Optimized submerged batch fermentation for metabolic switching in Streptomyces yanglinensis 3-10 providing platform for reveromycin A and B biosynthesis, engineering, and production.

The cultivation system requires that the approach providing biomass for all types of metabolic analysis is of excellent quality and reliability. This study was conducted to enhance the efficiency and yield of antifungal substance (AFS) production in Streptomyces yanglinensis 3-10 by optimizing operation conditions of aeration, agitation, carbon source, and incubation time in a fermenter. Dissolved oxygen (DO) and pH were found to play significant roles in AFS production. The optimum pH for the production of AFS in S. yanglinensis 3-10 was found to be 6.5. As the AFS synthesis is generally thought to be an aerobic process, DO plays a significant role. The synthesis of bioactive compounds can vary depending on how DO affects growth rate. This study validates that the high growth rate and antifungal activity required a minimum DO concentration of approximately 20% saturation. The DO supply in a fermenter can be raised once agitation and aeration have been adjusted. Consequently, DO can stimulate the development of bacteria and enzyme production. A large shearing effect could result from the extreme agitation, harming the cell and deactivating its products. The highest inhibition zone diameter (IZD) was obtained with 3% starch, making starch a more efficient carbon source than glucose. Temperature is another important factor affecting AFS production. The needed fermentation time would increase and AFS production would be reduced by the too-low operating temperature. Furthermore, large-scale fermenters are challenging to manage at temperatures that are far below from room temperature. According to this research, 28°C is the ideal temperature for the fermentation of S. yanglinensis 3-10. The current study deals with the optimization of submerged batch fermentation involving the modification of operation conditions to effectively enhance the efficiency and yield of AFS production in S. yanglinensis 3-10.

Adsorption of high-temperature CO2 by Ca2+/Na+-doped lithium orthosilicate: characterization, kinetics, and recycle.

High-temperature solid adsorbent Li4SiO4 has received broad attention due to its high theoretical adsorption capacity, high regeneration capacity, and wide range of raw materials for preparation. In this paper, a Li4SiO4 adsorbent was prepared by MCM-48 as the silica precursor and modified by doping with metal ions (Ca2+ and Na+) for high-temperature capture of low-concentration CO2. The results showed that the surface of the Ca-doped (or Na-doped) Li4SiO4 adsorbent developed some particles that are primarily composed by Li2CaSiO4 (or Li3NaSiO4). Furthermore, the grains of the adsorbents became finer, effectively increasing the specific surface area and enhancing adsorption performance. Under 15 vol% CO2, the maximum CO2 adsorption was 25.63 wt% and 32.86 wt% when the Ca2+ doping amount was 0.06 and the Na+ doping amount was 0.12, respectively. These values were both higher than the adsorption capacity before the metal ion doping. After 10 adsorption/desorption cycles, the adsorption capacity of Na-doped Li4SiO4 increased by 9.68 wt%, while that of Ca-doped Li4SiO4 decreased by 7.98 wt%. This difference could be attributed to the easy sintering of the Ca-containing adsorbent. Furthermore, a biexponential model was used to fit the CO2 adsorption curve of the adsorbent in order to study the adsorption kinetics. Compared to the conventional Li4SiO4, the Ca/Na-doped adsorbent offers several advantages, such as a high CO2 adsorption capacity and stable cycling ability.

Does the agricultural co-agglomeration help reduce livestock and poultry pollution? From the perspective of planting and breeding combination in China.

Given the problem of considerable livestock and poultry pollution and the differentiation of the regional agricultural layout in China, the combination of planting and breeding (CPB) forms an agricultural co-agglomeration to recycle manure waste into croplands to reduce livestock and poultry pollution. This study aims to evaluate CPB co-agglomeration and empirically examine its effects on livestock and poultry pollution. Based on provincial data from 1997 to 2020 in China, this study constructed three indicators to evaluate CPB co-agglomeration, summarized its temporal and spatial characteristics, and conducted a spatial analysis using the Spatial Lag Model (SLM) to empirically investigate its effect on livestock and poultry pollution. The results showed that: first, from 1997 to 2020, the overall level of CPB co-agglomeration in China declined and the region with higher CPB co-agglomeration level transferred from the central provinces to the west provinces. Second, livestock and poultry pollution in most provinces had significantly positive spatial correlations with adjacent regions. The co-agglomeration of CPB had a significantly positive effect on reducing livestock and poultry pollution; however, the effect had no significant spatial spillover. Third, the breeding industry agglomeration and the moderate expansion of breeding industry scale significantly reduced pollution. These findings provide a reference for reducing livestock and poultry pollution by promoting CPB co-agglomeration to establish a waste recycling system. Optimizing the layout of the planting and breeding industry helps achieve the goal of long-term sustainable development of the breeding industry.

Swelling-activated Cl- currents and intracellular CLC-3 are involved in proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells.

BACKGROUND: Proliferation of pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) leads to adverse vascular remodeling and contributes to pulmonary arterial hypertension, a condition associated with a 15% annual mortality despite treatment. We previously showed that swelling-activated Cl currents (ICl,swell) are upregulated in PASMC proliferation and that nonspecific Cl current blockers inhibit proliferation. However, the specific role of ICl,swell in PASMC proliferation and its molecular underpinning remain unknown. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the present study, we found that the specific ICl,swell blocker, DCPIB (4-[(2-butyl-6,7-dichloro-2-cyclopentyl-2,3-dihydro-1-oxo-1H-inden-5-yl)oxy] butanoic acid), dose-dependently blocked (IC50 = 2.7 µmol/l) ICl,swell and inhibited (IC50 = 6.9 µmol/l) proliferation in isolated human PASMCs (hPASMCs). To identify the Cl channel genes underlying ICl,swell and regulating hPASMC proliferation, we measured the mRNA expression of candidate Cl channel genes (CLC-1 to CLC-7, CLC-Ka and CLC-Kb, and BEST-1 to BEST-4) in hPASMCs. CLC-2 to CLC-7 and BEST-1 are expressed in hPASMCs, with the most abundant gene being CLC-3, a channel gene previously linked to ICl,swell. Although stable expression of a microRNA-adapted shRNA targeting CLC-3 transcripts in hPASMCs selectively reduced CLC-3 mRNA by more than 80% and inhibited hPASMC proliferation (by >45%) compared with control-shRNA, it did not alter ICl,swell. Consistent with this observation, immunocytostaining studies revealed that CLC-3 protein is primarily located in intracellular areas of cultured proliferative hPASMCs. The intracellular CLC-3 protein levels were profoundly reduced by shRNA targeting CLC-3. The other molecular candidate for ICl,swell (i.e.,CLC-2) also showed a mainly intracellular distribution. CONCLUSION: Our findings support the conclusion that both ICl,swell and CLC-3 play a role in PASMC proliferation, but CLC-3 channels do not underlie ICl,swell in these cells.

Phosphodiesterase 4D regulates baseline sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release and cardiac contractility, independently of L-type Ca2+ current.

RATIONALE: Baseline contractility of mouse hearts is modulated in a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-γ-dependent manner by type 4 phosphodiesterases (PDE4), which regulate cAMP levels within microdomains containing the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) calcium ATPase type 2a (SERCA2a). OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine whether PDE4D regulates basal cardiac contractility. METHODS AND RESULTS: At 10 to 12 weeks of age, baseline cardiac contractility in PDE4D-deficient (PDE4D(-/-)) mice was elevated mice in vivo and in Langendorff perfused hearts, whereas isolated PDE4D(-/-) cardiomyocytes showed increased whole-cell Ca2+ transient amplitudes and SR Ca2+content but unchanged L-type calcium current, compared with littermate controls (WT). The protein kinase A inhibitor R(p)-adenosine-3',5' cyclic monophosphorothioate (R(p)-cAMP) lowered whole-cell Ca2+ transient amplitudes and SR Ca2+ content in PDE4D(-/-) cardiomyocytes to WT levels. The PDE4 inhibitor rolipram had no effect on cardiac contractility, whole-cell Ca2+ transients, or SR Ca2+ content in PDE4D(-/-) preparations but increased these parameters in WT myocardium to levels indistinguishable from those in PDE4D(-/-). The functional changes in PDE4D(-/-) myocardium were associated with increased PLN phosphorylation but not cardiac ryanodine receptor phosphorylation. Rolipram increased PLN phosphorylation in WT cardiomyocytes to levels indistinguishable from those in PDE4D(-/-) cardiomyocytes. In murine and failing human hearts, PDE4D coimmunoprecipitated with SERCA2a but not with cardiac ryanodine receptor. CONCLUSIONS: PDE4D regulates basal cAMP levels in SR microdomains containing SERCA2a-PLN, but not L-type Ca2+ channels or ryanodine receptor. Because whole-cell Ca2+ transient amplitudes are reduced in failing human myocardium, these observations may have therapeutic implications for patients with heart failure.

Iron overload decreases CaV1.3-dependent L-type Ca2+ currents leading to bradycardia, altered electrical conduction, and atrial fibrillation.

BACKGROUND: Chronic iron overload (CIO) is associated with blood disorders such as thalassemias and hemochromatosis. A major prognostic indicator of survival in patients with CIO is iron-mediated cardiomyopathy characterized by contractile dysfunction and electrical disturbances, including slow heart rate (bradycardia) and heart block. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used a mouse model of CIO to investigate the effects of iron on sinoatrial node (SAN) function. As in humans, CIO reduced heart rate (≈20%) in conscious mice as well as in anesthetized mice with autonomic nervous system blockade and in isolated Langendorff-perfused mouse hearts, suggesting that bradycardia originates from altered intrinsic SAN pacemaker function. Indeed, spontaneous action potential frequencies in SAN myocytes with CIO were reduced in association with decreased L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca,L)) densities and positive (rightward) voltage shifts in I(Ca,L) activation. Pacemaker current (I(f)) was not affected by CIO. Because I(Ca,L) in SAN myocytes (as well as in atrial and conducting system myocytes) activates at relatively negative potentials due to the presence of Ca(V)1.3 channels (in addition to Ca(V)1.2 channels), our data suggest that elevated iron preferentially suppresses Ca(V)1.3 channel function. Consistent with this suggestion, CIO reduced Ca(V)1.3 mRNA levels by ≈40% in atrial tissue (containing SAN) and did not lower heart rate in Ca(V)1.3 knockout mice. CIO also induced PR-interval prolongation, heart block, and atrial fibrillation, conditions also seen in Ca(V)1.3 knockout mice. CONCLUSIONS: Our results demonstrate that CIO selectively reduces Ca(V)1.3-mediated I(Ca,L), leading to bradycardia, slowing of electrical conduction, and atrial fibrillation as seen in patients with iron overload.

Nuclear factor kappaB downregulates the transient outward potassium current I(to,f) through control of KChIP2 expression.

RATIONALE: The fast transient outward K(+) current (I(to,f)) plays a critical role in early repolarization of the heart. I(to,f) is consistently downregulated in cardiac disease. Despite its importance, the regulation of I(to,f) in disease remains poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: Because the transcription factor nuclear factor (NF)-κB is activated in cardiac hypertrophy and disease, we studied the role of NF-κB in mediating I(to,f) reductions induced by hypertrophy. METHODS AND RESULTS: Culturing neonatal rat ventricular myocytes in the presence of phenylephrine (PE) plus propranolol (Pro), to selectively activate α(1)-adrenergic receptors, caused reductions in I(to,f), as well as KChIP2 and Kv4.3 expression, while increasing Kv4.2 expression. Inhibition of NF-κB, via overexpression of a phosphorylation-deficient mutant of IκBα (IκBαSA) prevented PE/Pro-induced reductions in I(to,f) and KChIP2 mRNA, without affecting Kv4.2 or Kv4.3 expression, suggesting NF-κB mediates the I(to,f) reductions by repressing KChIP2. Indeed, overexpression of the NF-κB activator IκB kinase-ß also decreased KChIP2 expression and I(to,f) (despite increasing Kv4.2), whereas IκBαSA overexpression elevated KChIP2 and decreased Kv4.2 levels. In addition, the classic NF-κB activator tumor necrosis factor α also induced NF-κB-dependent reductions of KChIP2 and I(to,f). Finally, inhibition of calcineurin did not prevent PE/Pro-induced reductions in KChIP2. CONCLUSIONS: NF-κB regulates KChIP2 and Kv4.2 expression. The reductions in I(to,f) observed following α-adrenergic receptor stimulation or tumor necrosis factor α application require NF-κB-dependent decreases in KChIP2 expression.

PI3Kgamma is required for PDE4, not PDE3, activity in subcellular microdomains containing the sarcoplasmic reticular calcium ATPase in cardiomyocytes.

We recently showed that phosphoinositide-3-kinase-gamma-deficient (PI3Kgamma(-/-)) mice have enhanced cardiac contractility attributable to cAMP-dependent increases in sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca(2+) content and release but not L-type Ca(2+) current (I(Ca,L)), demonstrating PI3Kgamma locally regulates cAMP levels in cardiomyocytes. Because phosphodiesterases (PDEs) can contribute to cAMP compartmentation, we examined whether the PDE activity was altered by PI3Kgamma ablation. Selective inhibition of PDE3 or PDE4 in wild-type (WT) cardiomyocytes elevated Ca(2+) transients, SR Ca(2+) content, and phospholamban phosphorylation (PLN-PO(4)) by similar amounts to levels observed in untreated PI3Kgamma(-/-) myocytes. Combined PDE3 and PDE4 inhibition caused no further increases in SR function. By contrast, only PDE3 inhibition affected Ca(2+) transients, SR Ca(2+) loads, and PLN-PO(4) levels in PI3Kgamma(-/-) myocytes. On the other hand, inhibition of PDE3 or PDE4 alone did not affect I(Ca,L) in either PI3Kgamma(-/-) or WT cardiomyocytes, whereas simultaneous PDE3 and PDE4 inhibition elevated I(Ca,L) in both groups. Ryanodine receptor (RyR(2)) phosphorylation levels were not different in basal conditions between PI3Kgamma(-/-) and WT myocytes and increased in both groups with PDE inhibition. Our results establish that L-type Ca(2+) channels, RyR(2), and SR Ca(2+) pumps are regulated differently in distinct subcellular compartments by PDE3 and PDE4. In addition, the loss of PI3Kgamma selectively abolishes PDE4 activity, not PDE3, in subcellular compartments containing the SR Ca(2+)-ATPase but not RyR(2) or L-type Ca(2+) channels.

Insulin-like growth factor-1 and PTEN deletion enhance cardiac L-type Ca2+ currents via increased PI3Kalpha/PKB signaling.

Ca2+ influx through the L-type Ca2+ channel (I(Ca,L)) is a key determinant of cardiac contractility and is modulated by multiple signaling pathways. Because the regulation of I(Ca,L) by phosphoinositide-3-kinases (PI3Ks) and phosphoinositide-3-phosphatase (PTEN) is unknown, despite their involvement in the regulation of myocardial growth and contractility, I(Ca,L) was recorded in myocytes isolated from mice overexpressing a dominant-negative p110alpha mutant (DN-p110alpha) in the heart, lacking the PI3Kgamma gene (PI3Kgamma(-/-)) or with muscle-specific ablation of PTEN (PTEN(-/-)). Combinations of these genetically altered mice were also examined. Although there were no differences in the expression level of CaV1.2 proteins, basal I(Ca,L) densities were larger (P<0.01) in PTEN(-/-) myocytes compared with littermate controls, PI3Kgamma(-/-), or DN-p110alpha myocytes and showed negative shifts in voltage dependence of current activation. The I(Ca,L) differences seen in PTEN(-/-) mice were eliminated by pharmacological inhibition of either PI3Ks or protein kinase B (PKB) as well as in PTEN(-/-)/DN-p110alpha double mutant mice but not in PTEN(-/-)/PI3Kgamma(-/-) mice. On the other hand, application of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), an activator of PKB, increased I(Ca,L) in control and PI3Kgamma(-/-), while having no effects on I(Ca,L) in DN-p110alpha or PTEN(-/-) mice. The I(Ca,L) increases induced by IGF-1 were abolished by PKB inhibition. Our results demonstrate that IGF-1 treatment or inactivation of PTEN enhances I(Ca,L) via PI3Kalpha-dependent increase in PKB activation.

Both hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and stromal-derived factor-1 regulate the metastatic behavior of human rhabdomyosarcoma cells, but only HGF enhances their resistance to radiochemotherapy.

Rhabdomyosarcomas (RMSs) are frequently characterized by bone marrow involvement. Recently, we reported that human RMS cells express the CXC chemokine receptor-4 (CXCR4) and postulated a role for the CXCR4 stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1 axis in the metastasis of RMS cells to bone marrow. Because RMS cells also express the tyrosine kinase receptor c-MET, the specific ligand hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) that is secreted in bone marrow and lymph node stroma, we hypothesized that the c-MET-HGF axis modulates the metastatic behavior of RMS cells as well. Supporting this concept is our observation that conditioned media harvested from expanded ex vivo human bone marrow fibroblasts chemoattracted RMS cells in an HGF- and SDF-1-dependent manner. Six human alveolar and three embryonal RMS cell lines were examined. We found that although HGF, similar to SDF-1, did not affect the proliferation of RMS cells, it induced in several of them: (a) locomotion; (b) stress fiber formation; (c) chemotaxis; (d) adhesion to human umbilical vein endothelial cells; (e) trans-Matrigel invasion and matrix metalloproteinase secretion; and (f) phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase p42/44 and AKT. Moreover HGF, but not SDF-1, increased the survival of RMS cells exposed to radio- and chemotherapy. We also found that the more aggressive alveolar RMS cells express higher levels of c-MET than embryonal RMS cell lines and "home/seed" better into bone marrow after i.v. injection into immunocompromised mice. Because we could not find any activating mutations in the kinase region of c-MET or any evidence for HGF autocrine stimulation, we suggest that the increased response of RMS cell lines depends on overexpression of functional c-MET. We conclude that HGF regulates the metastatic behavior of c-MET-positive RMS cells, directing them to the bone marrow and lymph nodes. Signaling from the c-MET receptor may also contribute to the resistance of RMS cells to conventional treatment modalities.