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A variety of drugs have been known to induce disulfiram-like reactions in individuals exposed to ethanol, including certain cephalosporin antibiotics with methylthiotetrazole (MTT) substituents or methylthiodioxotriazine (MTDT) rings. Among cephalosporins, cefixime is known to cause fewer disulfiram-like reactions. This case report, the first involving a pediatric patient, presents the scenario of a 14-year-old female who exhibited drowsiness, loss of consciousness, and cold extremities within an hour after ingesting 9 cefixime capsules. Upon admission, drug intoxication was considered, prompting immediate gastric lavage and toxicology tests, which revealed the presence of both cefixime and alcohol. Subsequent monitoring of vital signs, rehydration, and symptomatic treatments aimed at facilitating toxic excretion were administered during hospitalization. Following initial assessment by a clinical pharmacist, drug intoxication was deemed improbable, though an atypical disulfiram-like reaction or alcohol intoxication could not be ruled out. Further evaluation, coupled with the child's cefixime overdose, suggested an atypical disulfiram-like reaction. This case underscores the potential for disulfiram reactions even with cephalosporins lacking MTT substituents or MTDT rings. Notably, it is the first report of an atypical disulfiram-like reaction triggered by alcohol consumption following cefixime overdose, emphasizing the importance of caution in cefixime usage and avoidance of alcohol or alcohol-containing substances.
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Antibacterianos , Cefixima , Humanos , Feminino , Cefixima/efeitos adversos , Cefixima/administração & dosagem , Adolescente , Antibacterianos/efeitos adversos , Antibacterianos/administração & dosagem , Consumo de Bebidas Alcoólicas/efeitos adversos , Dissulfiram/efeitos adversos , Transtornos da Consciência/induzido quimicamente , Etanol/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Background: Several respiratory infections outbreaks have been observed in mainland China after reduction of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Other countries have seen increases in respiratory infections outside typical seasons post-COVID-19, warranting investigation into underlying causes. Methods: We established monitoring networks for suspected respiratory infection in 14 tertiary hospitals nationwide. PCR for SARS-CoV-2, influenza A and B were performed on 3708 respiratory specimens and deep sequencing were conducted to identify co-infections or newly emerging microbes in 2023. Viral evolutionary analysis was completed. We retrospectively detected serum antibody level for various respiratory pathogens from 4324 adults without respiratory infections over 7 years to observe its dynamic curves. Findings: SARS-CoV-2 and influenza A were the main pathogens during outbreaks in 2023, bacterial-virus and bacterial-bacterial co-infections were most detected, but community co-infections didn't significantly increase pneumonia incidence. Different SARS-CoV-2 and influenza variants were present in different outbreaks, and no novel pathogens were found. The epidemiological patterns of influenza A, COVID-19 and etc. were altered, exhibiting characteristics of being "staggered" compared to most global regions, and potentially led to "overlapping prevalence". Binding antibody testing showed regular fluctuation, without significant decrease against common respiratory pathogens in adults. Influenza A antibody stimulation was attenuated during the 2023 outbreak. Conclusions: "Misaligned" alteration in seasonal respiratory disease patterns possibly caused combined epidemics, leading to cases spike in China, 2023. In adults, antibody levels didn't show significant decline, but reduced immune response to influenza during 2020-2023 emphasizes the need for consistent vaccination during pandemics.
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BACKGROUND: We aimed to establish a prognostic predictive model based on machine learning (ML) methods to predict the 28-day mortality of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients, and to evaluate treatment effectiveness. METHODS: ACLF patients from six tertiary hospitals were included for analysis. Features for ML models' development were selected by LASSO regression. Models' performance was evaluated by area under the curve (AUC) and accuracy. Shapley additive explanation was used to explain the ML model. RESULTS: Of the 736 included patients, 587 were assigned to a training set and 149 to an external validation set. Features selected included age, hepatic encephalopathy, total bilirubin, PTA, and creatinine. The eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGB) model outperformed other ML models in the prognostic prediction of ACLF patients, with the highest AUC and accuracy. Delong's test demonstrated that the XGB model outperformed Child-Pugh score, MELD score, CLIF-SOFA, CLIF-C OF, and CLIF-C ACLF. Sequential assessments at baseline, day 3, day 7, and day 14 improved the predictive performance of the XGB-ML model and can help clinicians evaluate the effectiveness of medical treatment. CONCLUSIONS: We established an XGB-ML model to predict the 28-day mortality of ACLF patients as well as to evaluate the treatment effectiveness.
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Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a pathophysiological disorder that may involve multiple clinical conditions and may be associated with a variety of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. Pulmonary hypertension due to left heart disease (PH-LHD) currently lacks targeted therapies, while Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), despite approved treatments, carries considerable residual risk. Metabolic dysfunction has been linked to the pathogenesis and prognosis of PH through various studies, with emerging metabolic agents offering a potential avenue for improving patient outcomes. Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor (SGLT-2i), a novel hypoglycemic agent, could ameliorate metabolic dysfunction and exert cardioprotective effects. Recent small-scale studies suggest SGLT-2i treatment may improve pulmonary artery pressure in patients with PH-LHD, and the PAH animal model shows that SGLT-2i can reduce pulmonary vascular remodeling and prevent progression in PAH, suggesting potential benefits for patients with PH-LHD and perhaps PAH. This review aims to succinctly review PH's pathophysiology, and the connection between metabolic dysfunction and PH, and investigate the prospective mechanisms of action of SGLT-2i in PH-LHD and PAH management.
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Hipertensão Pulmonar , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose , Humanos , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/uso terapêutico , Inibidores do Transportador 2 de Sódio-Glicose/farmacologia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão Pulmonar/fisiopatologia , Animais , Remodelação Vascular/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar/tratamento farmacológico , Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar/fisiopatologiaRESUMO
Background and Aims: The impact of the characteristics of extrahepatic organ failure (EHOF) including the onset time, number, type, and sequence on the prognosis of acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) patients remains unknown. This study aimed to identify the association between the characteristics of EHOF and the prognosis of ACLF patients. Methods: ACLF subjects enrolled at six hospitals in China were included in the analysis. The risk of mortality based on the characteristics of EHOF was evaluated. Survival of study groups was compared by Kaplan-Meier analysis and log-rank tests. Results: A total of 736 patients with ACLF were included. EHOF was observed in 402 patients (54.6%), of which 295 (73.4%) developed single EHOF (SEHOF) and 107 (26.6%) developed multiple EHOF (MEHOF). The most commonly observed EHOF was coagulation failure (47.0%), followed by renal (13.0%), brain (4.9%), respiratory (4.3%), and circulatory (2.3%) failure. Survival analysis found that MEHOF or SEHOF patients with brain failure had a worse prognosis. However, no significant outcome was found in the analysis of the effect of onset time and sequence of failed organs on prognosis. Patients were further divided into three risk subgroups by the EHOF characteristics. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that risk stratification resulted in the differentiation of patients with different risks of mortality both in the training and validation cohorts. Conclusions: The mortality of ACLF patients was determined by the number and type, but not the onset time and sequence of EHOF. Risk stratification applicable to clinical practice was established.
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Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are still being considered as a candidate to replace liquid electrolytes for high-safety and flexible lithium batteries due to their superiorities including light-weight, good flexibility, and shape versatility. However, inefficient ion transportation of linear polymer electrolytes is still the biggest challenge. To improve ion transport capacity, developing novel polymer electrolytes are supposed to be an effective strategy. Nonlinear topological structures such as hyperbranched, star-shaped, comb-like, and brush-like types have highly branched features. Compared with linear polymer electrolytes, topological polymer electrolytes possess more functional groups, lower crystallization, glass transition temperature, and better solubility. Especially, a large number of functional groups are beneficial to dissociation of lithium salt for improving the ion conductivity. Furthermore, topological polymers have strong design ability to meet the requirements of comprehensive performances of SPEs. In this review, the recent development in topological polymer electrolytes is summarized and their design thought is analyzed. Outlooks are also provided for the development of future SPEs. It is expected that this review can raise a strong interest in the structural design of advanced polymer electrolyte, which can give inspirations for future research on novel SPEs and promote the development of next-generation high-safety flexible energy storage devices.
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Solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) have great potential to be used in high-safety lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, it is still a significant challenge for SPEs to develop high ionic conductivity, high mechanical strength, and good interior interfacial compatibility. In this work, a ketone-based all-solid-state electrolyte (PAD) resulting from allyl acetoacetate (AAA), diacetone acrylamide (DAAM), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) was prepared by UV-inducing photopolymerization. The abundant ketone groups endow the prepared PAD all-solid-state electrolyte with strong dissociation of lithium salts and weak coordination interactions between ketone groups and Li+. Depending on the unique properties of the ketone groups in the electrolyte system, the prepared polymer electrolytes show a high lithium-ion transference number of 0.87 and a wide electrochemical window of 4.95 V. Furthermore, the PAD electrolyte also exhibits superior viscoelasticity, which is beneficial for good contact with electrodes. As a result, the assembled LFP/PAD/Li cells with PAD electrolytes show good cycle performance and rate performance. Concretely, the all-solid-state symmetric lithium cells with the PAD electrolyte can achieve stable lithium plating and stripping at 0.05 mA cm-2 for over 1000 h at 60 °C. This work highlights the advantages of ketone-based electrolyte as a polymer electrolyte and provides a design method for advanced polymer electrolytes applied in high-performance solid lithium batteries.
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Lithium metal batteries hold promise for energy storage applications but suffer from uncontrolled lithium dendrites. In this study, a new composite membrane based on modified natural polymer and ZIF-67 is designed and prepared by the in situ composite method for the first time. Among them, a modified natural polymer composed of lithium alginate (LA) and polyacrylamide (PAM) can be obtained by electrospinning. Importantly, the polar functional groups of natural polymers can interact by hydrogen bonding and MOFs can construct lithium-ion transport channels. Consequently, compared with LA-PAM electrolyte without MOF, the electrochemical stability window of ZIF-67-LA-PAM electrolyte becomes wider from 4.5 to 5.2 V, and the lithium-ion transference number (tLi+ ) enhances from 0.326 to 0.627 at 30°C. It is worth noting that the symmetric cells with ZIF-67-LA-PAM have superior stable cycling performance at 40 and 100 mA cm-2 , and a high rate at 10C and 20C for LFP cells. Besides, the cell with NCM811 high-voltage cathode can run stably for 400 cycles with an initial discharge capacity of 136.1 mAh g-1 at 0.5C. This work provides an effective method for designing and preparing MOF-natural polymer composite electrolytes and exhibits an excellent application prospect in high-energy-density lithium metal batteries.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) has set the goal of eliminating hepatitis as a threat to public health by 2030. Blocking mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is not only the key to eliminating viral hepatitis, but also a hot issue in the field of hepatitis B prevention and treatment. To standardize the clinical management of preventing MTCT of HBV and achieve zero HBV infection among infants, the Chinese Foundation for Hepatitis Prevention and Control organized experts to compile a management algorithm for prevention of MTCT of HBV based on the latest research progress and guidelines, including 10 steps of pregnancy management and postpartum follow-up, among which screening, antiviral treatment, and infant immunization are its core components.
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A new type of polymeric nanomicelle-based nanoagent (denoted as PT@MFH hereafter) capable of the highly sensitive release of the chemotherapeutic drug paclitaxel (PTX) upon exposure to a near-infrared (NIR) laser trigger was developed. Specifically, PTX and a photothermal polymer (T-DPPT) were encapsulated in the cavity of nanomicelles, which were constructed from an amphiphilic block copolymer (PCL-PEEP) with a lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of â¼54 °C. Owing to the unprecedented ability of the T-DPPT moiety to harvest near-infrared light, with a mass extinction coefficient at 808 nm of up to â¼80.8 L g-1 cm-1, and convert NIR light to heat, with a photothermal conversion efficiency (η) of up to â¼70%, local hyperthermia was promptly realized via irradiation from an 808 nm laser with extraordinarily low output power. This enabled remarkable contrast in the local temperature and drug release between the "silent" state (prior to phototriggering) and the "activated" state (after phototriggering). This NIR-light-activated local hyperthermia and drug release presented the basis for combined chemotherapy and photothermal therapy (PTT) in antitumor treatment and displayed superb therapeutic efficacy. This pattern together with the high spatial precision imparted by laser triggering jointly contributed to the maximum combined antitumor efficacy to the tumor, while exhibiting minimal side effects on the normal tissues, as preliminarily verified in the in vivo experiment regarding the ability of PT@MFH to efficiently inhibit tumor growth in tumor-bearing model mice.
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Hipertermia Induzida , Nanopartículas , Neoplasias , Animais , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Raios Infravermelhos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C , Micelas , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Paclitaxel/farmacologia , Paclitaxel/uso terapêutico , Fototerapia , Terapia Fototérmica , PolímerosRESUMO
Objective: To assess the geographic distribution of HCV genotypes, effectiveness, and safety of DAA treatment for HCV-infected patients in North and Northeast China. Methods: The geographic distribution of HCV genotypes was analyzed in 2162 patients recruited from April 2018 to February 2021. Sustained virologic response rates at 12 (SVR12) or 24 (SVR24) weeks posttreatment and safety were analyzed in 405 patients who completed DAA treatment according to patient baseline characteristics and treatment. Results: Four genotypes and six subtypes were identified as follows: 1b (1187, 54.90%), 2a (790, 36.54%), 3a/b (134, 6.20%), 6a/n (44, 2.04%), mixed genotypes (2a-6a or 2a-3a) (7, 0.32%). Overall, 99.01% patients achieved SVR12, while 98.43% achieved SVR24. All patients treated with elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR), sofosbuvir/velpatasvir ± ribavirin (SOF/VEL ± RBV), and SOF/ledipasvir (LDV) achieved SVR12 or SVR24; 92.86% SVR12 and 95.83% SVR24 were observed in patients using SOF + RBV. SVR12 was higher in noncirrhosis versus compensated cirrhosis patients (100% vs. 97.09%, p=0.022). No severe drug-related adverse event was observed. Conclusions: Genotypes 1b and 2a were dominant subtypes in North and Northeast China. The approved drug regimens EBR/GZR and SOF/LDV for subtype 1b and SOF/VEL for nongenotype 1b are the optimal effective and safety profile.
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Antivirais , Hepatite C Crônica , Antivirais/efeitos adversos , Quimioterapia Combinada , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Ribavirina/uso terapêutico , Sofosbuvir/uso terapêutico , Resposta Viral Sustentada , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Type 3 hereditary hemochromatosis (HH) is a rare form of HH characterized by genetic mutation in the TFR2 gene. Clinical features reported in patients with type 3 HH include abnormal liver function, liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, diabetes, hypogonadism, cardiomyopathy, and skin pigmentation. Since its original description in 2000, 33 pathogenic TFR2 mutations associated with HH have been described until now. Here, we first reported a Chinese pedigree of TFR2-related hemochromatosis with a novel compound heterozygous mutation c.1288G > A (p.G430R)/c.960T > A (p.Y320X). Interestingly, different phenotypes were reported although the proband and his sister shared the same gene mutation. This inconsistency between genotypes and phenotypes indicates multifactorial etiology contributing to the development of HH. Our report broadens the mutation spectrum of the TFR2 gene associated with HH.
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Porphyrins and their derivatives are a unique class of multifunctional and modifiable π-conjugated heterocyclic organic molecules, which have been widely applied in the fields of optoelectronic devices and catalysis. However, the application of porphyrins in polymer electrolytes for all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (ASSLIBs) has rarely been reported. Herein, porphyrin molecules modified by polyether chains are used for composite solid-state polymer electrolytes (CSPEs) for the first time. The introduction of a modified porphyrin in an electrolyte can not only promote the electrochemical properties by constructing ordered ion channels via the intermolecular interaction between π-conjugated heterocyclic porphyrins, but also significantly improve the mechanical strength and interface contact between the electrolyte membrane and the lithium metal anode. Consequently, the all-solid-state batteries assembled by the modified porphyrin composite polymer electrolyte, LiFePO4 cathodes, and Li anodes deliver a higher discharge capacity of 158.2 mA h g-1 at 60 °C, 0.2 C, which remains at 153.6 mA h g-1 after 120 cycles with an average coulombic efficiency of â¼99.60%. Furthermore, the flexible porphyrin-based composite polymer electrolyte can also enable a Li || LiCoO2 battery to exhibit a maximum discharge capacity of 108.6 mA h g-1 at 60 °C, 0.1 C with an active material loading of 2-3 mg cm-2, which is unable to realize for the corresponding batteries with a pure PEO-based polymer electrolyte. This work not only broadens the application scope of porphyrins, but also proposes a novel method to fabricate CSPEs with improved electrochemical and mechanical properties, which may shed new light on the development of CSPEs for next-generation high-energy-density lithium-ion batteries.
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BACKGROUND AND AIM: This single-arm, open-label, multicenter, phase 3 trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of seraprevir, an hepatitis C virus (HCV) nonstructural protein 3/4A (NS3/4A) inhibitor, combined with sofosbuvir for treating Chinese patients with chronic HCV infection without cirrhosis. METHODS: Treatment-naive or interferon-experienced adult patients without cirrhosis were treated with a universal, combinational regimen of seraprevir 100 mg, twice daily and sofosbuvir 400 mg, once daily, for 12 or 24 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was sustained virologic response at week 12 after treatment (SVR12). RESULTS: Overall, 205 patients with genotype 1 HCV infection without cirrhosis were enrolled from 23 sites, 202 of whom completed the full treatment and post-treatment course and 3 discontinued follow-up. In total, 27 patients (13.2%) were interferon experienced. SVR12 was achieved by 201 out of 205 (98.0% [95% CI, 95.1%, 99.5%]) patients, 100.0% of patients with genotype 1a, and 98.0% of genotype 1b. In the other exploratory study, SVR 12 was achieved by 100% patients with genotype 2 (n = 21), genotype 3 (n = 7), and genotype 6 (n = 8). The majority of adverse events were mild to moderate and transient and did not require a specific medical intervention. CONCLUSIONS: The all-oral, ribavirin-free regimen of seraprevir and sofosbuvir is an effective and well-tolerated treatment option for Chinese patients mono-infected with HCV, including those with a history of interferon treatment.
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Hepatite C Crônica , Sofosbuvir , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais , Adulto , Antivirais/efeitos adversos , China/epidemiologia , Quimioterapia Combinada , Genótipo , Hepacivirus/genética , Hepatite C Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Hepatite C Crônica/genética , Humanos , Cirrose Hepática/epidemiologia , Sofosbuvir/efeitos adversos , Resultado do Tratamento , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/efeitos adversos , Proteínas não Estruturais Virais/antagonistas & inibidoresAssuntos
Anticorpos Antivirais/sangue , Betacoronavirus/imunologia , Infecções por Coronavirus/diagnóstico , Coloide de Ouro/química , Imunoensaio/métodos , Pneumonia Viral/diagnóstico , COVID-19 , Humanos , Imunoglobulina G/sangue , Imunoglobulina M/sangue , Pandemias , Kit de Reagentes para Diagnóstico , SARS-CoV-2RESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recently, extensive evidence has clarified the crucial role of circular RNAs (circRNAs) as a pro-tumor or anti-cancer participant in human malignancies. A new circRNA derived from oxysterol binding protein like 10 (OSBPL10) (circOSBPL10) has not been researched in cervical cancer (CC) yet. METHODS: The expression of molecules was analyzed by RT-qPCR or western blot. Several functional assays were applied to explore the biological influence of circOSBPL10 on CC. The interaction between RNAs was estimated via luciferase reporter, RNA immunoprecipitation and RNA pull-down assays. RESULTS: CircOSBPL10 characterized with cyclic structure was revealed to possess elevated expression in CC cells. CircOSBPL10 downregulation elicited suppressive impacts on CC cell proliferation and migration. Interestingly, circOSBPL10 regulated CC progression by interacting with microRNA-1179 (miR-1179). Moreover, ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2 Q1 (UBE2Q1) targeted by miR-1179 was positively regulated by circOSBPL10 in CC. Furthermore, enhanced UBE2Q1 expression or suppressed miR-1179 level countervailed the repressive effect of circOSBPL10 depletion on the malignant phenotypes of CC cells. Moreover, forkhead box A1 (FOXA1) was confirmed to induce circOSBPL10 expression in CC cells. CONCLUSIONS: FOXA1-induced circOSBPL10 facilitates CC progression through miR-1179/UBE2Q1 axis, highlighting a strong potential for circOSBPL10 to serve as a promising therapeutic target in CC.
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Sulfur-rich polymers synthesized by inverse vulcanization are promising cathodes for Li-S batteries and can suppress the shuttle effect to improve the cycling properties of Li-S batteries. However, developing a sulfur-rich copolymer with new chemical functionality to enhance performance of Li-S batteries remains a huge challenge. In this report, a sulfur-rich polymer cathode containing ionic liquid segments named poly(sulfur-co-1-vinyl-3-allylimidazolium bromide) [poly(S-co-DVIMBr)] was obtained by the inverse vulcanization of S8 with DVIMBr and used as cathode for the first time. This sulfur-rich poly ionic liquid cathode showed effective suppression of the shuttle effect through joint effects of the stable chemical bonding of C-S and strong cation absorption for lithium polysulfides, which was confirmed by DFT calculations. In particular, the Li-S cell with poly(S-co-DVIMBr) cathode delivered high capacity retention of 90.22 % even over 900â cycles. Developing sulfur-rich poly ionic liquids may provide a new strategy of introducing the functional groups with cations into the cathode materials for suppressing the shuttle effect and improving the performance of Li-S batteries.
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The original poly(ethylene oxide)-based polymer electrolytes normally show low ionic conductivity and inferior mechanical property, which greatly restrict their practical application in all-solid-state lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). In this work, a hyperbranched star polymer with poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate flexible chain segments is embedded into a three-dimensional (3D) interpenetrating cross-linking network created by the rapid one-step UV-derived photopolymerization of the cross-linker (ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate) in the presence of lithium salt. The rigid 3D network framework provides the polymer electrolyte with not only enhanced mechanical behavior, including film-forming and dendrite-inhibiting capabilities, but also nanoconfinement effects, which can speed up polymer chain segmental dynamics and reduce the crystallinity of the polymer. Depending on this unique rigid-flexible coupling network, the prepared solid polymer electrolyte shows enhanced ionic conductivity (6.8 × 10-5 S cm-1 at 50 °C), widened electrochemical stability window (5.1 V vs Li/Li+), and enough mechanical stability to suppress the growth of uneven Li dendrite (the Li symmetrical cells can operate steadily at both current densities of 0.05 and 0.1 mA cm-2 for 1000 h). Moreover, the assembled LiFePO4//Li cell also exhibited good cycle performance at 50 °C, making the hyperbranched star polymer electrolyte with a nanoconfined cross-linking structure to have potential application in high-safety and high-performance LIBs.
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Background and Aims: Chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a major public health problem globally. Here, we describe the baseline characteristics and treatment profiles of HBV-infected patients recruited to the China Registry of Hepatitis B. Methods: Inclusion criteria were patients with different stages of chronic HBV infection and complete key data. Exclusion criteria were patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The baseline clinical, laboratory and treatment profiles were analyzed. Results: Finally, 40,431 patients were included. The median age was 43 years, with 65.2% being men and 51.3% being positive for hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). The most common initial diagnosis was chronic hepatitis B (81.0%), followed by cirrhosis (9.3%), inactive carrier of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (6.7%), and immune tolerant phase of hepatitis B infection (3.0%). Among the 21,228 patients who were on treatment, 88.0%, 10.0% and 2.0% received nucleos(t)ide analogues (NAs), interferon or combination of NAs and interferon, respectively. The proportion of patients who received preferred NAs (entecavir or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) had increased from 13.5% in 2003 to 79.7% in 2016. Conclusions: We concluded that middle-aged men accounted for most of the patients with chronic hepatitis B in this cross-sectional study. About half of the patients were HBeAg-positive. NAs were the most commonly used therapy, and use of the preferred NAs had steadily increased in the past decade.