CuCS/Cur composite wound dressings promote neuralized skin regeneration by rebuilding the nerve cell "factory" in deep skin burns.

Regenerating skin nerves in deep burn wounds poses a significant clinical challenge. In this study, we designed an electrospun wound dressing called CuCS/Cur, which incorporates copper-doped calcium silicate (CuCS) and curcumin (Cur). The unique wound dressing releases a bioactive Cu2+-Cur chelate that plays a crucial role in addressing this challenge. By rebuilding the "factory" (hair follicle) responsible for producing nerve cells, CuCS/Cur induces a high expression of nerve-related factors within the hair follicle cells and promotes an abundant source of nerves for burn wounds. Moreover, the Cu2+-Cur chelate activates the differentiation of nerve cells into a mature nerve cell network, thereby efficiently promoting the reconstruction of the neural network in burn wounds. Additionally, the Cu2+-Cur chelate significantly stimulates angiogenesis in the burn area, ensuring ample nutrients for burn wound repair, hair follicle regeneration, and nerve regeneration. This study confirms the crucial role of chelation synergy between bioactive ions and flavonoids in promoting the regeneration of neuralized skin through wound dressings, providing valuable insights for the development of new biomaterials aimed at enhancing neural repair.

Cuprorivaite/hardystonite/alginate composite hydrogel with thermionic effect for the treatment of peri-implant lesion.

Peri-implant lesion is a grave condition afflicting numerous indi-viduals with dental implants. It results from persistent periodontal bacteria accumulation causing inflammation around the implant site, which can primarily lead to implant loosening and ultimately the implant loss. Early-stage peri-implant lesions exhibit symptoms akin to gum disease, including swelling, redness and bleeding of the gums surrounding the implant. These signs indicate infection and inflammation of the peri-implant tissues, which may result in bone loss and implant failure. To address this problem, a thermionic strategy was applied by designing a cuprorivaite-hardystonite bioceramic/alginate composite hydrogel with photothermal and Cu/Zn/Si multiple ions releasing property. This innovative approach creates a thermionic effect by the release of bioactive ions (Cu2+ and Zn2+ and SiO32-) from the composite hydrogel and the mild heat environment though the photothermal effect of the composite hydrogel induced by near-infrared light irradiation. The most distinctive advantage of this thermionic effect is to substantially eliminate periodontal pathogenic bacteria and inhibit inflammation, while simultaneously enhance peri-implant osseointegration. This unique attribute renders the use of this composite hydrogel highly effective in significantly improving the survival rate of implants after intervention in peri-implant lesions, which is a clinical challenge in periodontics. This study reveals application potential of a new biomaterial-based approach for peri-implant lesion, as it not only eliminates the infection and inflammation, but also enhances the osteointegration of the dental implant, which provides theoretical insights and practical guidance to prevent and manage early-stage peri-implant lesion using bioactive functional materials.

pH-Responsive Wound Dressing Based on Biodegradable CuP Nanozymes for Treating Infected and Diabetic Wounds.

Nanozymes, emerging nanomaterials for wound healing, exhibit enzyme-like activity to modulate the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) at wound sites. Yet, the solo regulation of endogenous ROS by nanozymes often falls short, particularly in chronic refractory wounds with complex and variable pathological microenvironments. In this study, we report the development of a multifunctional wound dressing integrating a conventional alginate (Alg) hydrogel with a newly developed biodegradable copper hydrogen phosphate (CuP) nanozyme, which possesses good near-infrared (NIR) photothermal conversion capabilities, sustained Cu ion release ability, and pH-responsive peroxidase/catalase-mimetic catalytic activity. When examining acute infected wounds characterized by a low pH environment, the engineered Alg/CuP composite hydrogels demonstrated high bacterial eradication efficacy against both planktonic bacteria and biofilms, attributed to the combined action of catalytically generated hydroxyl radicals and the sustained release of Cu ions. In contrast, when applied to chronic diabetic wounds, which typically have a high pH environment, these composite hydrogels exhibit significant angiogenic performance. This is driven by the provision of catalytically generated dissolved oxygen and a beneficial supplement of Cu ions released from the degradable CuP nanozyme. Further, a mild thermal effect induced by NIR irradiation amplifies the catalytic activities and bioactivity of Cu ions, thereby enhancing the healing process of both infected and diabetic wounds. Our study validates that the synergistic integration of photothermal effects, catalytic activity, and released Cu ions can concurrently yield high antibacterial efficiency and tissue regenerative activity, rendering it highly promising for various clinical applications in wound healing.

A new method for treating chronic pancreatitis and preventing fibrosis using bioactive calcium silicate ion solution.

Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a multifactorial fibroinflammatory syndrome. At present, there is no effective way to treat it clinically. In this study, we proposed a new approach by application of a highly active calcium silicate ion solution derived from calcium silicate (CS) bioceramics, which effectively inhibited the development of CP. This bioceramic derived bioactive ionic solution mainly regulated pancreatic acinar cells (PACs), macrophages and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs) by SiO32- ions to inhibit inflammation and fibrosis and promote acinar regeneration. The possible mechanism of the therapeutic effect of CS ion solution mainly includes the inhibition of PAC apoptosis by down-regulating the c-caspase3 signal pathway and promotion of the regeneration of PACs by up-regulating the WNT/ß-catenin signaling pathway. In addition, the CS ion solution also effectively down-regulated the NF-κB signaling pathway to reduce macrophage infiltration and PAC inflammatory factor secretion, thereby reducing PSC mediated pancreatic fibrosis. This bioceramics-based ion solution provides a new idea for disease treatment using biomaterials, which may have the potential for the development of new therapy for CP.

Integrating zinc/silicon dual ions with 3D-printed GelMA hydrogel promotes in situ hair follicle regeneration.

The regeneration of hair follicles lost from injury or disease represents a major challenge in cutaneous regenerative medicine. In this study, we investigated the synergetic effects between zinc and silicon ions on dermal cells and screened the optimal concentration of ions for medical applications. We integrated zinc/silicon dual ions into gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) to bioprint a scaffold and determined that its mechanical properties are suitable for biological treatment. Then, the scaffold was employed to treat mouse excisional model in order to promote in situ hair follicle regeneration. Our findings showed that GelMA-zinc/silicon-printed hydrogel can significantly activate hair follicle stem cells and enhance neovascularization. The beneficial effects of the scaffold were further confirmed by the growth of hairs in the center of wounds and the improvement in perfusion recovery. Taken together, the present study is the first to combine GelMA with zinc/silicon dual ions to bioprint in situ for treating excisional wound, and this approach may regulate hair follicle regeneration not only directly by impacting stem cells but also indirectly through promoting angiogenesis.

Zn2 SiO4 Bioceramic Attenuates Cardiac Remodeling after Myocardial Infarction.

In the pursuit of therapeutic strategies for myocardial infarction (MI), a pivotal objective lies in the concurrent restoration of blood perfusion and reduction of cardiomyocyte apoptosis. However, achieving these dual goals simultaneously presents a considerable challenge. In this study, a Zn2 SiO4 bioceramic capable of concurrently sustaining the release of bioactive SiO3 2- and Zn2+ ions, which exhibit a synergistic impact on endothelial cell angiogenesis promotion, cardiomyocyte apoptosis inhibition, and myocardial mitochondrial protection against oxygen-free radical (reactive oxygen species) induced injury is developed. Furthermore, in vivo outcomes from a murine MI model demonstrate that either systemic administration via tail vein injection of Zn2 SiO4 extract or local application through intramyocardial injection of a Zn2 SiO4 composite hydrogel promotes cardiac function and reduces cardiac fibrosis, thus aiding myocardial repair. This research is the first to elucidate the advantageous effects of dual bioactive ions in myocardial protection and may offer a novel therapeutic avenue for ischemic heart disease based on meticulously engineered bioceramics.

Extracellular vesicles engineering by silicates-activated endothelial progenitor cells for myocardial infarction treatment in male mice.

Extracellular vesicles have shown good potential in disease treatments including ischemic injury such as myocardial infarction. However, the efficient production of highly active extracellular vesicles is one of the critical limitations for their clinical applications. Here, we demonstrate a biomaterial-based approach to prepare high amounts of extracellular vesicles with high bioactivity from endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) by stimulation with silicate ions derived from bioactive silicate ceramics. We further show that hydrogel microspheres containing engineered extracellular vesicles are highly effective in the treatment of myocardial infarction in male mice by significantly enhancing angiogenesis. This therapeutic effect is attributed to significantly enhanced revascularization by the high content of miR-126a-3p and angiogenic factors such as VEGF and SDF-1, CXCR4 and eNOS in engineered extracellular vesicles, which not only activate endothelial cells but also recruit EPCs from the circulatory system.

Silicate ions as soluble form of bioactive ceramics alleviate aortic aneurysm and dissection.

Aortic aneurysm and dissection (AAD) are leading causes of death in the elderly. Recent studies have demonstrated that silicate ions can manipulate multiple cells, especially vascular-related cells. We demonstrated in this study that silicate ions as soluble form of bioactive ceramics effectively alleviated aortic aneurysm and dissection in both Ang II and ß-BAPN induced AAD models. Different from the single targeting therapeutic drug approaches, the bioactive ceramic derived approach attributes to the effect of bioactive silicate ions on the inhibition of the AAD progression through regulating the local vascular microenvironment of aorta systematically in a multi-functional way. The in vitro experiments revealed that silicate ions did not only alleviate senescence and inflammation of the mouse aortic endothelial cells, enhance M2 polarization of mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages, and reduce apoptosis of mouse aortic smooth muscle cells, but also regulate their interactions. The in vivo studies further confirm that silicate ions could effectively alleviate senescence, inflammation, and cell apoptosis of aortas, accomplished with reduced aortic dilation, collagen deposition, and elastin laminae degradation. This bioactive ceramic derived therapy provides a potential new treatment strategy in attenuating AAD progression.

A biomaterial-based therapy for lower limb ischemia using Sr/Si bioactive hydrogel that inhibits skeletal muscle necrosis and enhances angiogenesis.

Muscle necrosis and angiogenesis are two major challenges in the treatment of lower-limb ischemic diseases. In this study, a triple-functional Sr/Si-containing bioceramic/alginate composite hydrogel with simultaneous bioactivity in enhancing angiogenesis, regulating inflammation, and inhibiting muscle necrosis was designed to treat lower-limb ischemic diseases. In particular, sodium alginate, calcium silicate and strontium carbonate were used to prepare injectable hydrogels, which was gelled within 10 min. More importantly, this composite hydrogel sustainedly releases bioactive Sr2+ and SiO3 2- ions within 28 days. The biological activity of the bioactive ions released from the hydrogels was verified on HUVECs, SMCs, C2C12 and Raw 264.7 cells in vitro, and the therapeutic effect of the hydrogel was confirmed using C57BL/6 mouse model of femoral artery ligation in vivo. The results showed that the composite hydrogel stimulated angiogenesis, developed new collateral capillaries, and re-established the blood supply. In addition, the bioactive hydrogel directly promoted the expression of muscle-regulating factors (MyoG and MyoD) to protect skeletal muscle from necrosis, inhibited M1 polarization, and promoted M2 polarization of macrophages to reduce inflammation, thereby protecting skeletal muscle cells and indirectly promoting vascularization. Our results indicate that these bioceramic/alginate composite bioactive hydrogels are effective biomaterials for treating hindlimb ischemia and suggest that biomaterial-based approaches may have remarkable potential in treating ischemic diseases.

Shape-memory responses compared between random and aligned electrospun fibrous mats.

Significant progress has been made in the design of smart fibers toward achieving improved efficacy in tissue regeneration. While electrospun fibers can be engineered with shape memory capability, both the fiber structure and applied shape-programming parameters are the determinants of final performance in applications. Herein, we report a comparison study on the shape memory responses compared between electrospun random and aligned fibers by varying the programming temperature T prog and the deforming strain ε deform . A PLLA-PHBV (6:4 mass ratio) polymer blend was first electrospun into random and aligned fibrous mat forms; thereafter, the effects of applying specific T prog (37°C and 46°C) and ε deform (30%, 50%, and 100%) on the morphological change, shape recovery efficiency, and switching temperature T sw of the two types of fibrous structures were examined under stress-free condition, while the maximum recovery stress σ max was determined under constrained recovery condition. It was identified that the applied T prog had less impact on fiber morphology, but increasing ε deform gave rise to attenuation in fiber diameters and bettering in fiber orientation, especially for random fibers. The efficiency of shape recovery was found to correlate with both the applied T prog and ε deform , with the aligned fibers exhibiting relatively higher recovery ability than the random counterpart. Moreover, T sw was found to be close to T prog , thereby revealing a temperature memory effect in the PLLA-PHBV fibers, with the aligned fibers showing more proximity, while the σ max generated was ε deform -dependent and 2.1-3.4 folds stronger for the aligned one in comparison with the random counterpart. Overall, the aligned fibers generally demonstrated better shape memory properties, which can be attributed to the macroscopic structural orderliness and increased molecular orientation and crystallinity imparted during the shape-programming process. Finally, the feasibility of using the shape memory effect to enable a mechanoactive fibrous substrate for regulating osteogenic differentiation of stem cells was demonstrated with the use of aligned fibers.

Mild Heat-Assisted Polydopamine/Alginate Hydrogel Containing Low-Dose Nanoselenium for Facilitating Infected Wound Healing.

In clinical practice, it has become urgent to develop multifunctional wound dressings that can combat infection and prompt wound healing simultaneously. In this study, we proposed a polydopamine/alginate/nanoselenium composite hydrogel (Alg-PDA-Se) for the treatment of infected wounds. In particular, polydopamine endows the composite hydrogel with controllable near-infrared photothermal properties, while low-dosage selenium nanoparticles (Se NPs) offer excellent anti-oxidation, anti-inflammatory, pro-proliferative, pro-migration, and pro-angiogenic performances, which are verified by multiple cells, including macrophages, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. More interestingly, the combination of mild temperature with low-dosage Se NPs produces a synergistic effect on combating both Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli) and promoting the healing of bacteria-infected wounds in vivo. We anticipate that the designed composite hydrogel might be a potential candidate for anti-infection bioactive dressing.

A biomaterial-based therapy using a sodium hyaluronate/bioglass composite hydrogel for the treatment of oral submucous fibrosis.

Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, inflammatory and potentially malignant oral disorder. Its pathophysiology is extremely complex, including excessive collagen deposition, massive inflammatory infiltration, and capillary atrophy. However, the existing clinical treatment methods do not fully take into account all the pathophysiological processes of OSF, so they are generally low effective and have many side effects. In the present study, we developed an injectable sodium hyaluronate/45S5 bioglass composite hydrogel (BG/HA), which significantly relieved mucosal pallor and restricted mouth opening in OSF rats without any obvious side effects. The core mechanism of BG/HA in the treatment of OSF is the release of biologically active silicate ions, which inhibit collagen deposition and inflammation, and promote angiogenesis and epithelial regeneration. Most interestingly, silicate ions can overall regulate the physiological environment of OSF by down-regulating α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and CD68 and up-regulating CD31 expression, as well as regulating the expression of pro-fibrotic factors [transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), interleukin-10 (IL-10), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1)] and anti-fibrotic factors [interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß)] in macrophage. In conclusion, our study shows that BG/HA has great potential in the clinical treatment of OSF, which provides an important theoretical basis for the subsequent development of new anti-fibrotic clinical preparations. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Oral submucous fibrosis (OSF) is a chronic, inflammatory and potentially malignant mucosal disease with significant impact on the quality of patients' life. However, the existing clinical treatments have limited efficacy and many side effects. There is an urgent need for development of specific drugs for OSF treatment. In the present study, bioglass (BG) composited with sodium hyaluronate solution (HA) was used to treat OSF in an arecoline-induced rat model. BG/HA can significantly inhibit collagen deposition, regulate inflammatory response, promote angiogenesis and repair damaged mucosal epithelial cells, and thereby mitigate the development of fibrosis in vivo.

A combination therapy for androgenic alopecia based on quercetin and zinc/copper dual-doped mesoporous silica nanocomposite microneedle patch.

A nanocomposite microneedle (ZCQ/MN) patch containing copper/zinc dual-doped mesoporous silica nanoparticles loaded with quercetin (ZCQ) was developed as a combination therapy for androgenic alopecia (AGA). The degradable microneedle gradually dissolves after penetration into the skin and releases the ZCQ nanoparticles. ZCQ nanoparticles release quercetin (Qu), copper (Cu2+) and zinc ions (Zn2+) subcutaneously to synergistically promote hair follicle regeneration. The mechanism of promoting hair follicle regeneration mainly includes the regulation of the main pathophysiological phenomena of AGA such as inhibition of dihydrotestosterone, inhibition of inflammation, promotion of angiogenesis and activation of hair follicle stem cells by the combination of Cu2+ and Zn2+ ions and Qu. This study demonstrates that the systematic intervention targeting different pathophysiological links of AGA by the combination of organic drug and bioactive metal ions is an effective treatment strategy for hair loss, which provides a theoretical basis for development of biomaterial based anti-hair loss therapy.

3D Printing of Diatomite Incorporated Composite Scaffolds for Skin Repair of Deep Burn Wounds.

Deep burn injury always causes severe damage of vascular network and collagen matrix followed by delayed wound healing process. In this study, natural diatomite (DE) microparticles with porous nanostructure were separated based on the particles size through a dry sieving method and combined with gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA) hydrogel to form a bioactive composite ink. The DE-containing inorganic/organic composite scaffolds, which were successfully prepared through three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, were used as functional burn wound dressings. The scaffolds incorporated with DE are of great benefit to several cellular activities, including cell spreading, proliferation, and angiogenesis-related gene expression in vitro, which can mainly be attributed to the positive effect of bioactive silicon (Si) ions released from the embedded DE. Moreover, due to establishment of bioactive ionic environment, the deep burn wounds treated with 3D-printed DE incorporated scaffolds exhibited rapid wound healing rate, enhanced collagen deposition, and dense blood vessel formation in vivo. Therefore, the present study demonstrates that the cost-effective DE can be used as biocompatible Si source to significantly promote the bioactivities of wound dressings for effective tissue regeneration.

3D Printing of Strontium Silicate Microcylinder-Containing Multicellular Biomaterial Inks for Vascularized Skin Regeneration.

The reconstruction of dermal blood vessels is essential for skin regeneration process. However, the lack of vascular structure, insufficient angiogenesis induction, and ineffective graft-host anastomosis of the existing skin substitutes are major bottle-necks for permanent skin replacement in tissue engineering. In this study, the uniform strontium silicate (SS) microcylinders are successfully synthesized and integrated into the biomaterial ink to serve as stable cell-induced factors for angiogenesis, and then a functional skin substitute based on a vascularization-induced biomimetic multicellular system is prepared via a "cell-writing" bioprinting technology. With an unprecedented combination of vascularized skin-mimicking structure and vascularization-induced function, the SS-containing multicellular system exhibits outstanding angiogenic activity both in vitro and in vivo. As a result, the bioprinted skin substitutes significantly accelerate the healing of both acute and chronic wounds by promoting the graft-host integration and vascularized skin regeneration in three animal models. Therefore, the study provides a referable strategy to fabricate biomimetic multicellular constructs with angiogenesis-induced function for regeneration of vascularized complex and hierarchical tissues.

Ion therapy of pulmonary fibrosis by inhalation of ionic solution derived from silicate bioceramics.

Pulmonary fibrosis (PF) is a chronic and progressively fatal disease, but clinically available therapeutic drugs are limited due to efficacy and side effects. The possible mechanism of pulmonary fibrosis includes the damage of alveolar epithelial cells II (AEC2), and activation of immune cells such as macrophages. The ions released from bioceramics have shown the activity in stimulating soft tissue derived cells such as fibroblasts, endothelia cells and epithelia cells, and regulating macrophage polarization. Therefore, this study proposes an "ion therapy" approach based on the active ions of bioceramic materials, and investigates the therapeutic effect of bioactive ions derived from calcium silicate (CS) bioceramics on mouse models of pulmonary fibrosis. We demonstrate that silicate ions significantly reduce pulmonary fibrosis by simultaneously regulating the functions of AEC2 and macrophages. This result suggests potential clinical applications of ion therapy for lung fibrosis.

Strontium ions protect hearts against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury.

Timely restoration of blood supply following myocardial infarction is critical to save the infarcted myocardium, while reperfusion would cause additional damage. Strontium ions have been shown to promote angiogenesis, but it is unknown whether they can save the damaged myocardium. We report that myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R)-induced functional deterioration and scar formation were notably attenuated by injection of strontium ion-containing composite hydrogels into murine infarcted myocardium at 20 minutes of reperfusion following 60 minutes of ischemia. These beneficial effects were accompanied by reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increased angiogenesis. The effects of strontium ions were further confirmed by the enhanced viability of cardiomyocytes and stimulated angiogenesis in vitro. These findings are the first to reveal the cardioprotective effects of strontium ions against I/R injury, which may provide a new therapeutic approach to ischemic heart disease at a lower cost, with higher stability, and with potentially greater safety.

A novel "hot spring"-mimetic hydrogel with excellent angiogenic properties for chronic wound healing.

The treatment of chronic wounds is a major challenge in regenerative medicine, and angiogenesis is known to be critical for chronic wound healing. Hot springs with temperature in the range of 30-45 °C can promote blood circulation, and some hot spring elements including iron and silicon are also known to be active in promoting angiogenesis. Inspired by the hot spring function, we designed a novel bioactive photothermal hydrogel with "hot spring effect" based on fayalite (FA) and N, O-carboxymethyl chitosan (NOCS), which releases bioactive ions and has heating function to create hot ion environment in wound area. The hot spring-mimetic hydrogel showed significant enhancement of angiogenesis and chronic wound healing in vivo due to the in situ heating through photothermal effect combined with the bioactive ions (Fe2+ and SiO44-) released from the hydrogel. It is further confirmed that the synergetic effect of the mild heating and bioactive ions on angiogenesis was mainly because of the activation of different angiogenic factors and signaling pathways. Our study suggests that the hot spring-mimetic approach may be an effective strategy to design bioactive materials for promoting angiogenesis and tissue regeneration.

Design of a biofluid-absorbing bioactive sandwich-structured Zn-Si bioceramic composite wound dressing for hair follicle regeneration and skin burn wound healing.

The deep burn skin injures usually severely damage the dermis with the loss of hair follicle loss, which are difficult to regenerate. Furthermore, severe burns often accompanied with large amount of wound exudates making the wound moist, easily infected, and difficult to heal. Therefore, it is of great clinical significance to develop wound dressings to remove wound exudates and promote hair follicle regeneration. In this study, a sandwich-structured wound dressing (SWD) with Janus membrane property was fabricated by hot compression molding using hydrophilic zinc silicate bioceramics (Hardystonite, ZnCS) and hydrophobic polylactic acid (PLA). This unique organic/inorganic Janus membrane structure revealed excellent exudate absorption property and effectively created a dry wound environment. Meanwhile, the incorporation of ZnCS bioceramic particles endowed the dressing with the bioactivity to promote hair follicle regeneration and wound healing through the release of Zn2+ and SiO3 2- ions, and this bioactivity of the wound dressing is mainly attributed to the synergistic effect of Zn2+ and SiO3 2- to promote the recruitment, viability, and differentiation of hair follicle cells. Our study demonstrates that the utilization of the Janus membrane and synergistic effect of different type bioactive ions are effective approaches for the design of wound dressings for burn wound healing.

Multifunctional bioactive Nd-Ca-Si glasses for fluorescence thermometry, photothermal therapy, and burn tissue repair.

Photothermal therapy (PTT), an emerging tumor treatment technology, has attracted tremendous interest, but excessive heat will cause damage to surrounding healthy tissues. Therefore, in situ temperature monitoring during PTT is of great importance to determine optimal treatment temperature and repair heat-damaged normal tissues. Here, we report the preparation of multifunctional Nd-Ca-Si silicate glasses and glass/alginate composite hydrogels that not only have photothermal property but also emit fluorescence under 808-nm laser irradiation, and its fluorescence intensity is linearly correlated with in situ temperature. With this feature, optimal PTT temperature for effective tumor treatment with minimal normal tissue damage can be obtained. In addition, because of the bioactive silicate components, the composite hydrogel has bioactivity to repair heat damage caused by PTT. This implantable multifunctional material with unique temperature monitoring, photothermal function, and wound healing bioactivity can be used for localized thermal therapy.