Stage-specificity of STING activation in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma determines the efficacy of its agonism.

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is an aggressive cancer with an extremely poor prognosis, and new treatment options are needed. Recently, immunotherapy has emerged as an efficient treatment against malignant tumors, but less effective in iCCA. Activation of stimulator of interferon genes (STING) signaling could reignite immunologically inert tumors, but the expression and role of STING in iCCA remains to be determined. Here, we show STING is expressed in iCCA, and patients with high expression of STING in early-stage iCCA have a longer overall survival than those have low expression. Increased immune cell infiltration in early-stage iCCA corresponds to elevated STING expression. In mice iCCA models, treatment with the STING agonist MSA-2 show stage-specific inhibitory effects on tumors, with beneficial effects in early-stage tumors but not with advanced-stage cancer. This discrepancy was associated with greater programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in advanced-stage tumors. Combination therapy targeting PD-L1 and MSA-2 strikingly reduced tumor burden in such tumors compared to either monotherapy. Cumulatively, these data demonstrate that STING agonism monotherapy improves the immune landscape of the tumor microenvironment in early-stage iCCA, while combination therapy ameliorates advanced-stage iCCA.

Macrophage hitchhiking for systematic suppression in postablative multifocal HCC.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: HCC, particularly the multifocal HCC, features aggressive invasion and dismal prognosis. Locoregional treatments were often refractory to eliminate tumor tissue, resulting in residual tumor cells persisting and subsequent progression. Owing to problematic delivery to the tumor tissue, systemic therapies, such as lenvatinib (LEN) therapy, show limited clinical benefit in preventing residual tumor progression. Therefore, more advanced strategies for postablative multifocal HCC are urgently needed. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Motivated by the chemotaxis in tumor penetration of macrophages, we report a strategy named microinvasive ablation-guided macrophage hitchhiking for the targeted therapy toward HCC. In this study, the strategy leverages the natural inflammatory gradient induced by ablation to guide LEN-loaded macrophages toward tumor targeting, which increased by ~10-fold the delivery efficiency of LEN in postablative HCC in vivo. Microinvasive ablation-guided macrophage hitchhiking has demonstrated significant antitumor activity in various HCC models, including the hydrodynamic tail vein injection multifocal HCC mouse model and the orthotopic xenograft HCC rabbit model, systematically inhibiting residual tumor progression after ablation and prolonging the median survival of tumor-bearing mice. The potential antitumor mechanism was explored using techniques such as flow cytometry, ELISA, and immunohistochemistry. We found that the strategy significantly suppressed tumor cell proliferation and neovascularization, and such enhanced delivery of LEN stimulated systemic immune responses and induced durable immune memory. CONCLUSIONS: The macrophage hitchhiking strategy demonstrates exceptional therapeutic efficacy and biosafety across various species, offering promising prospects for clinical translation in controlling residual tumor progression and improving outcomes following HCC ablation.

G-quadruplexes promote the motility in MAZ phase-separated condensates to activate CCND1 expression and contribute to hepatocarcinogenesis.

G-quadruplexes (G4s) can recruit transcription factors to activate gene expression, but detailed mechanisms remain enigmatic. Here, we demonstrate that G4s in the CCND1 promoter propel the motility in MAZ phase-separated condensates and subsequently activate CCND1 transcription. Zinc finger (ZF) 2 of MAZ is a responsible for G4 binding, while ZF3-5, but not a highly disordered region, is critical for MAZ condensation. MAZ nuclear puncta overlaps with signals of G4s and various coactivators including BRD4, MED1, CDK9 and active RNA polymerase II, as well as gene activation histone markers. MAZ mutants lacking either G4 binding or phase separation ability did not form nuclear puncta, and showed deficiencies in promoting hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation and xenograft tumor formation. Overall, we unveiled that G4s recruit MAZ to the CCND1 promoter and facilitate the motility in MAZ condensates that compartmentalize coactivators to activate CCND1 expression and subsequently exacerbate hepatocarcinogenesis.

Combination of Anti-PD-1 and Electroacupuncture Induces a Potent Antitumor Immune Response in Microsatellite-Stable Colorectal Cancer.

Programmed death receptor-1 (PD-1) inhibitors are ineffective against microsatellite-stable (MSS) colorectal cancer. Electroacupuncture (EA) has oncosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties. Here, we investigated the antitumor effects of EA and explored the feasibility of EA combined with anti-PD-1 in MSS colorectal cancer. Results showed that EA exerted its antitumor effect in an intensity-specific manner, and moderate-intensity EA (1.0 mA) induced maximal tumor inhibition. EA enhanced antitumor immune responses by increasing lymphocytes and granzyme B (GzmB) levels, as well as activating the stimulator of IFN genes (STING) pathway. EA combined with anti-PD-1 showed superior efficacy compared with either monotherapy in multiple MSS colorectal cancer mouse models. Single-cell RNA sequencing revealed that cotreatment reprogrammed the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME), as characterized by enhancement of cytotoxic functions. Mechanically, we found that the potentiated effect of EA was dependent upon the STING pathway. Collectively, EA reshapes the TIME of MSS colorectal cancer and sensitizes tumors to anti-PD-1 in a STING pathway-dependent manner. These results provide a mechanistic rationale for using EA as an immunomodulatory strategy to improve the clinical efficacy of anti-PD-1 in MSS colorectal cancer. EA is safe, well-tolerated, and feasible for clinical translation as a promising strategy for treating MSS colorectal cancer.

PD-L1 inhibitor plus gemcitabine and cisplatin therapy followed by conversion surgery for initially unresectable advanced gallbladder cancer.

Advanced gallbladder cancer (GBC) is not amenable to surgical resection. There are limited treatment options and the prognosis is dismal. The role of immune checkpoint inhibitors in conversion therapy remains unclear for initially unresectable advanced GBC. We present a case of a woman in her late 60s diagnosed with stage IV GBC with liver and para-aortic and retroperitoneal lymph node metastases, who achieved a pathological complete response after three cycles of programmed cell death-ligand 1 inhibitor durvalumab combined with gemcitabine and cisplatin regimen and underwent conversion surgery without complication. The patient went on to develop disease progression without adjuvant therapy 6 months after surgery.

The present roles and future perspectives of Interleukin-6 in biliary tract cancer.

Biliary tract cancer (BTC) is a highly malignant tumor that originates from bile duct epithelium and is categorized into intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA), perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA), distal cholangiocarcinoma (dCCA) and gallbladder cancer (GBC) according to the anatomic location. Inflammatory cytokines generated by chronic infection led to an inflammatory microenvironment which influences the carcinogenesis of BTC. Interleukin-6 (IL-6), a multifunctional cytokine secreted by kupffer cells, tumor-associated macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and cancer cells, plays a central role in tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, proliferation, and metastasis in BTC. Besides, IL-6 serves as a clinical biomarker for diagnosis, prognosis, and monitoring for BTC. Moreover, preclinical evidence indicates that IL-6 antibodies could sensitize tumor immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) by altering the number of infiltrating immune cells and regulating the expression of immune checkpoints in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Recently, IL-6 has been shown to induce programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression through the mTOR pathway in iCCA. However, the evidence is insufficient to conclude that IL-6 antibodies could boost the immune responses and potentially overcome the resistance to ICIs for BTC. Here, we systematically review the central role of IL-6 in BTC and summarize the potential mechanisms underlying the improved efficacy of treatments combining IL-6 antibodies with ICIs in tumors. Given this, a future direction is proposed for BTC to increase ICIs sensitivity by blocking IL-6 pathways.

Protocol for the identification and expression analysis of a cytoplasmic membrane-localized protein STING.

Here, we present a protocol for the detection of the two STING isoforms (erSTING and pmSTING) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells or mouse splenocytes using Western blot and PCR. We detail steps to construct plasmids encoding each isoform and transfer them into mouse and human cell lines. Finally, we describe how to detect cell membrane localization of pmSTING using flow cytometry, immunoprecipitation, and immunofluorescence. This protocol is applicable for proteins with well-predicted topological structures. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Li et al.1.

SHR6390 combined with cabozantinib inhibits tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma mouse model.

BACKGROUND: A novel CDK4/6 inhibitor SHR6390 has shown significant anti-tumor effects. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC) remains unknown. OBJECTIVE: To explore the inhibitory effect of combination treatment with SHR6390 and cabozantinib in HCC, and its antitumor mechanism, so as to provide more effective therapeutic strategy for HCC patients. METHODS: We investigated SHR6390, monotherapy or combined with cabozantinib, by CCK8, wound healing, transwell, western blotting, immunohistochemistry and mouse model of subcutaneous tumor. RESULTS: Our results show that SHR6390 exhibited potent anti-proliferative activity against HCC in a dose-dependent manner. SHR6390 combined with cabozantinib exhibited more potent inhibition of cell viability, migration and invasion. In terms of potential mechanisms, we found that cabozantinib could lead to phosphorylation of Rb, which was reduced in SHR6390 and combined groups. SHR6390 monotherapy inhibited the growth of subcutaneous HCC tumors, besides the combination treatment with SHR6390 and cabozantinib exerted synergistic anti-tumor activity in vivo. CONCLUSION: SHR6390 is effective against HCC, monotherapy or combined with cabozantinib.

Targeting interleukin-17 enhances tumor response to immune checkpoint inhibitors in colorectal cancer.

Although immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have gained much attention in managing cancer, only a minority of patients, especially those with tumors that have been classified as immunologically "cold" such as microsatellite stable (MSS) colorectal cancers (CRC), experience clinical benefit from ICIs. Surprisingly, interleukin-17 (IL-17) and its primary source Th17 are enriched in CRC and inversely associated with patient outcome. Our previous study revealed that IL-17A could upregulate programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression and impede the efficacy of immunotherapy. IL-17, therefore, can be a possible target to sensitize tumor cells to ICIs. The detailed clinical results from our trial, which is the first to show the benefits of the combination of anti-PD-1 with anti-IL-17 therapy for MSS CRC, have also been presented. In this review, we highlight the role of IL-17 in ICIs resistance and summarize the current clinical evidence for the use of combination therapy. Directions for future strategies to warm up immunologically "cold" MSS CRCs have also been proposed.

GPR120 promotes metastasis but inhibits tumor growth in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

OBJECTIVES: G-protein-coupled receptor 120 (GPR120) is a long-chain unsaturated fatty acid receptor, which regulates glucose metabolism and lipid. To date, there are disputes on the roles of GPR120 in the pathogenesis of cancer. Besides, little is known about its roles in the pathogenesis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). This study was designed to investigate the roles of GPR120 in the pathogenesis of PDAC. METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining (IHC) was used for detecting the level of GPR120, epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) markers, Ki-67 and CD31 in ninety-one PDAC patients. Western blot, CCK8, flow cytometry and transwell assays were performed to determine proliferation, apoptosis, and motility in vitro. Subcutaneous tumor model was established to validate the roles of GPR120 in vivo. RESULTS: GPR120 was highly expressed in PDAC tissues, which was associated with free fatty acids (FFAs), lymph node metastasis (LNM), and poor prognosis. Moreover, GPR120 activation led to down-regulation of E-cadherin and up-regulation of Snail, Vimentin, N-cadherin, MMP2, MMP9, and CD31. Additionally, GPR120 decreased the expression of P-PI3K, P-AKT and CMYC and increased the level of P-JAK2, P-STAT3, Wnt5a, total ß-catenin and ß-catenin in nucleus. CONCLUSIONS: GPR120 promoted proliferation inhibition and apoptosis of PDAC, and contributed to PDAC metastasis via inducing EMT and angiogenesis. GPR120 served as a double-edged sword in the pathogenesis of PDAC.

Pathophysiological mechanisms of ALPPS: experimental model.

BACKGROUND: Associating liver partition and portal vein ligation for staged hepatectomy (ALPPS) is a two-stage strategy that may increase hepatic tumour resectability and reduce postoperative liver failure rate by inducing rapid hypertrophy of the future liver remnant (FLR). Pathophysiological mechanisms after the first stage of ALPPS are poorly understood. METHODS: An ALPPS model was established in rabbits with liver VX2 tumour. The pathophysiological mechanisms after the first stage of ALPPS in the FLR and tumour were assessed by multiplexed positron emission tomography (PET) tracers, dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and histopathology. RESULTS: Tumour volume in the ALPPS model differed from post-stage 1 ALPPS at day 14 compared to control animals. 18F-FDG uptake of tumour increased from day 7 onwards in the ALPPS model. Valid volumetric function measured by 18F-methylcholine PET showed good values in accurately monitoring dynamics and time window for functional liver regeneration (days 3 to 7). DCE-MRI revealed changes in the vascular hyperpermeability function, with a peak on day 7 for tumour and FLR. CONCLUSION: Molecular and functional imaging are promising non-invasive methods to investigate the pathophysiological mechanisms of ALPPS with potential for clinical application.

An alternatively spliced STING isoform localizes in the cytoplasmic membrane and directly senses extracellular cGAMP.

It has been revealed that 2'3'-cyclic-GMP-AMP (cGAMP), a second messenger that activates the antiviral stimulator of IFN genes (STING), elicits an antitumoral immune response. Since cGAMP cannot cross the cell membrane, it is not clear how intracellular STING has been activated by extracellular cGAMP until SLC19A1 was identified as an importer to transport extracellular cGAMP into the cytosol. However, SLC19A1-deficient cells also sense extracellular cGAMP, suggesting the presence of mechanisms other than the facilitating transporters for STING sensing extracellular cGAMP. Here, using immunoprecipitation, immunofluorescence, and flow cytometry, we identified an alternatively spliced STING isoform, plasmatic membrane STING (pmSTING), that localized in the plasma membrane with its C-terminus outside the cell, due to a lack of 1 transmembrane domain in its N-terminus compared with canonical STING. Further studies showed that extracellular cGAMP not only promoted the dimerization of pmSTING and interaction of pmSTING with TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IFN regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), but also enhanced the phosphorylation of TBK1 and IRF3 and the production of IFN in pmSTING-transfected cells. Additionally, we also identified similar pmSTING isoforms in other species including human. This study suggests a conserved role for pmSTING in sensing extracellular cGAMP and provides insight into the role of cGAMP as an immunotransmitter.

Response Evaluation and Survival Prediction Following PD-1 Inhibitor in Patients With Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Comparison of the RECIST 1.1, iRECIST, and mRECIST Criteria.

BACKGROUND: Precise evaluation of the efficacy of immunotherapy is critical in the effective management and treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to compare the response assessments achieved by different criteria and to evaluate the correlation between survival outcome and response assessment in HCC treated with programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor. METHODS: Fifty patients with advanced HCC treated with first-line PD-1 inhibitor with baseline and follow-up CT images were analyzed. The patients were categorized into responders and nonresponders according to the criteria. RESULTS: When the response assessments between RECIST 1.1 and mRECIST were compared, no statistically significant differences were observed. Overall response rate was 16% by RECIST 1.1 and iRECIST and was 24% by mRECIST. According to RECIST 1.1 and mRECIST, overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) were not statistically different between the complete response (CR) and partial response (PR) groups and the stable disease (SD) and progressive disease (PD) groups. The OS and PFS were significantly different between responders and nonresponders according to mRECIST. The Cohen's Kappa for RECIST 1.1, iRECIST, and mRECIST was 0.534, 0.438, and 0.363, respectively. CONCLUSION: The mRECIST criteria have a powerful ability to discriminate between responders and nonresponders and demonstrated significantly longer OS and PFS in responders than in nonresponders. However, mRECIST needs to be further improved in order for it to be widely used in the clinical evaluation of immunotherapy in HCC.

The status and progress of first-line treatment against Helicobacter pylori infection: a review.

Helicobacter pylori (HP) is a major causative agent of chronic gastritis and peptic ulcer. HP is also engaged in the development of gastric cancer and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. It is an important pathogenic factor in various other systemic diseases, such as vitamin B12 deficiency, iron deficiency, and idiopathic thrombocytopenia. The current consensus is that unless there is a special reason, eradication therapy should be implemented whenever HP infection is found, and it is ideally successful the first time. International guidelines recommend that under certain conditions, treatment should be personalized based on drug susceptibility testing. However, drug susceptibility testing is often not available because it is expensive, time-consuming, and difficult to obtain living tissue. Each region has separately formulated guidelines or consensuses on empirical therapy. Owing to an increasing drug resistance rate in various places, the eradication rate of proton pump inhibitor (PPI) triple therapy and sequential therapy has been affected. These regimens are rarely used; the PPI triple especially has been abandoned in most areas. Currently, radical treatment regimens for HP involve bismuth-containing quadruple therapy and concomitant therapy. However, quadruple therapy has its own limitations, such as complex drug administration. To improve the effectiveness, safety, and compliance, many clinical studies have proposed useful modified regimens, which mainly include the modified bismuth-containing quadruple regimen, high-dose dual therapy, and vonoprazan-containing regimens. Studies have shown that these emerging regimens have acceptable eradication rates and safety, and are expected to become first-line treatments in empirical therapy. However, the problem of decline in the eradication rate caused by drug resistance has not been fundamentally solved. This review not only summarizes the effectiveness of mainstream regimens in the first-line treatment of HP infection with the currently increasing antibiotic resistance rates, but also summarizes the effectiveness and safety of various emerging treatment regimens.

Photodynamic therapy induces human esophageal carcinoma cell pyroptosis by targeting the PKM2/caspase-8/caspase-3/GSDME axis.

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) uses a photosensitizer (PS) and visible light to induce cancer cell death. Pyroptosis is a new type of programmed cell death that is associated with the gasdermin protein family. However, the precise mechanism of pyroptosis in PDT-induced suppression of esophageal cancer remains unknown. We demonstrate that PDT can induce gasdermin E (GSDME)-mediated pyroptosis, which is characterized by the formation of pyroptotic blebs in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), which burst and release intracellular contents and pro-inflammatory mediators. Mechanistically, PDT may inhibit pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) and consequently, activate caspase-8 and caspase-3, which ultimately releases N-GSDME and triggers pyroptosis in ESCC. Moreover, PDT decreased the efficiency of pyroptosis in the presence of a glycolytic inhibitor. Overall, our results show that PDT induces pyroptosis in ESCC by targeting the PKM2/caspase-8/caspase-3/GSDME axis. This is the first in-depth study of the specific mechanism underlying PKM2-mediated pyroptosis under PDT in ESCC, and potentially has great implications for the clinical application of PDT in ESCC.

STING agonist and IDO inhibitor combination therapy inhibits tumor progression in murine models of colorectal cancer.

Despite impressive clinical success, cancer immunotherapy based on immune checkpoint blockade remains ineffective in colorectal cancer (CRC). Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is a novel potential target and STING agonists have shown potential anti-tumor efficacy. Combined therapy based on synergistic mechanism can overcome the resistance. However, STING agonists-based combination therapies are deficient. We designed different immunotherapy combinations, including STING agonist, indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase (IDO) inhibitor and PD-1 blockade, with purpose of exploring which option can effectively inhibit CRC growth. To further explore the possible reasons of therapeutic effectiveness, we observed the combination therapy in C57BL/6Tmem173gt mice. Our findings demonstrated that STING agonist diABZI combined with IDO inhibitor 1-MT significantly inhibited tumor growth, even better than the three-drug combination, promoted the recruitment of CD8+ T cells and dendritic cells, and decreased the infiltration of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. We conclude that diABZI combined with 1-MT is a promising option for CRC.

The pan-cancer landscape of crosstalk between epithelial-mesenchymal transition and immune evasion relevant to prognosis and immunotherapy response.

An emerging body of evidence has recently recognized the coexistence of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and immune response. However, a systems-level view and survey of the interplay between EMT and immune escape program, and their impact on tumor behavior and clinical outcome across various types of cancer is lacking. Here, we performed comprehensive multi-omics analyses to characterize the landscape of crosstalk between EMT and immune evasion and their clinical relevance across 17 types of solid cancer. Our study showed the presence of complex and dynamic immunomodulatory crosstalk between EMT and immune evasion shared by pan-cancer, and the crosstalk was significantly associated with cancer prognosis and immunotherapy response. Integrative quantitative analyses of genomics and immunogenomics revealed that cellular composition of immune infiltrates, non-synonymous mutation burden, chromosomal instability and oncogenic gene alterations are associated with the balance between EMT and immune evasion. Finally, we proposed a scoring model termed EMT-CYT Index (ECI) to quantify the EMT-immunity axis, which was a superior predictor of prognosis and immunotherapy response across different malignancies. By providing a systematic overview of crosstalk between EMT and immune evasion, our study highlights the potential of pan-cancer EMT-immunity crosstalk as a paradigm for dissecting molecular mechanisms underlying cancer progression and guiding more effective and generalized immunotherapy strategies.

A Novel Ferroptosis Related Gene Signature for Prognosis Prediction in Patients With Colon Cancer.

PURPOSE: Colon cancer (CC) is a serious disease burden. The prognosis of patients with CC is different, so looking for effective biomarkers to predict prognosis is vitally important. Ferroptosis is a promising therapeutic and diagnosis strategy in CC. However, the role of ferroptosis in prognosis of CC has not been studied. The aim of the study is to build a prognosis model related ferroptosis, and provide clues for further therapy of CC. METHODS: The RNA-seq data were from TCGA (training group) and GEO (testing group). The R language and Perl language were used to process and analyze data. LASSO regression analysis was used to build the prognosis model. ssGSEA was used to compare the immune status between two groups. Immunohistochemistry was used to detect expression of AKR1C1 and CARS1 in colon cancer tissues and adjacent tissues. RESULTS: The prognosis model consisted of five ferroptosis related genes (AKR1C1, ALOX12, FDFT1, ATP5MC3, and CARS1). The area under curve (AUC) at 1-, 2-, and 3-year were 0.668, 0.678, and 0.686, respectively. The high- and low-risk patients had significant survival probability and could be clearly distinguished by the PCA and t-SNE analysis. The multivariate cox regression analysis also showed the riskscore is an independent prognosis factor. Importantly, we found that the immune status between high- and low-risk patients were different obviously, such as CD8+T cells. And STING, a new promising immune target, was also correlated to our signature genes statistically significantly. CONCLUSION: Our ferroptosis prognosis signature could predict survival of CC patients to a certain degree. And the crosstalk between ferroptosis and immune, especially STING need further studies.

Hypoxia-Induced LIN28A mRNA Promotes the Metastasis of Colon Cancer in a Protein-Coding-Independent Manner.

The hypoxic microenvironment is beneficial to the metastasis but not to the proliferation of cancer cells. However, the mechanisms regarding to hypoxia differentially regulating cancer metastasis and proliferation are largely unknown. In this study, we revealed that hypoxia induced the expression of LIN28A at mRNA level but segregated LIN28A mRNAs in the P-bodies and thus inhibits the production of LIN28A protein. This unexpected finding suggests that there may be non-coding role for LIN28A mRNA in the progression of colon cancer. We further showed that the non-coding LIN28A mRNA promotes the metastasis but not proliferation of colon cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, we revealed that methionyl aminopeptidase 2 (METAP2) is one of the up-regulated metastasis regulators upon over-expression of non-coding LIN28A identified by mass spectrum, and confirmed that it is non-coding LIN28A mRNA instead of LIN28A protein promotes the expression of METAP2. Moreover, we demonstrated that knockdown of DICER abolished the promotional effects of non-coding LIN28A on the metastasis and METAP2 expression. Conclusively, we showed that hypoxia induces the production of LIN28A mRNAs but segregated them into the P-bodies together with miRNAs targeting both LIN28A and METAP2, and then promotes the metastasis by positively regulating the expression of METAP2. This study uncovered a distinctive role of hypoxia in manipulating the metastasis and proliferation by differently regulating the expression of LIN28A at mRNA and protein level.