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1.
Molecules ; 29(9)2024 Apr 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38731552

RESUMO

Herein, we have developed a new approach for the synthesis of indolizine via Cu-catalyzed reaction of pyridine, acetophenone, and nitroolefin under mild conditions in high yields. This reaction involved the formation of C-N and C-C bonds and new indolizine compounds with high stereoselectivity and excellent functional group tolerance.

2.
Chem Commun (Camb) ; 57(90): 11980-11983, 2021 Nov 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34709263

RESUMO

Herein, we have developed a rhodium-catalyzed C-H functionalization and subsequent intramolecular ring-opening/cyclization of vinylene carbonate with 2-pyrrolyl/indolylanilines, which leads to oxazolidinones in moderate to good yields. In this transformation, vinylene carbonate only eliminates one oxygen atom rather than -CO3 or CO2. Furthermore, some control experiments are conducted to elucidate the reaction mechanism.

3.
Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol ; 320(3): R331-R341, 2021 03 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33470183

RESUMO

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is used clinically to promote proximal GI emptying and motility. In acute experiments, we measured duodenal motor responses elicited by GES applied at 141 randomly chosen electrode sites on the stomach serosal surface. Overnight-fasted (H2O available) anesthetized male rats (n = 81) received intermittent biphasic GES for 5 min (20-s-on/40-s-off cycles; I = 0.3 mA; pw = 0.2 ms; 10 Hz). A strain gauge on the serosal surface of the proximal duodenum of each animal was used to evaluate baseline motor activity and the effect of GES. Using ratios of time blocks compared with a 15-min prestimulation baseline, we evaluated the effects of the 5-min stimulation on concurrent activity, on the 10 min immediately after the stimulation, and on the 15-min period beginning with the onset of stimulation. We mapped the magnitude of the duodenal response (three different motility indices) elicited from the 141 stomach sites. Post hoc electrode site maps associated with duodenal responses suggested three zones similar to the classic regions of forestomach, corpus, and antrum. Maximal excitatory duodenal motor responses were elicited from forestomach sites, whereas inhibitory responses occurred with stimulation of the corpus. Moderate excitatory duodenal responses occurred with stimulation of the antrum. Complex, weak inhibitory/excitatory responses were produced by stimulation at boundaries between stomach regions. Patterns of GES efficacies coincided with distributions of previously mapped vagal afferents, suggesting that excitation of the duodenum is strongest when GES electrodes are situated over stomach concentrations of vagal intramuscular arrays, putative stretch receptors in the muscle wall.


Assuntos
Duodeno/inervação , Estimulação Elétrica , Sistema Nervoso Entérico/fisiologia , Esvaziamento Gástrico , Motilidade Gastrointestinal , Estômago/inervação , Animais , Masculino , Fusos Musculares/fisiologia , Fibras Nervosas Amielínicas/fisiologia , Inibição Neural , Pressão , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Reflexo , Fatores de Tempo , Nervo Vago/fisiologia
4.
J Org Chem ; 82(21): 11505-11511, 2017 11 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28922912

RESUMO

A rhodium-catalyzed intermolecular coupling between arylnitrones and diazo compounds by C-H activation/[4 + 1] annulation with a C(N2)-C(acyl) bond cleavage is reported, and 2,3-disubstituted NH indoles are directly synthesized in up to a 94% yield. A variety of functional groups are applicable to this reaction to give the corresponding products with high selectivity. Compared to other previously reported Rh(III)-catalyzed synthesis of homologous series, this method is simpler, more general, and more efficient.

5.
PLoS One ; 12(4): e0169529, 2017.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28384162

RESUMO

Previously, many different types of NTS barosensitive neurons were identified. However, the time course of NTS barosensitive neuronal activity (NA) in response to arterial pressure (AP) changes, and the relationship of NA-AP changes, have not yet been fully quantified. In this study, we made extracellular recordings of single NTS neurons firing in response to AP elevation induced by occlusion of the descending aorta in anesthetized rats. Our findings were that: 1) Thirty-five neurons (from 46 neurons) increased firing, whereas others neurons either decreased firing upon AP elevation, or were biphasic: first decreased firing upon AP elevation and then increased firing during AP decrease. 2) Fourteen neurons with excitatory responses were activated and rapidly increased their firing during the early phase of AP increase (early neurons); whereas 21 neurons did not increase firing until the mean arterial pressure changes (ΔMAP) reached near/after the peak (late neurons). 3) The early neurons had a significantly higher firing rate than late neurons during AP elevation at a similar rate. 4) Early neuron NA-ΔMAP relationship could be well fitted and characterized by the sigmoid logistic function with the maximal gain of 29.3. 5) The increase of early NA correlated linearly with the initial heart rate (HR) reduction. 6) The late neurons did not contribute to the initial HR reduction. However, the late NA could be well correlated with HR reduction during the late phase. Altogether, our study demonstrated that the NTS excitatory neurons could be grouped into early and late neurons based on their firing patterns. The early neurons could be characterized by the sigmoid logistic function, and different neurons may differently contribute to HR regulation. Importantly, the grouping and quantitative methods used in this study may provide a useful tool for future assessment of functional changes of early and late neurons in disease models.


Assuntos
Pressão Sanguínea , Neurônios/fisiologia , Núcleo Solitário/fisiologia , Potenciais de Ação , Animais , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos F344 , Núcleo Solitário/citologia
6.
PLoS One ; 11(11): e0166346, 2016.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27835697

RESUMO

Numerous behavioral paradigms have been developed to assess tinnitus-like behavior in animals. Nevertheless, they are often limited by prolonged training requirements, as well as an inability to simultaneously assess onset and lasting tinnitus behavior, tinnitus pitch or duration, or tinnitus presence without grouping data from multiple animals or testing sessions. To enhance behavioral testing of tinnitus, we developed a conditioned licking suppression paradigm to determine the pitch(s) of both onset and lasting tinnitus-like behavior within individual animals. Rats learned to lick water during broadband or narrowband noises, and to suppress licking to avoid footshocks during silence. After noise exposure, rats significantly increased licking during silent trials, suggesting onset tinnitus-like behavior. Lasting tinnitus-behavior, however, was exhibited in about half of noise-exposed rats through 7 weeks post-exposure tested. Licking activity during narrowband sound trials remained unchanged following noise exposure, while ABR hearing thresholds fully recovered and were comparable between tinnitus(+) and tinnitus(-) rats. To assess another tinnitus inducer, rats were injected with sodium salicylate. They demonstrated high pitch tinnitus-like behavior, but later recovered by 5 days post-injection. Further control studies showed that 1): sham noise-exposed rats tested with footshock did not exhibit tinnitus-like behavior, and 2): noise-exposed or sham rats tested without footshocks showed no fundamental changes in behavior compared to those tested with shocks. Together, these results demonstrate that this paradigm can efficiently test the development of noise- and salicylate-induced tinnitus behavior. The ability to assess tinnitus individually, over time, and without averaging data enables us to realistically address tinnitus in a clinically relevant way. Thus, we believe that this optimized behavioral paradigm will facilitate investigations into the mechanisms of tinnitus and development of effective treatments.


Assuntos
Condicionamento Operante , Asseio Animal/fisiologia , Ruído/efeitos adversos , Salicilato de Sódio/efeitos adversos , Zumbido/diagnóstico , Estimulação Acústica , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Eletrochoque , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Som , Zumbido/etiologia , Zumbido/fisiopatologia
7.
Neurosci Lett ; 580: 47-51, 2014 Sep 19.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25092609

RESUMO

High-pressure blast shockwaves are known to cause tinnitus. Imaging studies have shown that blast-induced tinnitus may result from damage to the inner ear structures and/or direct brain impact that trigger a cascade of neuroplastic changes in both auditory and non-auditory centers. Nevertheless, information is still lacking on the neurophysiological mechanisms underlying blast-induced tinnitus. In this study, we used a rat model and investigated the effect of blast-induced tinnitus on spontaneous activity in the inferior colliculus (IC) at one day, one month, and three months following blast. Our results showed that rats with behavioral evidence of tinnitus exhibited hyperactivity in all frequency regions at one day post-blast. Although the induced hyperactivity persisted throughout a three-month recording period, it was more robust in middle frequency loci at one month after blast exposure and in middle-to-high-frequency loci at three months after blast. Our results also showed increased bursting rate in the low and middle frequency regions at one day after blast, in the middle frequency region at one month after blast, and in all frequency regions at three months after blast. The findings suggest that neuroplasticity as reflected by shifted tonotopic representations of hyperactivity and bursting activity subserves blast-induced tinnitus and hearing impairment.


Assuntos
Traumatismos por Explosões/fisiopatologia , Colículos Inferiores/fisiopatologia , Zumbido/fisiopatologia , Potenciais de Ação , Animais , Traumatismos por Explosões/complicações , Masculino , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Fatores de Tempo , Zumbido/etiologia
8.
J Neurosci Res ; 92(11): 1466-77, 2014 Nov.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24938852

RESUMO

Exposure to high-pressure blast shock waves is known to cause tinnitus. Although the underlying mechanisms may involve damage to structures in the ear and/or direct brain impact, which triggers a cascade of neuroplastic changes in both auditory and nonauditory centers, it remains unclear how the induced neuroplasticity manifests neurophysiologically. This study investigates the influence of blast exposure on spontaneous firing rates (SFRs) in the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) and its time course in rats with blast-induced tinnitus. Each rat was exposed to a single blast at 22 psi. Behavioral evidence of tinnitus was measured by using a gap-detection acoustic startle-reflex paradigm. SFRs were measured 1 day, 1 month, and 3 months after blast exposure. The results showed that nine rats with blast-induced tinnitus and hearing loss developed hyperactivity immediately and that the induced hyperactivity persisted in six rats with tinnitus at 1 month after blast exposure. At 3 months after blast exposure, however, the induced hyperactivity of four rats with tinnitus transitioned to hypoactivity. In addition, the 20-30-kHz, and >30-kHz regions in the DCN of rats with and without blast-induced tinnitus were more affected than other frequency regions at different recovery time points after blast exposure. These results demonstrate that the neural mechanisms underlying blast-induced tinnitus are substantially different from those underlying noise-induced tinnitus.


Assuntos
Estimulação Acústica/efeitos adversos , Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Núcleo Coclear/patologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Zumbido/patologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos do Tronco Encefálico/fisiologia , Masculino , Psicoacústica , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Reflexo de Sobressalto/fisiologia , Fatores de Tempo
9.
Neurosci Lett ; 522(1): 16-20, 2012 Jul 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22683504

RESUMO

Previous studies indicate that the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) may serve as a generator and/or modulator of noise-induced tinnitus. This prompted an interest to investigate the modulatory role of the DCN in tinnitus suppression. In this study, we chronically implanted the DCN of rats with behavioral evidence of intense tone-induced tinnitus. Behavioral evidence of tinnitus was measured using a gap detection acoustic startle reflex paradigm. Our results demonstrated that electrical stimulation of the DCN suppressed behavioral evidence of tinnitus, especially at high frequencies. The data suggest that the DCN may be used as a target to suppress tinnitus through a bottom-up neuromodulation approach. The underlying mechanism of DCN-stimulation-induced tinnitus suppression was discussed by comparing it with other stimulation modalities.


Assuntos
Núcleo Coclear/fisiopatologia , Zumbido/fisiopatologia , Estimulação Acústica , Animais , Estimulação Elétrica , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Reflexo de Sobressalto , Zumbido/psicologia
10.
J Neurotrauma ; 29(2): 430-44, 2012 Jan 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21933015

RESUMO

Abstract The current study used a rat model to investigate the underlying mechanisms of blast-induced tinnitus, hearing loss, and associated traumatic brain injury (TBI). Seven rats were used to evaluate behavioral evidence of tinnitus and hearing loss, and TBI using magnetic resonance imaging following a single 10-msec blast at 14 psi or 194 dB sound pressure level (SPL). The results demonstrated that the blast exposure induced early onset of tinnitus and central hearing impairment at a broad frequency range. The induced tinnitus and central hearing impairment tended to shift towards high frequencies over time. Hearing threshold measured with auditory brainstem responses also showed an immediate elevation followed by recovery on day 14, coinciding with behaviorally-measured results. Diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging results demonstrated significant damage and compensatory plastic changes to certain auditory brain regions, with the majority of changes occurring in the inferior colliculus and medial geniculate body. No significant microstructural changes found in the corpus callosum indicates that the currently adopted blast exposure mainly exerts effects through the auditory pathways rather than through direct impact onto the brain parenchyma. The results showed that this animal model is appropriate for investigation of the mechanisms underlying blast-induced tinnitus, hearing loss, and related TBI. Continued investigation along these lines will help identify pathology with injury/recovery patterns, aiding development of effective treatment strategies.


Assuntos
Traumatismos por Explosões/complicações , Perda Auditiva/etiologia , Neuroimagem/métodos , Zumbido/etiologia , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Traumatismos por Explosões/fisiopatologia , Lesões Encefálicas/complicações , Lesões Encefálicas/fisiopatologia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Perda Auditiva/fisiopatologia , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Masculino , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Zumbido/fisiopatologia
11.
J Assoc Res Otolaryngol ; 12(2): 185-201, 2011 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21057850

RESUMO

Recent clinical studies have demonstrated that auditory cortex electrical stimulation (ACES) has yielded promising results in the suppression of patients' tinnitus. However, the large variability in the efficacy of ACES-induced suppression across individuals has hindered its development into a reliable therapy. Due to ethical reasons, many issues cannot be comprehensively addressed in patients. In order to search for effective stimulation targets and identify optimal stimulation strategies, we have developed the first rat model to test for the suppression of behavioral evidence of tone-induced tinnitus through ACES. Our behavioral results demonstrated that electrical stimulation of all channels (frequency bands) in the auditory cortex significantly suppressed behavioral evidence of tinnitus and enhanced hearing detection at the central level. Such suppression of tinnitus and enhancement of hearing detection were respectively demonstrated by a reversal of tone exposure compromised gap detection at 10-12, 14-16, and 26-28 kHz and compromised prepulse inhibition at 10-12 and 26-28 kHz. On the contrary, ACES did not induce behavioral changes in animals that did not manifest any behavioral evidence of tinnitus and compromised hearing detection following the same tone exposure. The results point out that tinnitus may be more related to compromised central auditory processing than hearing loss at the peripheral level. The ACES-induced suppression of behavioral evidence of tinnitus may involve restoration of abnormal central auditory processing.


Assuntos
Córtex Auditivo/fisiologia , Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica , Zumbido/fisiopatologia , Zumbido/terapia , Animais , Comportamento Animal/fisiologia , Eletrodos , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos/fisiologia , Masculino , Modelos Animais , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Resultado do Tratamento
12.
Brain Res ; 1311: 37-50, 2010 Jan 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-19941837

RESUMO

Auditory brainstem implants (ABIs) restore hearing by electrical stimulation of the cochlear nucleus (CN). Depending on the physiological condition, duration of the pre-existing deafness, extent of damage to the CN, and the number of channels accessible to the tonotopic frequency gradients of the CN, ABIs improve speech understanding to varying degrees. Although the ventral cochlear nucleus, a mainstream auditory structure, has been considered a logic target for ABI stimulation, it is not yet clear how the dorsal cochlear nucleus (DCN) contributes to patients' hearing during ABI stimulation. To better understand the mechanisms underlying ABIs, we tested if electrical stimulation of the rat DCN induces hearing using a novel electrical prepulse inhibition (ePPI) of startle reflex behavior model. Our results showed that bipolar electrical stimulation of all channels in the DCN induced behavioral manifestation of hearing and that electrical stimulation of certain channels in the DCN induced robust neural activity in auditory cortex channels that responded to acoustic stimulation and demonstrated well-defined frequency tuning curves. This suggests that the DCN plays an important role in electrical hearing and should be further pursued in designing new ABIs. The novel ePPI behavioral paradigm may potentially be developed into an efficient method for testing hearing in animals with an implantable prosthesis.


Assuntos
Percepção Auditiva/fisiologia , Núcleo Coclear/fisiologia , Estimulação Acústica , Potenciais de Ação , Animais , Limiar Auditivo , Condicionamento Clássico , Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Eletrodos Implantados , Potenciais Evocados Auditivos , Testes Auditivos , Masculino , Microeletrodos , Neurônios/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Long-Evans , Reflexo de Sobressalto
13.
Stroke ; 39(9): 2571-7, 2008 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18617661

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Motor recovery after stroke is associated with neuronal reorganization in bilateral hemispheres. We investigated contralesional corticospinal tract remodeling in the brain and spinal cord in rats after stroke and treatment of bone marrow stromal cells. METHODS: Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to permanent right middle cerebral artery occlusion. Phosphate-buffered saline or bone marrow stromal cells were injected into a tail vein 1 day postischemia. An adhesive removal test was performed weekly to monitor functional recovery. Threshold currents of intracortical microstimulation on the left motor cortex for evoking bilateral forelimb movements were measured 6 weeks after stroke. When intracortical microstimulation was completed, biotinylated dextran amine was injected into the left motor cortex to anterogradely label the corticospinal tract. At 4 days before euthanization, pseudorabies virus-152-EGFP and 614-mRFP were injected into left or right forelimb extensor muscles, respectively. All animals were euthanized 8 weeks after stroke. RESULTS: In normal rats (n=5), the corticospinal tract showed a unilateral innervation pattern. In middle cerebral artery occlusion rats (n=8), our data demonstrated that: 1) stroke reduced the stimulation threshold evoking ipsilateral forelimb movement; 2) EGFP-positive pyramidal neurons were increased in the left intact cortex, which were labeled from the left stroke-impaired forelimb; and 3) biotinylated dextran amine-labeled contralesional axons sprouted into the denervated spinal cord. Bone marrow stromal cells significantly enhanced all 3 responses (n=8, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Our data demonstrated that corticospinal tract fibers originating from the contralesional motor cortex sprout into the denervated spinal cord after stroke and bone marrow stromal cells treatment, which may contribute to functional recovery.


Assuntos
Transplante de Medula Óssea/métodos , Infarto Encefálico/terapia , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia , Tratos Piramidais/fisiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Células Estromais/transplante , Animais , Transporte Axonal/fisiologia , Biotina/análogos & derivados , Infarto Encefálico/fisiopatologia , Mapeamento Encefálico , Dextranos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Estimulação Elétrica , Imunofluorescência , Lateralidade Funcional/fisiologia , Herpesvirus Suídeo 1 , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/fisiopatologia , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/terapia , Masculino , Córtex Motor/fisiologia , Músculo Esquelético/inervação , Plasticidade Neuronal/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica/fisiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Células Estromais/fisiologia
14.
Brain Res ; 1149: 172-80, 2007 May 29.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17362881

RESUMO

We investigated whether compensatory reinnervation in the corticospinal tract (CST) and the corticorubral tract (CRT) is enhanced by the administration of bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) after experimental stroke. Adult male Wistar rats were subjected to permanent right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). Phosphate-buffered saline (PBS, control, n=7) or 3x10(6) BMSCs in PBS (n=8) were injected into a tail vein at 1 day postischemia. The CST of the left sensorimotor cortices was labeled with DiI 2 days prior to MCAo. Functional recovery was measured. Rats were sacrificed at 28 days after MCAo. The brain and spinal cord were removed and processed for vibratome sections for laser-scanning confocal analysis and paraffin sections for immunohistochemistry. Normal rats (n=4) exhibited a predominantly unilateral pattern of innervation of CST and CRT axons. After stroke, bilateral innervation occurred through axonal sprouting of the uninjured CRT and CST. Administration of BMSCs significantly increased the axonal restructuring on the de-afferented red nucleus and the denervated spinal motoneurons (p<0.05). BMSC treatment also significantly increased synaptic proteins in the denervated motoneurons. These results were highly correlated with improved functional outcome after stroke (r>0.81, p<0.01). We conclude that the transplantation of BMSCs enhances axonal sprouting and rewiring into the denervated spinal cord which may facilitate functional recovery after focal cerebral ischemia.


Assuntos
Axônios/fisiologia , Transplante de Medula Óssea , Regeneração Nervosa/fisiologia , Medula Espinal/patologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/terapia , Células Estromais/transplante , Animais , Axônios/patologia , Denervação , Imuno-Histoquímica , Infarto da Artéria Cerebral Média/complicações , Masculino , Microscopia Confocal , Ratos , Ratos Wistar , Recuperação de Função Fisiológica , Medula Espinal/fisiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia
15.
J Neurosci Methods ; 162(1-2): 91-100, 2007 May 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17287025

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Ischemic stroke induces spreading depression of brain waves and ischemic depolarizations, suggesting electrical activity of neurons is sensitive to stroke. The present study was designed to measure the electrophysiological response of an array of individual neurons to ischemic stroke in rats. METHODS: A custom-made microwire electrode array (16 channels) was implanted in the cortical area supplied by the middle cerebral artery, spanning the core and boundary of the ischemic lesion. The electrophysiological activity of individual neurons was simultaneously recorded before, during and one week after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo). RESULTS: Neuronal activities were significantly reduced immediately after MCAo. Intermittent silent periods (SP) appeared within minutes or hours after MCAo and lasted variable times. Between intermittent SP, neurons fired irregular bursting spikes (BS) with small magnitudes. Intermittent SP and irregular BS progressed in one day post stroke to persistent SP in channels close to the ischemic core or to regular BS with small amplitudes in the penumbral zone. Both persistent SP and regular BS persisted for at least seven days. CONCLUSIONS: Electrode array can be used to simultaneously record multiple individual neurons in response to ischemic stroke. This study provides the first evidence that the primary electrophysiological activity of multiple individual neurons to ischemic stroke is reduced in the lesion boundary and/or stopped in and adjacent to the lesion core.


Assuntos
Córtex Cerebral/fisiologia , Eletrofisiologia/métodos , Artéria Cerebral Média/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Animais , Arteriopatias Oclusivas/fisiopatologia , Córtex Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Eletrofisiologia/instrumentação , Masculino , Microeletrodos , Artéria Cerebral Média/fisiopatologia , Ratos , Ratos Wistar
16.
J Cereb Blood Flow Metab ; 27(6): 1201-12, 2007 Jun.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17200679

RESUMO

Adult ependymal cells are postmitotic and highly differentiated. Radial glial cells are neurogenic precursors. Here, we show that stroke acutely stimulated adult ependymal cell proliferation, and dividing ependymal cells of the lateral ventricle had genotype, phenotype, and morphology of radial glial cells in the rat. The majority of radial glial cells exhibited symmetrical division about the cell cleavage plane, and a radial fiber was maintained throughout each stage of cell mitosis. Increases of radial glial cells parallel expansion of neural progenitors in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Furthermore, after stroke radial glial cells derived from the SVZ supported neuron migration. These results indicate that adult ependymal cells divide and transform into radial glial cells after stroke, which could function as neural progenitor cells to generate new neurons and act as scaffolds to support neuroblast migration towards the ischemic boundary region.


Assuntos
Epêndima/fisiologia , Ventrículos Laterais/patologia , Neuroglia/fisiologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/patologia , Animais , Diferenciação Celular , Movimento Celular , Proliferação de Células , Epêndima/citologia , Mitose , Neuroglia/citologia , Neurônios/citologia , Ratos , Células-Tronco/citologia , Células-Tronco/fisiologia
17.
Stroke ; 36(12): 2701-4, 2005 Dec.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-16269633

RESUMO

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: To measure cerebral vascular and neuronal responses after stroke in the living mouse, we generated a mouse model of embolic stroke localized to the parietal cortex. METHODS: Male C57/6J or male transgenic mice (2 to 3 months old) expressing yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) were used in the present study. A single fibrin-rich clot (8 mm in length) was injected into a branch of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA). MRI measurements were performed to measure ischemic lesion. Using confocal and 2-photon microscopy, changes in the embolus, dendrites, and dendritic spines were measured in the living mouse. RESULTS: Eight of 11 mice (73%) had the embolus localized to a branch of the right MCA in the parietal cortex. Expansion of the embolus within the artery was observed 24 hours after stroke. The presence of ischemic lesion in the parietal cortex was verified by MRI measurements, and histopathological analysis revealed that these mice (n=8) had a cortical infarct volume of 4.9+/-3.6% of the contralateral hemisphere. In the living mouse, substantial loss of YFP-labeled axonal and dendritic structures as well as the formation of abnormal dendritic bulbs were detected in the ischemic boundary regions 24 hours after stroke compared with that 1 hour after stroke. CONCLUSIONS: This model offers a novel approach to study the neurovascular unit in cerebral cortex after stroke in the living mouse.


Assuntos
Modelos Animais de Doenças , Embolia Intracraniana/patologia , Embolia Intracraniana/fisiopatologia , Lobo Parietal/patologia , Lobo Parietal/fisiopatologia , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/fisiopatologia , Animais , Axônios/patologia , Circulação Cerebrovascular , Espinhas Dendríticas/patologia , Embolia Intracraniana/complicações , Fluxometria por Laser-Doppler , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Camundongos , Microscopia Confocal , Acidente Vascular Cerebral/etiologia
18.
J Neurophysiol ; 91(5): 2330-43, 2004 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14695348

RESUMO

Galanin plays an important role in the regulation of food intake, energy balance, and body weight. Many galanin-positive fibers as well as galanin-positive neurons were seen in the dorsal vagal complex, suggesting that galanin produces its effects by actions involving vagal neurons. In the present experiment, we used tract-tracing and neurophysiological techniques to evaluate the origin of the galaninergic fibers and the effect of galanin on neurons in the dorsal vagal complex. Our results reveal that the nucleus of the solitary tract is the major source of the galanin terminals in the dorsal vagal complex. In vivo experiments demonstrated that galanin inhibited the majority of gut-related neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. In vitro experiments demonstrated that galanin inhibited the majority of stomach-projecting neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus by suppressing spontaneous activity and/or producing a fully reversible dose-dependent membrane hyperpolarization and outward current. The galanin-induced hyperpolarization and outward current persisted after synaptic input was blocked, suggesting that galanin acts directly on receptors of neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. The reversal potential induced by galanin was close to the potassium ion potentials of the Nernst equation and was prevented by the potassium channel blocker tetraethylammonium, indicating that the inhibitory effect of galanin was mediated by a potassium channel. These results indicate that the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus is inhibited by galanin derived predominantly from neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract projecting to the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus nerve. Galanin is one of the neurotransmitters involved in the vago-vagal reflex.


Assuntos
Sistema Digestório/citologia , Sistema Digestório/inervação , Galanina/farmacologia , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Nervo Vago/citologia , Animais , Sistema Digestório/efeitos dos fármacos , Eletrofisiologia , Potenciais Pós-Sinápticos Excitadores/efeitos dos fármacos , Imuno-Histoquímica , Canais Iônicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Masculino , Potenciais da Membrana/fisiologia , Fibras Nervosas/fisiologia , Vias Neurais/efeitos dos fármacos , Estimulação Física , Terminações Pré-Sinápticas/efeitos dos fármacos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Núcleo Solitário/fisiologia , Estômago/inervação , Estômago/fisiologia , Tetraetilamônio/farmacologia , Nervo Vago/efeitos dos fármacos
19.
J Physiol ; 553(Pt 3): 1005-18, 2003 Dec 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-14555729

RESUMO

Using retrograde tract-tracing and electrophysiological methods, we characterized the anatomical and functional relationship between the central nucleus of the amygdala and the dorsal vagal complex. Retrograde tract-tracing techniques revealed that the central nucleus of the amygdala projects to the dorsal vagal complex with a topographic distribution. Following injection of retrograde tracer into the vagal complex, retrogradely labelled neurons in the central nucleus of the amygdala were clustered in the central portion at the rostral level and in the medial part at the middle level of the nucleus. Few labelled neurons were seen at the caudal level. Electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala altered the basal firing rates of 65 % of gut-related neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and in the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus. Eighty-one percent of the neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract and 47 % of the neurons in the dorsal motor nucleus were inhibited. Electrical stimulation of the central nucleus of the amygdala also modulated the response of neurons in the dorsal vagal complex to gastrointestinal stimuli. The predominant effect on the neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract was inhibition. These results suggest that the central nucleus of the amygdala influences gut-related neurons in the dorsal vagal complex and provides a neuronal circuitry that explains the regulation of gastrointestinal activity by the amygdala.


Assuntos
Tonsila do Cerebelo/fisiologia , Biotina/análogos & derivados , Intestinos/inervação , Neurônios/fisiologia , Nervo Vago/fisiologia , Animais , Transporte Axonal , Estimulação Elétrica , Masculino , Modelos Neurológicos , Vias Neurais/fisiologia , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Estômago/inervação
20.
Brain Res ; 980(1): 31-47, 2003 Aug 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-12865157

RESUMO

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) regulates metabolic, behavioral and autonomic functions. The influence of the LH on gastrointestinal function and feeding behavior may be mediated by the dorsal vagal complex (DVC). In the present experiment, we used tract tracing and neurophysiologic techniques to evaluate the interrelationship between the LH and DVC. Using the tracer DiI, we demonstrated that the LH projects to both the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) and the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNV). We determined the effects of electrical stimulation of the LH and/or distention of the gastrointestinal tract on the firing rates of 107 DMNV neurons and 68 NST neurons. As previously reported, the majority of the DMNV neurons were inhibited and the majority of the NST neurons were excited by gastrointestinal distention. Electrical stimulation of the LH significantly changed the spontaneous activities of 71% of the DMNV neurons (46 excited and 30 inhibited). Of the 68 NST neurons characterized, 25 neurons were inhibited and 8 were excited by LH stimulation. In a separate experiment, we characterized the effects of both electrical and chemical stimulation of the LH on 36 DMNV and 14 NST neurons. Glutamate (0.8 nM) induced similar responses in the DVC neurons as electrical stimulation of the LH. The results indicate that the LH influences the electrical activity of DVC neurons. This effect may be the mechanism by which the LH modulates gastrointestinal function and feeding behavior.


Assuntos
Fenômenos Fisiológicos do Sistema Digestório , Região Hipotalâmica Lateral/fisiologia , Neurônios/fisiologia , Núcleo Solitário/fisiologia , Nervo Vago/fisiologia , Potenciais de Ação , Animais , Estimulação Elétrica , Eletrofisiologia , Ácido Glutâmico/farmacologia , Técnicas Histológicas , Região Hipotalâmica Lateral/citologia , Região Hipotalâmica Lateral/efeitos dos fármacos , Hipotálamo/fisiologia , Bulbo/fisiologia , Inibição Neural , Neurônios/efeitos dos fármacos , Estimulação Física , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Núcleo Solitário/citologia , Núcleo Solitário/efeitos dos fármacos , Nervo Vago/citologia , Nervo Vago/efeitos dos fármacos
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