Water-Based Coherent Detection of Broadband Terahertz Pulses.

Both solids and gases have been demonstrated as the materials for terahertz (THz) coherent detection. The gas-based coherent detection methods require a high-energy probe laser beam and the detection bandwidth is limited in the solid-based methods. Whether liquids can be used for THz detection and relax these problems has not yet been reported, which becomes a timely and interesting topic due to the recent observation of efficient THz wave generation in liquids. Here, we propose a THz coherent detection scheme based on liquid water. When a THz pulse and a fundamental laser beam are mixed on a free-flowing water film, a second harmonic (SH) beam is generated as the plasma is formed. Combining this THz-induced SH beam with a control SH beam, we successfully achieve the time-resolved waveform of the THz field with the frequency range of 0.1-18 THz. The required probe laser energy is as low as a few microjoules. The sensitivity of our scheme is 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the air-based method under comparable detection conditions. The scheme is sensitive to the THz polarization and the phase difference between the fundamental and control SH beams, which brings direct routes for optimization and polarization sensitive detection. Energy scaling and polarization properties of the THz-induced beam indicate that its generation can be attributed to a four-wave mixing process. This generation mechanism makes simple relationships among the probe laser, THz-induced SH, and THz field, favorable for robustness and flexibility of the detection device.

[Review of normal spectral emissivity standard reference materials].

In order to improve the accuracy of spectral emissivity measurement, standard reference materials of spectral emissivity as the dissemination of quantity in spectral emissivity measurement are used for the calibration of spectral emissivity measurement apparatus. In the present paper, firstly the standard reference materials data proposed by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology are introduced, and some underlying standard reference materials suggested by some metering departments in Europe are analyzed in detail For the standard reference material Armco iron and SiC proposed by some researchers, the advantages and disadvantages were explored. Finally, the characteristics of standard reference materials are summarized, and the future development of spectral emissivity measurement standard is prospected.