[Research progress in the treatment of refractory temporal lobe epilepsy based on stereotactic-electroencephalogram].

Temporal lobe epilepsy, with a variety of etiological, symptomatic, electrophysiological characteristics, has the highest incidence among all focal epilepsy, and a high rate of progression to refractory epilepsy. Surgery is an effective treatment, but traditional methods are usually difficult to accurately locate the epileptogenic zone, which may be resolved by stereotactic-electroencephalogram(SEEG) technique. Radiofrequency thermocoagulation and MRI-guided laser interstitial thermal therapy based on SEEG provide a new accurate and minimally invasive choice for refractory epilepsy patients with high surgical risk and difficulty.

Potential human exposures to neonicotinoid insecticides: A review.

Due to their systemic character and high efficacy to insect controls, neonicotinoid insecticides (neonics) have been widely used in global agriculture since its introduction in early 1990. Recent studies have indicated that neonics may be ubiquitous, have longer biological half-lives in the environment once applied, and therefore implicitly suggested the increasing probability for human exposure to neonics. Despite of neonics' persistent characters and widespread uses, scientific literature in regard of pathways in which human exposure could occur is relatively meager. In this review, we summarized results from peer-reviewed articles published prior to 2017 that address potential human exposures through ingestion and inhalation, as well as results from human biomonitoring studies. In addition, we proposed the use of relative potency factor approach in order to facilitate the assessment of concurrent exposure to a mixture of neonics with similar chemical structures and toxicological endpoints. We believe that the scientific information that we presented in this review will aid to future assessment of total neonic exposure and subsequently human health risk characterization.

Effects of 7-nitroindazole on long-term potentiation induced by l-clausenamide and high-frequency stimulation in rat hippocampus in vivo.

AIM: To study the antagonistic effect of selective neuronal nitric-oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor 7-nitroindazole on the long-term potentiation (LTP) induced by l-clausenamide (Cla) in rat hippocampus in vivo. METHODS: Population spike (PS) of evoked potentials was determined by extracellular recording technique in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of anesthetized rats. RESULTS: 7-Nitroindazole 2 nmol icv blocked the induction of LTP elicited by high-frequency (100 Hz) stimulation or Cla 5 nmol icv (P < 0.01), and L-arginine 225 mg.kg-1 i.p. prevented the action of 7-nitroindazole (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Nitric oxide produced by nNOS plays a role in the induction of Cla-induced LTP in hippocampus.

Differing effects of staurosporine and UCN-01 on RB protein phosphorylation and expression of lung cancer cell lines.

The retinoblastoma gene product (RB protein) plays a key role in the progression of the cell cycle from G1 to S phase in normal and neoplastic cells. The activity of RB is regulated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation with cell-cycle-dependent protein kinases. We investigated the effect of the protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine and 7-hydroxy-staurosporine (UCN-01), on RB protein expression of N417 small cell lung cancer cells (absent RB), H209 small cell lung cancer cells (mutant RB), and Ma-31 non-small cell lung cancer cells (wild-type RB), using immunologic blotting. Staurosporine and UCN-01 each suppressed the growth of N417, H209 and Ma-31 cells in a dose-dependent manner in MTT assay. IC50 values of staurosporine for N417, H209 and Ma-31 cells were 54, 29 and 602 nM, respectively. IC50 values of UCN-01 for N417, H209 and Ma-31 cells were 737, 181 and 2,197 nM, respectively. Exposure to staurosporine and UCN-01 for 72 h each suppressed the level of expression and altered the ratio of phosphorylated/dephosphorylated RB protein (ppRB/pRB) of Ma-31 cells. Conversely, these agents increased the expression level of RB protein at concentrations less than IC50, and did not change phosphorylation status of mutant RB protein of H209 cells at the concentrations studied. A time course study demonstrated that exposure to the IC50 concentration of staurosporine for 48-72 h increased the ratio of ppRB/ pRB of Ma-31 cells, while exposure to the IC50 concentration of UCN-01 decreased that ratio. UCN-01 increased % cells in G2 + M phase and decreased % cells in S phase, while staurosporine increased % cells in G1 phase and decreased % cells in G2 + M phase. UCN-01 did not induce apoptosis (DNA content < 2 N) of Ma-31 cells, but staurosporine induced it. These findings suggest that the differing effects of staurosporine and UCN-01 on RB protein expression and cell cycle phases of lung cancer cells may explain their differing in vivo antitumor effect of staurosporine and UCN-01 despite their similar chemical structures.