Silver-Catalyzed Single-Carbon Insertion of Indoles with Acetophenone N-Triftosylhydrazones.

Here, we report a silver carbene-enabled single-carbon insertion reaction of indoles via a one-pot, two-step sequence to deliver a dearomative quaternary center quinoline scaffold in a modular fashion. Specifically, we used N-triftosylhydrazones as masked donor-donor carbene precursors that facilitate the insertion of carbon atoms bearing various functional groups to the library of functionalized quinoline. Experimental and DFT evidence support the transient presence of a cyclopropane species and removal of protecting groups.

The assessment of consciousness status in primary brainstem hemorrhage (PBH) patients can be achieved by monitoring changes in basic vital signs.

The objective of the study was to explore the association between basic vital signs and consciousness status in patients with primary brainstem hemorrhage (PBH). Patients with PBH were categorized into two groups based on Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores: disturbance of consciousness (DOC) group (GCS=3-8) and non-DOC group (GCS=15). Within DOC group, patients were further divided into behavioral (GCS=4-8) and non-behavioral (GCS=3) subgroups. Basic vital signs, such as body temperature, heart rate, and respiratory rate, were monitored every 3 hours during the acute bleeding phase (1st day) and the bleeding stable phase (7th day) of hospitalization. The findings revealed a negative correlation between body temperature and heart rate with GCS scores in DOC group at both time points. Moreover, basic vital signs were notably higher in the DOC group compared to non-DOC group. Specifically, the non-behavioral subgroup within DOC group exhibited significantly elevated heart rates on the 1st day of hospitalization and moderately increased respiratory rates on the 7th day compared to the control group. Scatter plots illustrated a significant relationship between body temperature and heart rate with consciousness status, while no significant correlation was observed with respiratory rate. In conclusion, the study suggests that monitoring basic vital signs, particularly body temperature and heart rate, can serve as valuable indicators for evaluating consciousness status in PBH patients. These basic vital signs demonstrated variations corresponding to lower GCS scores. Furthermore, integrating basic vital sign monitoring with behavioral assessment could enhance the assessment of consciousness status in PBH patients.

Molecular Evolutionary Dynamics of Coxsackievirus A6 Causing Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease From 2021 to 2023 in China: Genomic Epidemiology Study.

Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a global public health concern, notably within the Asia-Pacific region. Recently, the primary pathogen causing HFMD outbreaks across numerous countries, including China, is coxsackievirus (CV) A6, one of the most prevalent enteroviruses in the world. It is a new variant that has undergone genetic recombination and evolution, which might not only induce modifications in the clinical manifestations of HFMD but also heighten its pathogenicity because of nucleotide mutation accumulation. Objective: The study assessed the epidemiological characteristics of HFMD in China and characterized the molecular epidemiology of the major pathogen (CV-A6) causing HFMD. We attempted to establish the association between disease progression and viral genetic evolution through a molecular epidemiological study. Methods: Surveillance data from the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention from 2021 to 2023 were used to analyze the epidemiological seasons and peaks of HFMD in Henan, China, and capture the results of HFMD pathogen typing. We analyzed the evolutionary characteristics of all full-length CV-A6 sequences in the NCBI database and the isolated sequences in Henan. To characterize the molecular evolution of CV-A6, time-scaled tree and historical population dynamics regarding CV-A6 sequences were estimated. Additionally, we analyzed the isolated strains for mutated or missing amino acid sites compared to the prototype CV-A6 strain. Results: The 2021-2023 epidemic seasons for HFMD in Henan usually lasted from June to August, with peaks around June and July. The monthly case reporting rate during the peak period ranged from 20.7% (4854/23,440) to 35% (12,135/34,706) of the total annual number of cases. Analysis of the pathogen composition of 2850 laboratory-confirmed cases identified 8 enterovirus serotypes, among which CV-A6 accounted for the highest proportion (652/2850, 22.88%). CV-A6 emerged as the major pathogen for HFMD in 2022 (203/732, 27.73%) and 2023 (262/708, 37.01%). We analyzed all CV-A6 full-length sequences in the NCBI database and the evolutionary features of viruses isolated in Henan. In China, the D3 subtype gradually appeared from 2011, and by 2019, all CV-A6 virus strains belonged to the D3 subtype. The VP1 sequences analyzed in Henan showed that its subtypes were consistent with the national subtypes. Furthermore, we analyzed the molecular evolutionary features of CV-A6 using Bayesian phylogeny and found that the most recent common ancestor of CV-A6 D3 dates back to 2006 in China, earlier than the 2011 HFMD outbreak. Moreover, the strains isolated in 2023 had mutations at several amino acid sites compared to the original strain. Conclusions: The CV-A6 virus may have been introduced and circulating covertly within China prior to the large-scale HFMD outbreak. Our laboratory testing data confirmed the fluctuation and periodic patterns of CV-A6 prevalence. Our study provides valuable insights into understanding the evolutionary dynamics of CV-A6.

A novel NIR-II fluorescent probe for hydrogen peroxide detection in drug-induced liver injury.

The synthesis of H2O2-activatable small molecules in the second near-infrared (NIR-II) window remains challenging. We present the NIR-II probe Z-1065 for real-time detection of H2O2. Z-1065 demonstrates high sensitivity and selectivity towards H2O2in vitro and effectively monitors H2O2 generation in drug-induced liver injury (DILI) mouse models.

School Bullying Victimization and Depression Symptoms in Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Internet Addiction and Moderating Role of Living Areas.

School bullying and depression are both serious social and public health problems among adolescents. Prior studies indicated a correlation between bullying and depression. However, the potential moderators remain largely unexplored. This study aimed to identify the mediating effect of Internet addiction and the moderating effect of living in urban or rural areas in the relationship between school bullying victimization and depression symptoms among Chinese adolescents. This cross-sectional study of adolescents was conducted using two-stage random cluster sampling of students in urban and rural public high schools in China. A moderated mediation model was constructed to uncover the underlying mechanism of school bullying victimization and depression symptoms. A total of 2,376 adolescents (52.65% females, mean age ± SD a 14.69 ± 1.76 years) were included in the study. The prevalence of clinical depression symptoms with a cut-off value of 16 on the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) was 21.76% (95% CI: 20.15, 23.46), and with a cut-off value of 20 on the CES-D was 13.85% (95% CI: 12.51, 15.30) for overall. Our findings indicated a significant positive association between school bullying victimization and depression symptoms (p < 0.01) and a significant mediating effect of Internet addiction in the association between school bullying victimization and depression symptoms (indirect effect = 1.143, 95% CI: 0.677, 1.609; percentage of mediation: 16.7%, 95% CI: 10.3, 23.1). This indirect relationship was partially moderated by the living in urban or rural areas in the mediation process. Specifically, the effect of school bullying victimization on Internet addiction was greater among urban adolescents (simple slope: 0.774, 95% CI: 0.524, 1.024, p < 0.01) than among rural adolescents (simple slope: 0.337, 95% CI: 0.132, 0.543, p < 0.01), but moderating effect of urban-rural areas was not significant on the relationship between Internet addiction and depression symptoms. These findings highlight the mediating role of Internet addiction and the moderating role of living areas in school bullying victimization and adolescents' depression symptoms, which provide evidence for social work, mental health services, and policy interventions for adolescents in China.

Enhancing cerebral arteriovenous malformation analysis: Development and application of patient-specific lumped parameter models based on 3D imaging data.

OBJECTIVES: Cerebral arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) present complex neurovascular challenges, characterized by direct arteriovenous connections that disrupt normal brain blood flow dynamics. Traditional lumped parameter models (LPMs) offer a simplified angioarchitectural representation of AVMs, yet often fail to capture the intricate structure within the AVM nidus. This research aims at refining our understanding of AVM hemodynamics through the development of patient-specific LPMs utilizing three-dimensional (3D) medical imaging data for enhanced structural fidelity. METHODS: This study commenced with the meticulous delineation of AVM vascular architecture using threshold segmentation and skeletonization techniques. The AVM nidus's core structure was outlined, facilitating the extraction of vessel connections and the formation of a detailed fistulous vascular tree model. Sampling points, spatially distributed and derived from the pixel intensity in imaging data, guided the construction of a complex plexiform tree within the nidus by generating smaller Y-shaped vascular formations. This model was then integrated with an electrical analog model to enable precise numerical simulations of cerebral hemodynamics with AVMs. RESULTS: The study successfully generated two distinct patient-specific AVM networks, mirroring the unique structural and morphological characteristics of the AVMs as captured in medical imaging. The models effectively represented the intricate fistulous and plexiform vessel structures within the nidus. Numerical analysis of these models revealed that AVMs induce a blood shunt effect, thereby diminishing blood perfusion to adjacent brain tissues. CONCLUSION: This investigation enhances the theoretical framework for AVM research by constructing patient-specific LPMs that accurately reflect the true vascular structures of AVMs. These models offer profound insights into the hemodynamic behaviors of AVMs, including their impact on cerebral circulation and the blood steal phenomenon. Further incorporation of clinical data into these models holds the promise of deepening the theoretical comprehension of AVMs and fostering advancements in the diagnosis and treatment of AVMs.

Oxyanion Engineering on RuO2 for Efficient Proton Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis.

In proton exchange membrane water electrolysis (PEMWE), the anode oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts rely heavily on the expensive and scarce iridium-based materials. Ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) with lower price and higher OER activity, has been explored for the similar task, but has been restricted by the poor stability. Herein, we developed an anion modification strategy to improve the OER performance of RuO2 in acidic media. The designed multicomponent catalyst based on sulfate anchored on RuO2/MoO3 displays a low overpotential of 190 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and stably operates for 500 hours with a very low degradation rate of 20 µV h-1. When assembled in a PEMWE cell, this catalyst as an anode shows an excellent stability at 500 mA cm-2 for 150 h. Experimental and theoretical results revealed that MoO3 could stabilize sulfate anion on RuO2 surface to suppress its leaching during OER. Such MoO3-anchored sulfate not only reduces the formation energy of *OOH intermediate on RuO2, but also impedes both the surface Ru and lattice oxygen loss, thereby achieving the high OER activity and exceptional durability.

Epidemiology and etiology of hand, foot, and mouth disease in Zhengzhou, China, from 2009 to 2021.

Background: Hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) is a common childhood infectious disease caused by a variety of enteroviruses (EVs). To explore the epidemiological characteristics and etiology of HFMD in Zhengzhou, China, we conducted a systematic analysis of HFMD surveillance data from Zhengzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention from January 2009 to December 2021 (https://wjw.zhengzhou.gov.cn/). Methods: Surveillance data were collected from Zhengzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention from January 2009 to December 2021 (https://wjw.zhengzhou.gov.cn/). Cases were analyzed according to the time of onset, type of diagnosis, characteristics, viral serotype, and epidemiological trends. Results: We found that the primary causative agent responsible for the HFMD outbreaks in Zhengzhou was Enterovirus A71 (EVA-71) (48.56%) before 2014. After 2015, other EVs gradually became the dominant strains (57.68%). The data revealed that the HFMD epidemics in Zhengzhou displayed marked seasonality, with major peaks occurring from April to June, followed by secondary peaks from October to November, except in 2020. Both the severity and case-fatality ratio of HFMD decreased following the COVID-19 pandemic (severity ‰: 13.46 vs. 0.17; case-fatality ‰: 0.21 vs. 0, respectively). Most severe cases were observed in patients aged 1 year and below, accounting for 45.81%. Conclusions: Overall, the incidence rate of HFMD decreased in Zhengzhou following the introduction of the EVA-71 vaccine in 2016. However, it is crucial to acknowledge that HFMD prevalence continues to exhibit a distinct seasonal pattern and periodicity, and the occurrence of other EV infections poses a new challenge for children's health.

Multifunctional Biomimetic Nanocarriers for Dual-Targeted Immuno-Gene Therapy Against Hepatocellular Carcinoma.

Growing evidences have proved that tumors evade recognition and attack by the immune system through immune escape mechanisms, and PDL1/Pbrm1 genes have a strong correlation with poor response or resistance to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) therapy. Herein, a multifunctional biomimetic nanocarrier (siRNA-CaP@PD1-NVs) is developed, which can not only enhance the cytotoxic activity of immune cells by blocking PD1/PDL1 axis, but also reduce tumor immune escape via Pbrm1/PDL1 gene silencing, leading to a significant improvement in tumor immunosuppressive microenvironment. Consequently, the nanocarrier promotes DC cell maturation, enhances the infiltration and activity of CD8+ T cells, and forms long-term immune memory, which can effectively inhibit tumor growth or even eliminate tumors, and prevent tumor recurrence and metastasis. Overall, this study presents a powerful strategy for co-delivery of siRNA drugs, immune adjuvant, and immune checkpoint inhibitors, and holds great promise for improving the effectiveness and safety of current immunotherapy regimens.

A hybrid finite-discrete element method for modelling cracking processes in sandy mudstone containing a single edge-flaw under cyclic dynamic loading.

Rock mass deformation and failure are macroscopic manifestations of crack initiation, propagation, and coalescence. However, simulating the transition of rocks from continuous to discontinuous media under cyclic dynamic loading remains challenging. This study proposes a hybrid finite-discrete element method (HFDEM) to model crack propagation, incorporating a frequency-dependent cohesive-zone model. The mechanical properties of standard sandy mudstone under quasi-static and cyclic dynamic loading were simulated using HFDEM, and the method's reliability was verified through experimental comparison. The comparative analysis demonstrates that HFDEM successfully captures crack interaction mechanisms and accurately simulates the overall failure behavior of specimens. Additionally, the effects of pre-existing flaw inclination angle and dynamic loading frequency on rock failure mechanisms were investigated. The numerical results reveal that rock samples exhibit significantly higher compressive strength under dynamic loading compared to quasi-static loading, with compressive strength increasing with higher cyclic dynamic load frequencies. Furthermore, by analyzing the strength characteristics, crack propagation, and failure modes of the samples, insights into the failure mechanisms of rocks under different frequency loads were obtained. This study provides valuable insights into crack development and failure of rocks under seismic loads, offering guidance for engineering practices.

Efficient Vibration Measurement and Modal Shape Visualization Based on Dynamic Deviations of Structural Edge Profiles.

As a non-contact method, vision-based measurement for vibration extraction and modal parameter identification has attracted much attention. In most cases, artificial textures are crucial elements for visual tracking, and this feature limits the application of vision-based vibration measurement on textureless targets. As a computation technique for visualizing subtle variations in videos, the video magnification technique can analyze modal responses and visualize modal shapes, but the efficiency is low, and the processing results contain clipping artifacts. This paper proposes a novel method for the application of a modal test. In contrast to the deviation magnification that exaggerates subtle geometric deviations from only a single image, the proposed method extracts vibration signals with sub-pixel accuracy on edge positions by changing the perspective of deviations from space to timeline. Then, modal shapes are visualized by decoupling all spatial vibrations following the vibration theory of continuous linear systems. Without relying on artificial textures and motion magnification, the proposed method achieves high operating efficiency and avoids clipping artifacts. Finally, the effectiveness and practical value of the proposed method are validated by two laboratory experiments on a cantilever beam and an arch dam model.

Pore Environmental Modification by Amino Groups in Robust Microporous MOFs for SF6 Capturing and SF6/N2 Separation.

Capturing and separating the greenhouse gas SF6 from nitrogen N2 have significant greenhouse mitigation potential and economic benefits. We used a pore engineering strategy to manipulate the pore environment of the metal-organic framework (MOF) by incorporating organic functional groups (-NH2). This resulted in an enhanced adsorption of SF6 and separation of the SF6/N2 mixture in the MOF. The introduction of amino (-NH2) groups into YTU-29 resulted in a reduction of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface but an increase in interactions with SF6 within the confined pores. Water-stable YTU-29-NH2 showed a significantly higher SF6 uptake (95.5 cm3/g) than YTU-29 (77.4 cm3/g). The results of the breakthrough experiments show that YTU-29-NH2 has a significantly improved separation performance for SF6/N2 mixtures, with a high SF6 capture of 0.88 mmol/g compared to 0.56 mmol/g by YTU-29. This improvement is due to the suitable pore confinement and accessible -NH2 groups on pore surfaces. Considering its excellent regeneration ability and cycling performance, ultrastable YTU-29-NH2 demonstrates great potential for SF6 capturing and SF6/N2 separation.

Nitrogen-Mediated Promotion of Cobalt-Based Oxygen Evolution Catalyst for Practical Anion-Exchange Membrane Electrolysis.

Scarce and expensive iridium oxide is still the cornerstone catalyst of polymer-electrolyte membrane electrolyzers for green hydrogen production because of its exceptional stability under industrially relevant oxygen evolution reaction (OER) conditions. Earth-abundant transition metal oxides used for this task, however, show poor long-term stability. We demonstrate here the use of nitrogen-doped cobalt oxide as an effective iridium substitute. The catalyst exhibits a low overpotential of 240 mV at 10 mA cm-2 and negligible activity decay after 1000 h of operation in an alkaline electrolyte. Incorporation of nitrogen dopants not only triggers the OER mechanism switched from the traditional adsorbate evolution route to the lattice oxygen oxidation route but also achieves oxygen nonbonding (ONB) states as electron donors, thereby preventing structural destabilization. In a practical anion-exchange membrane water electrolyzer, this catalyst at anode delivers a current density of 1000 mA cm-2 at 1.78 V and an electrical efficiency of 47.8 kW-hours per kilogram hydrogen.

Frontoparietal Response to Working Memory Load Mediates the Association between Sleep Duration and Cognitive Function in Children.

Lack of sleep has been found to be associated with cognitive impairment in children, yet the neural mechanism underlying this relationship remains poorly understood. To address this issue, this study utilized the data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study (n = 4930, aged 9-10), involving their sleep assessments, cognitive measures, and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) during an emotional n-back task. Using partial correlations analysis, we found that the out-of-scanner cognitive performance was positively correlated with sleep duration. Additionally, the activation of regions of interest (ROIs) in frontal and parietal cortices for the 2-back versus 0-back contrast was positively correlated with both sleep duration and cognitive performance. Mediation analysis revealed that this activation significantly mediated the relationship between sleep duration and cognitive function at both individual ROI level and network level. After performing analyses separately for different sexes, it was revealed that the mediation effect of the task-related activation was present in girls (n = 2546). These findings suggest that short sleep duration may lead to deficit in cognitive function of children, particularly in girls, through the modulation of frontoparietal activation during working memory load.

Clinical characteristics and outcomes of lung transplantation in patients with severe COVID-19 infection: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: To synthesize the clinical experience of patients with COVID-19-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) or pulmonary fibrosis (PF) receiving lung transplantation (LTx) and compare the characteristics and outcomes of COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 LTx patients. METHODS: A literature search of online databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, the Cochrane Library, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Wan Fang databases) was performed regarding LTx for COVID-19-associated ARDS or PF. This study was registered on PROSPERO (CRD2024507647). RESULTS: Eight eligible studies were included with 478 COVID-19 LTx patients and 163 non-COVID-19 LTx patients. In COVID-19 LTx patients, the pooled hospital mortality and follow-up survival rate was 0.00% (95% CI 0.00-0.03) and 87.40% (95% CI 0.76-0.96). Compared to non-COVID-19 LTx patients, COVID-19 LTx patients were associated with significantly higher rate of primary graft dysfunction (odds ratio [OR] 8.72, 95% CI 3.54-21.47, P < 0.001) but significantly higher follow-up survival rate (OR 2.48, 95% CI 1.02-6.01, P = 0.04), within an overall similar follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: For patients with COVID-19-associated ARDS or PF, LTx offers acceptable short-term outcomes and is suggested as a viable lifesaving treatment.

KGRLFF: Detecting Drug-Drug Interactions Based on Knowledge Graph Representation Learning and Feature Fusion.

Accurate prediction of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) plays an important role in improving the efficiency of drug development and ensuring the safety of combination therapy. Most existing models rely on a single source of information to predict DDIs, and few models can perform tasks on biomedical knowledge graphs. This paper proposes a new hybrid method, namely Knowledge Graph Representation Learning and Feature Fusion (KGRLFF), to fully exploit the information from the biomedical knowledge graph and molecular structure of drugs to better predict DDIs. KGRLFF first uses a Bidirectional Random Walk sampling method based on the PageRank algorithm (BRWP) to obtain higher-order neighborhood information of drugs in the knowledge graph, including neighboring nodes, semantic relations, and higher-order information associated with triple facts. Then, an embedded representation learning model named Knowledge Graph-based Cyclic Recursive Aggregation (KGCRA) is used to learn the embedded representations of drugs by recursively propagating and aggregating messages with drugs as both the source and destination. In addition, the model learns the molecular structures of the drugs to obtain the structured features. Finally, a Feature Representation Fusion Strategy (FRFS) was developed to integrate embedded representations and structured feature representations. Experimental results showed that KGRLFF is feasible for predicting potential DDIs.

An axonemal intron splicing program sustains Plasmodium male development.

Differentiation of male gametocytes into flagellated fertile male gametes relies on the assembly of axoneme, a major component of male development for mosquito transmission of the malaria parasite. RNA-binding protein (RBP)-mediated post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA plays important roles in eukaryotic sexual development, including the development of female Plasmodium. However, the role of RBP in defining the Plasmodium male transcriptome and its function in male gametogenesis remains incompletely understood. Here, we performed genome-wide screening for gender-specific RBPs and identified an undescribed male-specific RBP gene Rbpm1 in the Plasmodium. RBPm1 is localized in the nucleus of male gametocytes. RBPm1-deficient parasites fail to assemble the axoneme for male gametogenesis and thus mosquito transmission. RBPm1 interacts with the spliceosome E complex and regulates the splicing initiation of certain introns in a group of 26 axonemal genes. RBPm1 deficiency results in intron retention and protein loss of these axonemal genes. Intron deletion restores axonemal protein expression and partially rectifies axonemal defects in RBPm1-null gametocytes. Further splicing assays in both reporter and endogenous genes exhibit stringent recognition of the axonemal introns by RBPm1. The splicing activator RBPm1 and its target introns constitute an axonemal intron splicing program in the post-transcriptional regulation essential for Plasmodium male development.

Survival outcomes of segmentectomy and lobectomy for early stage non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The question of whether segmentectomy and lobectomy have similar survival outcomes for patients with early-stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a matter of debate. METHODS: A cohort study and randomized controlled trial were included, comparing segmentectomy and lobectomy, by utilizing computerized access to the Pubmed, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases up until July 2022. The Cochrane Collaboration tool was used to evaluate the randomized controlled trials, while the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to evaluate the cohort studies. Sensitivity analyses were also carried out. RESULTS: The analysis incorporated 17 literature studies, including one randomized controlled trial and 16 cohort studies, and was divided into a segmentectomy group (n = 2081) and a lobectomy group (n = 2395) based on the type of surgery the patient underwent. Each study was followed up from 27 months to 130.8 months after surgery. Over survival (OS): HR = 1.14, 95%CI(0.97,1.32), P = 0.10; disease-free survival (DFS): HR = 1.13, 95%CI(0.91,1.41), P = 0.27; recurrence-free survival (RFS): HR = 0.95, 95%CI(0.81,1.12), P = 0.54. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest that the survival outcomes of the segmentectomy group were not inferior to that of the lobectomy group. Segmentectomy should therefore be considered as a treatment option for early stage NSCLC.

Injectable and Near-Infrared Light-Controllable Fibrin Hydrogels with Antimicrobial and Immunomodulating Properties for Infected Wound Healing.

The management of infected wounds poses a significant challenge due to the growing issue of antibiotic resistance, underscoring the urgent necessity to innovate and implement alternative therapeutic strategies. These strategies should be capable of eliminating bacterial infections in infected wounds while circumventing the induction of multi-drug resistance. In the current study, we developed an easily prepared and injectable fibrin gel (FG) loaded with nanoparticles (NPs) that exhibit antibacterial and immunomodulatory properties to facilitate the healing of infected wounds. Initially, a novel type of NP was generated through the electrostatic interaction between the photothermal agent, mPEG-modified polydopamine (MPDA), and the nitric oxide (NO) donor, S-nitrosocysteamine (SNO). This interaction resulted in the formation of NPs referred to as SNO-loaded MPDA (SMPDA). Subsequently, the SMPDA was encapsulated into the FG using a double-barreled syringe, thereby producing the SMPDA-loaded FG (SMPDA/G). Experimental results revealed that SMPDA/G could effectively eliminate bacterial infections and alter the immune microenvironment. This efficacy is attributed to the synergistic combination of NO therapy and photothermal therapy, along with the role of SMPDA in facilitating M2 macrophage polarization within the gel. Accordingly, these findings suggest that the SMPDA/G holds substantial promise for clinical application in infected wound healing.

Facet-switching of rate-determining step on copper in CO2-to-ethylene electroreduction.

Reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) by renewable electricity to produce multicarbon chemicals, such as ethylene (C2H4), continues to be a challenge because of insufficient Faradaic efficiency, low production rates, and complex mechanistic pathways. Here, we report that the rate-determining steps (RDS) on common copper (Cu) surfaces diverge in CO2 electroreduction, leading to distinct catalytic performances. Through a combination of experimental and computational studies, we reveal that C─C bond-making is the RDS on Cu(100), whereas the protonation of *CO with adsorbed water becomes rate-limiting on Cu(111) with a higher energy barrier. On an oxide-derived Cu(100)-dominant Cu catalyst, we reach a high C2H4 Faradaic efficiency of 72%, partial current density of 359 mA cm-2, and long-term stability exceeding 100 h at 500 mA cm-2, greatly outperforming its Cu(111)-rich counterpart. We further demonstrate constant C2H4 selectivity of >60% over 70 h in a membrane electrode assembly electrolyzer with a full-cell energy efficiency of 23.4%.