) were synthesized through the electrodeposition of AuNPs on the Ti3C2Tx-Mxene surface, providing active sites for the immobilization of the aptamer and amplifying the electrochemical signals. The excellent trans-cleavage activity of the CRISPR-Cas12a system was harnessed to cleave signal probes. The cleaved signal probes were enriched using an electrochemical signal instead of complicated target amplification steps before detection. Hence, we report a simplified detection process for amplifying electrochemical signals. Under optimal conditions, the aptamer sensor exhibited high sensitivity, acceptable stability, and reproducibility with a wide linear range from 1 pM to 10 µM (R2 = 0.9917) and an ultralow detection limit of 0.33 pM (S/N = 3). Therefore, we propose a novel strategy of CRISPR-Cas12a-based protein detection that opens a new window for the diagnostic applications of various biomarkers.

Muscle transcriptome analysis reveal candidate genes and pathways related to fat and lipid metabolism in Yunling cattle.

Yunling cattle (YL) is a recently developed beef breed harboring a quarter of Yunnan ancestral cattle genome, spanning over past 30 years. Compared with Diqing cattle (DQ), a Yunnan native cattle breed, YL presents various advantages, including rapid growth and exquisite meat quality. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying these phenotypic differences are not clearly understood. To further identify the candidate genes responsible for the quality of the meat in the muscle, longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle was used for RNA-Seq analysis. A total of 508 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in YL (adjusted p-value <0.01 and log2FoldChange >1), of which 243 were up-regulated and 265 were down-regulated. Functional association analysis showed that the identified DEGs mainly enriched the lipid and fat metabolism pathways. Moreover, it was also observed that several fat-related genes were differentially expressed in both cattle breeds, including three up-regulated genes (MOGAT1, ACSM3, PLPP2) and two down-regulated genes (ADIG, GPAT3). In addition, alternative splice analysis was also performed revealing an important 9-11 exon skipping variation of GPAM gene (crucial for beef marbling) in YL, which is three times higher than that in DQ, suggesting that this variation might have played the central role in the 'snow beef' effect in YL. We believe that our results will help in understanding the mechanism of muscle development and promote the further breeding programs in YL cattle.

A novel SNP of TECPR2 gene associated with heat tolerance in Chinese cattle.

Heat stress affects the animal production and causes serious economic losses to the husbandry. Tectonin beta-propeller repeat containing 2 (TECPR2) gene plays an important role in autophagy which may affect the temperature sensation in animals. A missense mutation (XM_024981840.1:c.3989 G > A p.Arg1330His) of the transcripts X4 in the bovine TECPR2 gene was identified. In this study, the c.3989 G > A variant in TECPR2 gene was genotyped in a total of 25 cattle breeds (520 individuals). Our results indicated that the frequency of A allele showed a decreasing pattern from southern cattle to northern cattle, while the frequency of G allele showed the opposite pattern, which was consistent with the climate distribution of China. Compared with the GG genotype, southern cattle carried more the AA and AG genotypes. Furthermore, the association results carried out that the frequencies of genotypes (GG, AG, AA) and the value of climate parameters (mean annual temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and temperature humidity index (THI) were significantly correlated (p < 0.01). Hence, we speculated that the c.3989 G > A variant of TECPR2 gene was associated with the heat tolerance trait in Chinese cattle and the locus may be considered as a molecular marker for Chinese cattle breeding.

A missense mutation (rs209302038) of KRT9 gene associated with heat stress in Chinese cattle.

Type I keratin 9 encoded by the KRT9 gene serves an important special function either in the mature palmar and plantar skin tissue. The changes in skin conditions and thickening of the outer layer of the skin may be affected by environmental variables. A missense mutation rs209302038 (NC_037346.1: g.41782870 G > A) was detected in KRT9, which changing the isoleucine into valine. This study aimed to identify the frequency of allele in this locus in Chinese indigenous cattle, and analyze the connection with heat stress. Our results indicated that the frequency of allele A gradually decreases from south to north, while the frequency of G allele showed the opposite pattern. Further analysis of the association of the different genotypes with three climate factors, which showed that the genotypes (GG, GA, AA) were significantly related to climatic conditions (p < 0.01). Therefore, we speculated that the mutation of the rs209302038 in Chinese indigenous cattle might be a genetic marker to detect heat stress.

TAS2R16 introgression from banteng into indigenous Chinese cattle.

Historical hybridization between southern indigenous Chinese cattle and banteng has been well-documented and has resulted in gene introgression. Bitter taste receptors were reported in indigenous cattle as a result of introgression from banteng. To determine the level of introgression of the taste 2 receptor member 16 (TAS2R16) gene from banteng into Chinese cattle, two missense mutations in the bovine TAS2R16 gene were examined. Here, we explored the prevalence of the two variants in 28 indigenous Chinese cattle and banteng breeds (comprising 750 individuals) to determine the influence of banteng introgressions on Chinese cattle based on PCR and DNA sequencing. In our study, the two mutant alleles had a higher frequency distribution in southern China with strong geographic distribution, especially in the south-central and southeast areas. In conclusion, this study examines the impact of introgression on the frequency distributions of mutations in variable regions and the subsequent adaptation of Chinese indigenous cattle to different environmental conditions.

Identification of an immunogenic epitope and protective antibody against the furin cleavage site of SARS-CoV-2.

BACKGROUND: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, contains a unique, four amino acid (aa) "PRRA" insertion in the spike (S) protein that creates a transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2)/furin cleavage site and enhances viral infectivity. More research into immunogenic epitopes and protective antibodies against this SARS-CoV-2 furin cleavage site is needed. METHODS: Combining computational and experimental methods, we identified and characterized an immunogenic epitope overlapping the furin cleavage site that detects antibodies in COVID-19 patients and elicits strong antibody responses in immunized mice. We also identified a high-affinity monoclonal antibody from COVID-19 patient peripheral blood mononuclear cells; the antibody directly binds the furin cleavage site and protects against SARS-CoV-2 infection in a mouse model. FINDINGS: The presence of "PRRA" amino acids in the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 not only creates a furin cleavage site but also generates an immunogenic epitope that elicits an antibody response in COVID-19 patients. An antibody against this epitope protected against SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice. INTERPRETATION: The immunogenic epitope and protective antibody we have identified may augment our strategy in handling COVID-19 epidemic. FUNDING: The National Natural Science Foundation of China (82102371, 91542201, 81925025, 82073181, and 81802870), the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Initiative for Innovative Medicine (2021-I2M-1-047 and 2022-I2M-2-004), the Non-profit Central Research Institute Fund of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2020-PT310-006, 2019XK310002, and 2018TX31001), the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2020YFC0841700), US National Institute of Health (NIH) funds grant AI158154, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) AI and Charity Treks, and UCLA DGSOM BSCRC COVID-19 Award Program. H.Y. is supported by Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (BK20211554 andBE2022728).

RPS14 promotes the development and progression of glioma via p53 signaling pathway.

Glioma is a common primary intracranial brain disease that exhibits an increasing incidence and mortality rate. Accumulating evidences have suggested that Ribosomal protein S14 (RPS14) was involved in cell proliferation and tumor progression. Nevertheless, the biological function and underlying mechanism of RPS14 in glioma are still largely unclear. Herein, we found that RPS14 was overexpressed in glioma. In the loss-of-function experiments, RPS14 depletion markedly suppressed glioma cell proliferation, migration and prompted cell apoptosis in vitro. Further study suggested that RPS14 depletion inhibited tumor growth of glioma in vivo. Additionally, human phospho-kinase array profiling and Western blot analysis revealed that the effects of RPS14 knockdown on glioma may be closely associated with p53 signaling pathway. Further study indicated that addition of p53 inhibitor pifithrin-α (PFT-α) could attenuate the influences of RPS14 knockdown on cell proliferation and apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggested that RPS14 exhibits a pro-oncogenic role in glioma progression and may be act as a novel potential therapeutic target for gliomas.