RESUMO
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. SET and MYND domain-containing protein 3 (SMYD3) has been shown to promote the progression of various types of human cancers, including liver cancer; however, the detailed molecular mechanism is still largely unknown. Here, we report that SMYD3 expression in HCC is an independent prognostic factor for survival and promotes the proliferation and migration of HCC cells. We observed that SMYD3 upregulated sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 1 (S1PR1) promoter activity by methylating histone 3 (H3K4me3). S1PR1 was expressed at high levels in HCC samples, and high S1PR1 expression was associated with shorter survival. S1PR1 expression was also positively correlated with SMYD3 expression in HCC samples. We confirmed that SMYD3 promotes HCC cell growth and migration in vitro and in vivo by upregulating S1PR1 expression. Further investigations revealed that SMYD3 affects critical signaling pathways associated with the progression of HCC through S1PR1. These findings strongly suggest that SMYD3 has a crucial function in HCC progression that is partially mediated by histone methylation at the downstream gene S1PR1, which affects key signaling pathways associated with carcinogenesis and the progression of HCC.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Hepatocelular/metabolismo , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/patologia , Progressão da Doença , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Hepáticas/patologia , Regiões Promotoras Genéticas , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-Fosfato/genética , Apoptose/genética , Sequência de Bases , Carcinoma Hepatocelular/genética , Ciclo Celular/genética , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Movimento Celular/genética , Proliferação de Células/genética , Regulação Neoplásica da Expressão Gênica , Células HEK293 , Histona-Lisina N-Metiltransferase/genética , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Neoplasias Hepáticas/genética , Lisina/metabolismo , Metilação , Invasividade Neoplásica , RNA Mensageiro/genética , RNA Mensageiro/metabolismo , Transdução de Sinais , Receptores de Esfingosina-1-Fosfato/metabolismo , Ensaio Tumoral de Célula-TroncoRESUMO
The photolysis of cyflufenamid (CFA) in different organic solvents and water under ultraviolet irradiation was investigated. The photolytic rate constant and photolytic half-life were measured for the different solutions. Factors influencing the photolysis of CFA were investigated, including initial concentration, types of solvent, pH, occurrence of catalyst (TiO2), and environmental substances (Fe3+, Fe2+, NO3 -, NO2 -). Photolysis of CFA followed first-order kinetics in various systems, and the photolytic rate of CFA decreased with increased initial concentration. Photolytic rates of CFA in different solvents were as follows: n-hexane > methanol > acetonitrile > ultrapure water > ethyl acetate. The pH had a significant effect on the photolysis of CFA, and the photolysis rate reached its peak at pH 9.0. NO2 - and TiO2 had positive effects on the photolysis of CFA, while Fe2+ had an adverse effect. NO3 - in aqueous solution had no effect on the photolysis of CFA. In addition, the rates of photolysis were accelerated at lower concentrations of Fe3+ (0.5-5 mmol L-1) and decreased at higher concentrations (10 mmol L-1). Moreover, a main photolytic product of CFA was confirmed to be N-cyclopropoxy-2,3-difluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, and cleavage of the amido bond was proposed to be the predicted photolysis pathway in n-hexane.
Assuntos
Fluorbenzenos , Fungicidas Industriais , Fotólise , Poluentes Químicos da Água , Fluorbenzenos/análise , Fluorbenzenos/química , Fluorbenzenos/efeitos da radiação , Fungicidas Industriais/análise , Fungicidas Industriais/química , Fungicidas Industriais/efeitos da radiação , Concentração de Íons de Hidrogênio , Solventes , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Poluentes Químicos da Água/química , Poluentes Químicos da Água/efeitos da radiaçãoRESUMO
The photolytic characteristics of benzothiostrobin were investigated in solution and on soil and glass surface. The main influence factors such as initial concentration, organic solvent and the aqueous environmental substances, including NO2-, NO3-, Fe2+, Fe3+, H2O2 and turbidity were investigated. Three photodegradation products of benzothiostrobin were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The photodegradation rates of benzothiostrobin increased with decreasing initial concentration of benzothiostrobin. The degradation rates of benzothiostrobin in different organic solvent showed the following order: n-hexane > methanol > acetonitrile > acetone. The photodegradation of benzothiostrobin was promoted by Fe3+, NO2- and H2O2, and were inhibited by Fe2+ and turbidity. The presence of NO3- had no effect on photodegradation. Benzothiostrobin was photodegraded at a slower rate on soil surface and glass surface compared to its photolysis in aqueous solution. The presumed photodegradation pathway was proposed to be the cleavage of the thioether bond in benzothiostrobin.