Calcium Single Atom Confined in Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Coupled Polyvinylidene Fluoride Membrane for High-Performance Piezocatalysis.

A piezoelectric polymer membrane based on single metal atoms was demonstrated to be effective by anchoring isolated calcium (Ca) atoms on a composite of nitrogen-doped carbon and polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF). The addition of Ca-atom-anchored carbon nanoparticles not only promotes the formation of the ß phase (from 29.8 to 56.3%), the most piezoelectrically active phase, in PVDF, but also introduces much higher porosity and hydrophilicity. Under ultrasonic excitation, the fabricated catalyst membrane demonstrates a record-high and stable dye decomposing rate of 0.11 min-1 and antibacterial efficiencies of 99.8%. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the primary contribution to catalytic activity arises from single-atom Ca doping and that a possible synergistic effect between PVDF and Ca atoms can improve the catalytic performance. It is shown that O2 molecules can be easily hydrogenated to produce ·OH on Ca-PVDF, and the local electric field provided by the ß-phase-PVDF might enhance the production of ·O2-. The proposed polymer membrane is expected to inspire the rational design of piezocatalysts and pave the way for the application of piezocatalysis technology for practical environmental remediation.

Kill two birds with one stone: simultaneous removal of volatile organic compounds and ozone secondary pollution by a novel photocatalytic process.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) originating from diverse sources with complex compositions pose threats to both environmental safety and human health. Photocatalytic treatment of VOCs has garnered attention due to its high efficacy at room temperature. However, the intricate photochemical reaction generates ozone (O3), causing secondary pollution. Herein, our work developed a novel "synergistic effect" system for photocatalytic co-treatment of VOCs and O3 secondary pollution. Under the optimized reactor conditions simulated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD), MgO-loaded g-C3N4 composites (MgO/g-C3N4) were synthesized as efficient catalysts for the photocatalytic synergistic treatment process. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations, characterization, and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) tests revealed that the addition of MgO reduced the band gap of g-C3N4, and increased O3 molecule adsorption in the composites, efficiently harnessing the synergistic effect of O3 to generate a significant quantity of reactive oxygen radicals, thereby facilitating the removal of VOCs and O3. This study provides new insights for simultaneous elimination of VOCs and O3 secondary pollution by a photocatalytic process.

Ternary Rotational Polyanion Coupling Enables Fast Li Ion Dynamics in Tetrafluoroborate Ion Doped Antiperovskite Li2OHCl Solid Electrolyte.

Li-rich antiperovskite (LiRAP) hydroxyhalides are emerging as attractive solid electrolyte (SEs) for all-solid-state Li metal batteries (ASSLMBs) due to their low melting point, low cost, and ease of scaling-up. The incorporation of rotational polyanions can reduce the activation energy and thus improve the Li ion conductivity of SEs. Herein, we propose a ternary rotational polyanion coupling strategy to fasten the Li ion conduction in tetrafluoroborate (BF4 -) ion doped LiRAP Li2OHCl. Assisted by first-principles calculation, powder X-ray diffraction, solid-state magnetic resonance and electrochemical impedance spectra, it is confirmed that Li ion transport in BF4 - ion doped Li2OHCl is strongly associated with the rotational coupling among OH-, BF4 - and Li2-O-H octahedrons, which enhances the Li ion conductivity for more than 1.8 times with the activation energy lowering 0.03 eV. This work provides a new perspective to design high-performance superionic conductors with multi-polyanions.

Synchronous removal of gaseous toluene and benzene and degradation process shifts in microbial fuel cell-biotrickling filter system.

Illustrating the biodegradation processes of multi-component volatile organic compounds (VOCs) will expedite the implication of biotechnology in purifying industrial exhaust. Here, performance shifts of microbial fuel cell and biotrickling filter combined system (MFC-BTF) are investigated for removing single and dual components of toluene and benzene. Synchronous removal of toluene (95 %) and benzene (97 %) are achieved by MFC-BTF accompanied with the output current of 0.41 mA. Elevated content of extracellular polymeric substance facilitates the mass transfer of benzene with the presence of toluene. Strains of Bacteroidota, Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi contribute to the removal of dual components VOCs. Empty bed reaction time and the VOCs concentration are the important factors influencing their dissolution in the system. The biodegradation of toluene and benzene proceeds with 2-hydroxymuconic semialdehyde and o-hydroxybenzoic acid as the main intermediates. These results provide a comprehensive understanding of multi-component VOCs removal by MFC-BTF and guide the system design, optimization, and scale-up.

Characteristics, source analysis, and health risk of PM2.5 in the urban tunnel environment associated with E10 petrol usage.

The increase in the number of motor vehicles has intensified the impact of traffic sources on air quality. Our aim was to illustrate the characteristics of PM2.5 emissions from vehicles fueled with E10 (a blend of 10% ethanol and 90% gasoline). A 21-day PM2.5 sampling in a fully enclosed urban tunnel and the component analysis were completed, and the characteristics, sources, and health risks of tunnel PM2.5 were studied. Moreover, the PM2.5 pH and its sensitivity were investigated by the thermodynamic model (ISORROPIA-II). In addition, exposure models were used to assess the health risks of different heavy metals in PM2.5 to humans through respiratory pathways. The two-point Cu/Sb ratio (entrance: 4.0 ± 1.4; exit: 4.4 ± 1.7) was close to the diagnostic criteria indicating a significant impact from brake wear. NO3-, NH4+, and SO42- constituted the main components of water-soluble ions in PM2.5 of the tunnel, accounting for 83.0-84.6% of the total concentration of inorganic ions. The organic carbon/elemental carbon ratio of the tunnel was greater than 2, indicating that the contribution of gasoline vehicle exhaust was significant. The average emission factors of PM2.5 in the fleet was 31.4 ± 16.6 mg/(veh·km). The pH value of PM2.5 in a tunnel environment (4.6 ± 0.3) was more acidic than that in an urban environment (4.9 ± 0.6). The main sensitive factors of PM2.5 pH in the urban atmosphere and tunnel environment were total ammonia (sum of gas and aerosol, NH3) and temperature, respectively. The results of the health risk assessment showed that Pb posed a potential carcinogenic risk, while As and Cd presented unacceptable risks for tunnel workers. The non-carcinogenic risk index of heavy metals of PM2.5 in the tunnel environment exceeded the safety threshold.

[Pollution Characteristics，Source Analysis，and Activity Analysis of Atmospheric VOCs During Winter and Summer Pollution in Zhengzhou].

In order to study the pollution characteristics of volatile organic compounds （VOCs）， continuous monitoring of VOCs in two pollution processes was conducted in June and December 2021 in Zhengzhou. Combined with meteorological conditions， the pollution characteristics， source contributions， and reactivity of VOCs in winter and summer were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the volume fraction of atmospheric VOCs in two episodes were （27.92±12.68）×10-9 and （24.30±5.93）×10-9， respectively. The volume fraction of atmospheric VOCs in the haze pollution process in winter was larger than that in the ozone pollution process in summer. The analysis results of winter sources were as follows： industrial source （27.0%）， motor vehicle source （22.5%）， combustion source （20.1%）， solvent use source （16.3%）， and oil and gas volatilization source （14.1%）. The analysis results of summer sources were as follows： motor vehicle source （24.8%）， industrial source （24.1%）， solvent source （17.4%）， oil and gas volatilization source （14.2%）， combustion source （11.2%）， and plant source （8.4%）. The results of the smog production model showed that the proportion of days in the synergistic control zone of VOCs during the two pollution processes in summer （66.7%） was smaller than that in winter （100.0%）. The secondary reaction activity results showed that the average ·OH loss rate （L·OH） values in winter and summer were 4.12 s-1 and 4.75 s-1， respectively. The average ozone formation potential （OFP） values in summer were 108.36 µg·m-3. The olefins were dominant in the top ten species due to L·OH and OFP contributions in summer. The total SOAFP values in winter in Zhengzhou were 54.38 µg·m-3. Among the top ten species contributing to SOAFP in winter， nine were aromatic hydrocarbons.

[Pollution Characteristics，Sources，and Secondary Generation of Organic Acids in PM2.5 in Zhengzhou].

Organic acids in atmospheric particulate matter are widely involved in various physical and chemical reactions in the atmosphere and contribute greatly to the formation of secondary organic aerosols and haze pollutions. Therefore， the concentration distribution characteristics， sources， and secondary formation of organic acids in particulate matter are of great significance for further investigation of organic aerosols and their secondary transformation. Fine particulate matter （PM2.5） samples were collected in Zhengzhou， and three types of organic acids， including dicarboxylic acids， fatty acids， and resin acids， were analyzed to explore their species distribution， seasonal variations， source contribution， and secondary generation. Malonic acid （di-C3） and succinate acid （di-C4） were the most abundant in the identified dicarboxylic acids， which showed obvious seasonal variations in the order of summer > autumn > winter > spring. Fatty acids had the highest concentration in winter and the lowest concentration in spring， showing obvious bimodal advantages， with the most abundant compounds being palmitic acid and stearic acid （C18）. Principal component analysis and multiple linear regression （MLR） were used to analyze the source of organic acids in PM2.5 in Zhengzhou； the results showed that 35% of the organic acids came from combustion and traffic sources， 24% from cooking sources， 23% from secondary formation， and 17% from natural sources. The ratios of the selected marker species （i.e.， di-C3 / di-C4， F/M， and C18：1 / C18） were used as tracers for the secondary formation of the organic aerosol and its aging process. The results showed that the photochemical reaction was intense in summer， and the proportion of organic aerosol aging or secondary production was high， whereas the photochemical reaction was weak in winter， and the aging degree of organic aerosol was low. Correlation analysis and MLR were used in combination to quantify the relative contribution of gas-phase oxidation and liquid-phase oxidation to dicarboxylic acid formation， and the results showed that gas-phase oxidation played a dominant role in the sampling period （accounting for 58%）， especially in summer （61%）.

Favipiravir ameliorates bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis by reprogramming M1/M2 macrophage polarization.

Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease that seriously endangers human life and health. The pathological anatomy results of patients who died of the COVID-19 showed that there was an excessive inflammatory response in the lungs. It is also known that most of the COVID-19 infected patients will cause different degrees of lung damage after infection, and may have pulmonary fibrosis remaining after cure. Macrophages are a type of immune cell population with pluripotency and plasticity. In the early and late stages of infection, the dynamic changes of the balance and function of M1/M2 alveolar macrophages have a significant impact on the inflammatory response of the lungs. In the early stage of pulmonary fibrosis inflammation, the increase in the proportion of M1 type is beneficial to clear pathogenic microorganisms and promote the progress of inflammation; in the later stage of fibrosis, the increase in the number of M2 type macrophages can inhibit the inflammatory response and promote the degradation of fibrosis. As a potential treatment drug for new coronavirus pneumonia, favipiravir is in the process of continuously carried out relevant clinical trials. This study aims to discuss whether the antiviral drug favipiravir can suppress inflammation and immune response by regulating the M1/M2 type of macrophages, thereby alleviating fibrosis. We established a bleomycin-induced pulmonary fibrosis model, using IL-4/13 and LPS/IFN-γ cell stimulating factor to induce macrophage M1 and M2 polarization models, respectively. Our study shows that favipiravir exerts anti-fibrotic effects mainly by reprogramming M1/M2 macrophages polarization, that is, enhancing the expression of anti-fibrotic M1 type, reducing the expression of M2 type pro-fibrotic factors and reprogramming it to anti-fibrotic phenotype. Aspects of pharmacological mechanisms, favipiravir inhibits the activation of JAK2-STAT6 and JAK2-PI3K-AKT signaling by targeting JAK2 protein, thereby inhibiting pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages polarization and M2-induced myofibroblast activation. In summary, favipiravir can reduce the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, we hope to provide a certain reference for the treatment of pulmonary fibrosis.

Comparative Bioequivalence and Food Effect of Two Formulations of 30-mg Nifedipine Controlled-Release Tablets in Healthy Chinese Adults.

Nifedipine is a potent antihypertensive medication classified as a dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker. The objective of this trial was to assess the bioequivalence of a 30-mg nifedipine controlled-release tablet and a reference drug in a cohort of healthy Chinese individuals. Two independent open-label, randomized, single-dose, crossover studies were conducted, 1 under fasting conditions (N = 44, with 1 participant dropping out midway) and the other under fed conditions (N = 44, with 4 participants dropping out midway). Plasma concentrations of nifedipine were determined using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were calculated using noncompartmental analysis with Phoenix WinNonlin 8.0 software. In both fasting and fed studies, reasonable bioequivalence was observed for the PK parameters of both the test product and the reference drug. A good safety profile was demonstrated for both the test product and reference drug, with no serious adverse events reported, and both were similarly well tolerated. An important observation with food coadministration was that systemic exposure to nifedipine (based on area under the curve, AUC0-∞) was reduced by approximately 12%. The bioequivalence of the test product and reference drug under fasting/fed conditions in healthy subjects in China was demonstrated by the study results.

Abundance and sources of particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aromatic acids at an urban site in central China.

We conducted a simultaneous field study of PM2.5-bound particulate polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aromatic acids (AAs) in a polluted city Zhengzhou to explore the concentration, sources and potential conversion pathways between PAHs and AAs in different seasons. The average concentrations of PM2.5, 28PAHs and 8AAs during the sampling period were 77 µg/m3, 75 ng/m3, and 283 ng/m3, respectively. The concentration of both 28PAHs and 8AAs were highest in winter and lowest in summer with ratios of 6.3 and 2.3, respectively. PAHs with 5-7 rings were the main components of PAHs (52%), followed by 4 rings PAHs (30%) and 2-3 rings PAHs (18%). According to the source appointment results obtained by positive matrix factorization, the main sources of PAHs were combustion and vehicle emissions, which account for 37% and 34%, respectively. 8AAs were divided into three groups, including four benzene dicarboxylic acids (B2CAs), three benzene tricarboxylic acids (B3CAs) and one benzene tetracarboxylic acid (B4CA). And interspecies correlation analysis with PM2.5 source markers were used to investigate potential sources. Phthalic acid (o-Ph) was the most abundant specie of 8AAs (157 ng/m3, 55% of 8AAs), which was well correlated with sulfate. Meanwhile, B3CAs and B4CA were highly correlated with sulfate and weakly correlated with levoglucosan, suggesting that secondary formation was their main source. As logical oxidation products of PAHs, o-Ph and B3CAs showed good correlations with a number of PAHs, indicating possible photochemical oxidation pathway by PAHs. In addition, O3, NO2, temperature and relative humidity have positive effects on the secondary formation of B3CAs.

Corn stigma ameliorates hyperglycemia in zebrafish and GK rats of type 2 diabetes.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Cornstigma (CS), derived from the stigma and style of gramineous plant Zeamays. The medicinal use of CS can be traced back to DianNanMateriaMedica. LingnanMedicinalPlantsCompendium records its effectiveness in ameliorating diabetes. Diabetes is a metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and the consequent chronic complications of kidney, heart, brain and other organs, which pose a significant threat to human health. CS has shown great potential in relieving hyperglycemia associated with diabetes. However, the mechanism of CS in treating diabetes remains unclear. AIM OF THE STUDY: To explore the pathogenesis of diabetes and the mechanism of CS improving hyperglycemia in diabetes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We measured apigenin and luteolin contents in CS by UPLC/MS/MS method. Selecting Wistar rats as normal group, and GK rats as model group. For rats, we detected glucose and lipid metabolism indicators, including GHb, AST, ALT, U-Glu, UA, U-TP, U-ALB, and ACR after treatment. For zebrafish, we utilized alloxan and sucrose to establish the diabetes model. Measuring zebrafish blood glucose is employed to evaluate the hypoglycemic capability of CS. In order to explore the mechanism of CS in treating diabetes, we sequenced the transcriptome of zebrafish, compared differentially expressed genes of normal, diabetic, and CS-treated group, and validated multiple enrichment pathways by PCR. RESULTS: CS can improve blood glucose levels in both GK rats and diabetic zebrafish. For rats, CS partially restored glucose and lipid metabolism indicators. Transcriptome data from zebrafish showed a close correlation with steroid biosynthesis. The RNA-Sequencing was consistent with PCR results, indicating that CS downregulated gene (fdft1,lss,cyp51) expression concerned with steroid biosynthesis pathway in the diabetes model. CONCLUSION: CS effectively improved blood glucose levels, regulated glucose and lipid metabolism by suppressing gene expression in steroid biosynthesis pathway, and ameliorated hyperglycemia. Our research provides valuable insights for CS in the treatment of diabetes, and proposes a new strategy for selecting clinical medications for diabetes.

[Characteristics of Secondary Inorganic Ions in PM2.5 and Its Influencing Factors in Summer in Zhengzhou].

Nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), and ammonium (NH4+) are important components of PM2.5, and studying their characteristics and influencing factors is essential for the continuous improvement of air quality. A series of online instruments were used to analyze the chemical components of PM2.5 in Zhengzhou in the summer of 2020. The results showed that the average ρ(PM2.5) was (28 ±13) µg·m-3, showing a daily variation characteristic of high at night and low during the day. The main concentrations of NO3-, SO42-, and NH4+ were (7.8 ±6.7), (7.2 ±3.7), and (5.5 ±3.1) µg·m-3, accounting for 22%, 21%, and 16% in PM2.5, respectively. The proportions of NO3- (27%) and SO42- (23%) in PM2.5, respectively, increased with the increase in PM2.5 and O3 concentration. In addition, the proportions of NO3- and NH4+ increased under low wind speed, high humidity, low temperature, and rainfall conditions. Moreover, the proportion of NO3- showed a daily variation characteristic of high at night and low during the day, whereas the opposite was true for SO42-. The gas-particle partitioning process of NH4NO3 was the main factor affecting the concentrations of NO3- and NH4+ in PM2.5. Low temperature, high humidity, and high aerosol water content concentrations favored the partitioning of HNO3 and NH3 to the particulate phase. High pH also favored the partitioning of gas-phase HNO3 to NO3-; however, it was not conducive to the partition of NH3 to NH4+. These trends partially explained the increase in the concentration and proportion of NO3- in PM2.5 under different scenarios.

Regioselective C3Alkylation of Indoles for the Synthesis of Bis(indolyl)methanes and 3-Styryl Indoles.

Herein, we describe an efficient transition-metal-free regioselective C3alkylation of indoles for the synthesis of bis(indolyl)methanes and 3-styryl indoles. Nitrobenzene is employed as the oxidant to oxidize the alcohols in the presence of a strong base and the reaction avoids the use of transition metals such as Ru and Mn. The protocol provides a favorable route to access biologically active compounds such as arundine, vibrindole A, and turbomycin B.

Decoupling Activation and Transport by Electron-Regulated Atomic-Bi Harnessed Surface-to-Pore Interface for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery.

Vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) promises a route to low-cost and grid-scale electricity storage using renewable energy resources. However, the interplay of mass transport and activation processes of high-loading catalysts makes it challenging to drive high-performance density VRFB. Herein, a surface-to-pore interface design that unlocks the potential of atomic-Bi-exposed catalytic surface via decoupling activation and transport is reported. The functional interface accommodates electron-regulated atomic-Bi catalyst in an asymmetric Bi─O─Mn structure that expedites the V3+ /V2+ conversion, and a mesoporous Mn3 O4 sub-scaffold for rapid shuttling of redox-active species, whereby the site accessibility is maximized, contrary to conventional transport-limited catalysts. By in situ grafting this interface onto micron-porous carbon felt (Bi1 -sMn3 O4 -CF), a high-performance flow battery is achieved, yielding a record high energy efficiency of 76.72% even at a high current density of 400 mA cm-2 and a peak power density of 1.503 W cm-2 , outdoing the battery with sMn3 O4 -CF (62.60%, 0.978 W cm-2 ) without Bi catalyst. Moreover, this battery renders extraordinary durability of over 1500 cycles, bespeaking a crucial breakthrough toward sustainable redox flow batteries (RFBs).

A Q-learning method based on coarse-to-fine potential energy surface for locating transition state and reaction pathway.

Transition state (TS) on the potential energy surface (PES) plays a key role in determining the kinetics and thermodynamics of chemical reactions. Inspired by the fact that the dynamics of complex systems are always driven by rare but significant transition events, we herein propose a TS search method in accordance with the Q-learning algorithm. Appropriate reward functions are set for a given PES to optimize the reaction pathway through continuous trial and error, and then the TS can be obtained from the optimized reaction pathway. The validity of this Q-learning method with reasonable settings of Q-value table including actions, states, learning rate, greedy rate, discount rate, and so on, is exemplified in 2 two-dimensional potential functions. In the applications of the Q-learning method to two chemical reactions, it is demonstrated that the Q-learning method can predict consistent TS and reaction pathway with those by ab initio calculations. Notably, the PES must be well prepared before using the Q-learning method, and a coarse-to-fine PES scanning scheme is thus introduced to save the computational time while maintaining the accuracy of the Q-learning prediction. This work offers a simple and reliable Q-learning method to search for all possible TS and reaction pathway of a chemical reaction, which may be a new option for effectively exploring the PES in an extensive search manner.

Age evolution of secondary organic aerosol: Impacts of regional transport and aerosol volatility.

In this study, a revised CMAQ model incorporating source and temporal apportioning functions has been used to analyze the aging characteristics of SOA in East Asia. The results show that in the aerosol phase, the fraction of the non-volatile components typically fluctuates around 75 %-95 %, and aromatic hydrocarbon precursors contribute significantly to SOA, accounting for 45.6 %-72.7 % in winter and 29.1 %-52.7 % in summer. Transport due to meteorological conditions does not affect the SOA volatility profile in the cities, while regional source composition has been found to be important for the characterization of the properties of SOA in cities. When the SOA regional composition type is a multi-region-imported-dominated type (MRT), its age composition type tends to be an old-age-SOA-dominated type (OAT) (>48 h). Additionally, transport also causes fluctuations in the range of hourly SOA with atmospheric age of 96 h or higher. The SOAs normally transport through seasonal monsoon and could migrate longer in winter (700-1500 km in January) than in other seasons (250-900 km in April; 500-1200 km in July; 300-1000 km in October). Additionally, in winter, non-volatile SOA generally has a longer transport distance (700-1600 km) than semi- and low-volatile SOA (300-1300 km and 600-1500 km). Furthermore, during the transport process, geographical barriers have negligible impact on SOA in the 48+ hour age group.

Corylifol A ameliorates muscle atrophy by inhibiting TAOK1/p38-MAPK/FoxO3 pathway in cancer cachexia.

BACKGROUND: Corylifol A (CYA) is one of the main active components of Psoralea corylifolia L. CYA had been reported to have ameliorating effects on dexamethasone-induced atrophy of C2C12 mouse skeletal myotubes, but its effects on cancer cachexia were unclear. Here, we checked the influence of CYA on muscle atrophy in cancer cachexia mice and tried to clarify its mechanisms. METHODS: C26 tumour-bearing mice were applied as the animal model to examine the effects of CYA in attenuating cachexia symptoms. The in vitro cell models of TNF-α-induced C2C12 myotubes or ad-mRFP-GFP-LC3B-transfected C2C12 myotubes were used to check the influence of CYA on myotube atrophy based on both ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy-lysosome system. The possible direct targets of CYA were searched using the biotin-streptavidin pull-down assay and then confirmed using the Microscale thermophoresis binding assay. The levels of related signal proteins in both in vitro and in vivo experiments were examined using western blotting and immunocytochemical assay. RESULTS: The administration of CYA prevented body weight loss and muscle wasting in C26 tumour-bearing mice without affecting tumour growth. At the end of the experiment, the body weight of mice treated with 30 mg/kg of CYA (23.59 ± 0.94 g) was significantly higher than that of the C26 model group (21.66 ± 0.56 g) with P < 0.05. The values of gastrocnemius muscle weight/body weight of mice treated with 15 or 30 mg/kg CYA (0.53 ± 0.02% and 0.54 ± 0.01%, respectively) were both significantly higher than that of the C26 model group (0.45 ± 0.01%) with P < 0.01. CYA decreased both UPS-mediated protein degradation and autophagy in muscle tissues of C26 tumour-bearing mice as well as in C2C12 myotubes treated with TNF-α. The thousand-and-one amino acid kinase 1 (TAOK1) was found to be the direct binding target of CYA. CYA inhibited the activation of TAOK1 and its downstream p38-MAPK pathway thus decreased the level and nuclear location of FoxO3. siRNA knockdown of TAOK1 or regulation of the p38-MAPK pathway using activator or inhibitor could affect the ameliorating effects of CYA on myotube atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: CYA ameliorates cancer cachexia muscle atrophy by decreasing both UPS degradation and autophagy. The ameliorating effects of CYA on muscle atrophy might be based on its binding with TAOK1 and inhibiting the TAOK1/p38-MAPK/FoxO3 pathway.

Air pollution prevention in central China: Effects on particulate-bound PAHs from 2010 to 2018.

Long-term trends in particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations in air in Zhengzhou (a severely polluted city in central China) between 2010 and 2018 were studied to assess the effectiveness of an air pollution prevention and control action plan (APPCAP) implemented in 2013. The PM2.5, sum of 16 PAHs (Σ16 PAHs), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and BaP toxic equivalent concentrations were high before 2013 but 41%, 77%, 77%, and 78% lower, respectively, after the APPCAP. The maximum daily Σ16 PAHs concentration between 2014 and 2018 was 338 ng/m3, 65% lower than the maximum of 961 ng/m3 between 2010 and 2013. The ratio between the Σ16 PAHs concentrations in winter and summer decreased over time and was 8.0 in 2011 and 1.5 in 2017. The most abundant PAH was benzo[b]fluoranthene, for which the 9-year mean concentration was 14 ± 21 ng/m3 (15% of the Σ16 PAHs concentration). The mean benzo[b]fluoranthene concentration decreased from 28 ± 27 ng/m3 before to 5 ± 4 ng/m3 after the APPCAP (an 83% decrease). The mean daily BaP concentrations were 0.1-62.8 ng/m3, and >56% exceeded the daily standard limit of 2.5 ng/m3 for air. The BaP concentration decreased from 10 ± 8 ng/m3 before to 2 ± 2 ng/m3 after the APPCAP (a 77% decrease). Diagnostic ratios and positive matrix factorization model results indicated that coal combustion and vehicle exhausts were important sources of PAHs throughout the study period, contributing >70% of the Σ16 PAHs concentrations. The APPCAP increased the relative contribution of vehicle exhausts from 29% to 35% but decreased the Σ16 PAHs concentration attributed to vehicle exhausts from 48 to 12 ng/m3. The PAH concentration attributed to vehicle exhausts decreased by 79% even though vehicle numbers strongly increased, indicating that pollution caused by vehicles was controlled well. The relative contribution of coal combustion remained stable but the PAH concentration attributed to coal combustion decreased from 68 ng/m3 before to 13 ng/m3 after the APPCAP. Vehicles made dominant contributions to the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCRs) before and after the APPCAP even though the APPCAP decreased the ILCRs by 78%. Coal combustion was the dominant source of PAHs but contributed only 12-15% of the ILCRs. The APPCAP decreased PAH emissions and changed the contributions of different sources of PAHs, and thus strongly affected the overall toxicity of PAHs to humans.

Comparative multi-model study of PM2.5 acidity trend changes in ammonia-rich regions in winter: Based on a new ammonia concentration assessment method.

Air quality in ammonia-rich regions such as Zhengzhou is improving year by year, however, fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution is serious in winter. Aerosol acidity (pH) affects every aspect of the surrounding particle composition and environment. Thermodynamic models of gaseous and particulate composition datasets can provide pH estimates. Nevertheless, for ammonia-rich regions in the presence of prolonged NH3 deficiency, the thermodynamic model is limited in calculating pH by using only datasets composed of the particulate phase. In this study, an NH3 concentration calculation method was established via SPSS-coupled multiple linear regression to simulate the trend of NH3 concentration over a long period of time and to assess the long-term pH value in ammonia-rich regions. The reliability of this method was verified using multiple models. The range of NH3 concentration change from 2013 to 2020 was found to be 4.3-68.6 µg·m-3, and the range of pH change was 4.5-6.0. The pH sensitivity analysis indicated that decreasing aerosol precursor concentrations and variations in temperature and relative humidity were the driving factors for aerosol pH changes. Therefore, policies to reduce NH3 emissions are becoming increasingly necessary. This study provides a feasibility analysis for reducing PM2.5, thus achieving standards in ammonia-rich regions, including Zhengzhou.

Decomposition and decoupling analysis of multi-sector CO2 emissions based on LMDI and Tapio models: Case study of Henan Province, China.

The peak carbon dioxide emissions at the provincial level is the foundation for achieving the national target of carbon emission peak, thus it is important to analyze the characteristics of provincial CO2 emissions. However, there is a lack of comprehensive analysis and research on quantifying the contributions of the driving factors to decoupling at the provincial level. Therefore, taking Henan Province as the research object, this study establishes the decoupling effort model by combining the traditional LMDI model and Tapio model based on compiling the CO2 emission inventories from 2006 to 2019. The results showed that total CO2 emissions increased from 2006 to 2011, and decreased after 2011 in Henan Province. Raw coal was the primary fuel source of Henan's CO2 emissions, and the sector of "power and heat production" was the major industrial source, accounting for above 45% of the total emissions. Economic output and energy intensity were the major factors promoting and restraining the increase in Henan's CO2 emissions, respectively. In terms of the decoupling state, Henan achieved the transformation from weak decoupling to strong decoupling from 2006 to 2019. Industry presented a strong decoupling condition, while weak decoupling was detected in the agriculture sector during the study period. The changing trend of energy intensity decoupling effort was consistent with that of total decoupling effort, indicating that energy intensity is a crucial factor in achieving decoupling. This study is helpful to grasp the CO2 emission characteristics of Henan Province and provide the theoretical basis for formulating emission mitigation measures of peak carbon dioxide emissions in Henan and other provinces.